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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a vital pathogen in poultry farms, which can induce respiratory, nephropathogenic, oviduct, proventriculus, and intestinal diseases.... (Review)
Review
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a vital pathogen in poultry farms, which can induce respiratory, nephropathogenic, oviduct, proventriculus, and intestinal diseases. Based on the phylogenetic classification of the full-length S1 gene, IBV isolates have been categorized into nine genotypes comprising 38 lineages. GI (GI-1, GI-2, GI-3, GI-4, GI-5, GI-6, GI-7, GI-13, GI-16, GI-18, GI-19, GI-22, GI-28, and GI-29), GVI-1 and GVII-1 have been reported in China in the past 60 years. In this review, a brief history of IBV in China is described, and the current epidemic strains and licensed IBV vaccine strains, as well as IBV prevention and control strategies, are highlighted. In addition, this article presents unique viewpoints and recommendations for a more effective management of IBV. The recombinant Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) vector vaccine expressed S gene of IBV QX-like and 4/91 strains may be the dominant vaccine strains against NDV and IBV.
PubMed: 37215473
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1139089 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Mar 2024The animal foregut is the first tissue to encounter ingested food, bacteria, and viruses. We characterized the adult Drosophila foregut using transcriptomics to better...
The animal foregut is the first tissue to encounter ingested food, bacteria, and viruses. We characterized the adult Drosophila foregut using transcriptomics to better understand how it triages consumed items for digestion or immune response and manages resources. Cell types were assigned and validated using GFP-tagged and Gal4 reporter lines. Foregut-associated neuroendocrine cells play a major integrative role by coordinating gut activity with nutrition, the microbiome, and circadian cycles; some express clock genes. Multiple epithelial cell types comprise the proventriculus, the central foregut organ that secretes the peritrophic matrix (PM) lining the gut. Analyzing cell types synthesizing individual PM layers revealed abundant mucin production close to enterocytes, similar to the mammalian intestinal mucosa. The esophagus and salivary gland express secreted proteins likely to line the esophageal surface, some of which may generate a foregut commensal niche housing specific gut microbiome species. Overall, our results imply that the foregut coordinates dietary sensing, hormonal regulation, and immunity in a manner that has been conserved during animal evolution.
Topics: Animals; Drosophila; Epithelial Cells; Cell Count; Nutritional Status; Body Fluids; Mammals
PubMed: 38442150
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318760121 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jul 2020Adult myogenesis is dependent on a population of precursor cells, located between the sarcolemma and the basal lamina of the muscle fiber. These satellite cells, usually...
Adult myogenesis is dependent on a population of precursor cells, located between the sarcolemma and the basal lamina of the muscle fiber. These satellite cells, usually present in a quiescent state, become activated in response to mechanical muscle strain, differentiating and fusing to add new nuclei to enlarging muscles. As their myogenic lineage commitment is induced on demand, muscle satellite cells exhibit a certain amount of plasticity, possibly being able to be directed to differentiate into non-myogenic fates. In this study, myosatellite cells were isolated from chicken muscle samples, characterized in vitro and introduced into developing blastoderms. They were further investigated using fluorescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry and PCR, to determine their location in embryos after three and eighteen days. The results of the in vitro analysis confirmed that the cells obtained from the are highly myogenic, based on the expression of Pax7, Myogenin, MyoD, Desmin and the myotube assay. Furthermore, the investigation of satellite cells within the embryo showed their migration to the regions of , heart, liver, gizzard, proventriculus, intestine and brain. Overall, the results of the study proved the high myogenicity of chicken cell isolates, as well as provided new information about their migration pathways following introduction into the blastocyst. The presence of the introduced LacZ or eGFP transgenes across the embryo, even 20 days after myosatellite cell injection, further supports the notion that satellite cells exhibit significant plasticity, potentially transdifferentiating into non-muscle lineages.
PubMed: 32751789
DOI: 10.3390/ani10081322 -
The Journal of Poultry Science Jan 2023The aim of this study was to determine whether Newcastle disease/infectious bronchitis (ND/IB) vaccination and yeast product diet supplementation modulate the expression...
The aim of this study was to determine whether Newcastle disease/infectious bronchitis (ND/IB) vaccination and yeast product diet supplementation modulate the expression of innate immune molecules in the proventriculus and ileum of broiler chicks. One-day-old male broiler chicks were divided into four groups (V-Y- (control), V-Y+, V+Y-, and V+Y+ groups, where V and Y represent vaccination and yeast product supplementation, respectively). Chicks in the V+Y- and V+Y+ groups were immunized with the live ND/IB vaccine, whereas chicks in the V-Y- and V-Y+ groups were not. Chicks in the V-Y+ and V+Y+ groups received feed containing yeast products from day 4, whereas chicks in the V-Y- and V+Y- groups did not. The proventriculus and ileum were collected on day 7 to analyze the expression of seven Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Dectin-1. In the proventriculus, compared with those of the V-Y- control group, the TLR7 and TLR21 expression levels were higher in the V+Y- group; however, there were no differences in the expression levels of any TLR or Dectin-1 in the ileum. There were also no differences in the expression of avian β-defensins and cathelicidin-1 in the proventriculus and ileum between the control and treatment groups. The expression of granzyme in cytotoxic cells and interleukin (IL)-1B was upregulated by ND/IB vaccination in the proventriculus. Supplementation with yeast products upregulated only granzyme expression in the ileum and downregulated IL-6 expression in the proventriculus in chicks immunized with the ND/IB vaccine. Thus, we concluded that ND/IB vaccination is effective at enhancing the innate immune system in the proventriculus of chicks, at least until day 7 post-hatching, whereas the effects of diet supplementation with yeast products may be limited, at least under the present study conditions.
PubMed: 36756044
DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2023005 -
Royal Society Open Science Jan 2020The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) consists of connected structures that vary in function and physiology, and different GIT sections potentially provide different habitats...
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) consists of connected structures that vary in function and physiology, and different GIT sections potentially provide different habitats for microorganisms. Birds possess unique GIT structures, including the oesophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, caeca and large intestine. To understand birds as hosts of microbial ecosystems, we characterized the microbial communities in six sections of the GIT of two shorebird species, the Dunlin and Semipalmated Sandpiper, identified potential host species effects on the GIT microbiome and used microbial source tracking to determine microbial origin throughout the GIT. The upper three GIT sections had higher alpha diversity and genus richness compared to the lower sections, and microbial communities in the upper GIT showed no clustering. The proventriculus and gizzard microbiomes primarily originated from upstream sections, while the majority of the large intestine microbiome originated from the caeca. The heterogeneity of the GIT sections shown in our study urges caution in equating data from faeces or a single GIT component to the entire GIT microbiome but confirms that ecologically similar species may share many attributes in GIT microbiomes.
PubMed: 32218980
DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191609 -
Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista... 2022Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious, highly contagious and lethal disease of avian species. It is considered that ducks are natural reservoir or carrier for...
Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious, highly contagious and lethal disease of avian species. It is considered that ducks are natural reservoir or carrier for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and are resistant against different strains of NDV. Current study was designed to evaluate the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease in domestic ducks through histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and serum biochemical changes. For this purpose, eighty ducks were reared for 42 days and divided in two groups A and B. Ducks in group A were challenged with (NDV) at rate of 0.1 ml of ELD50 (virus titer 107.32/100µl) on second week of age, whereas Group B was control negative. Splenomegaly, atrophy of thymus and necrotic lesion in kidney were observed on 9th day of post infection. Hepatic degeneration and mononuclear cell infiltration were noticed in proventriculus and intestine in challenged ducks. Viral antigen detected in lungs, intestine, proventriculus and lymphoid organs of infected ducks through IHC. Albumin and total protein values were significantly low in infected groups A as compared to control group B. ALT, AST, and ALP values were significantly high in infected group A. On 5th and 7th day of post infection oropharyngeal swabs were negative for NDV and cloacal swabs were positive for NDV through Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. It is concluded that ducks are susceptible to NDV and virulent strain of NDV caused disease in ducks.
Topics: Animals; Ducks; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus
PubMed: 35043832
DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.250607 -
Viruses Feb 2023Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Gyrovirus homsa 1 (GyH1) are members of the Gyrovirus genus. The two viruses cause similar clinical manifestations in chickens, aplastic...
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Gyrovirus homsa 1 (GyH1) are members of the Gyrovirus genus. The two viruses cause similar clinical manifestations in chickens, aplastic anemia and immunosuppression. Our previous investigation displays that CAV and GyH1 often co-infect chickens. However, whether they have synergistic pathogenicity in chickens remains elusive. Here, we established a co-infection model of CAV and GyH1 in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens to explore the synergy between CAV and GyH1. We discovered that CAV and GyH1 significantly inhibited weight gain, increased mortality, and hindered erythropoiesis in co-infected chickens. Co-infected chickens exhibited severe immune organ atrophy and lymphocyte exhaustion. The proventriculus and gizzard had severe hemorrhagic necrosis and inflammation. We also discovered that the viral loads and shedding levels were higher and lasted longer in CAV and GyH1 co-infected chickens than in mono-infected chickens. Our results demonstrate that CAV and GyH1 synergistically promote immunosuppression, pathogenicity, and viral replication in co-infected chicken, highlighting the interaction between CAV and GyH1 in the disease process and increasing potential health risk in the poultry breeding industry, and needs further attention.
Topics: Animals; Chicken anemia virus; Gyrovirus; Chickens; Immunosuppression Therapy; Coinfection
PubMed: 36851729
DOI: 10.3390/v15020515 -
Poultry Science Oct 2023Exhaustive understanding of intestinal physiological characteristics is the critical precondition for the improvement of intestinal health and growth performance of...
Exhaustive understanding of intestinal physiological characteristics is the critical precondition for the improvement of intestinal health and growth performance of yellow-feather broilers (YFB). As a vital part of gastrointestinal tract, the symbiotic, complex, and variable microbiota have a profound effect on the nutrition, immunity, health, and production of broilers. Hence, the development status of proventriculus, jejunum, and cecum, and spatial heterogeneity of bacterial community in crop, proventriculus, gizzard, jejunum, cecum, and rectum of adult YFB were detected in our study. The results revealed that proventriculus, jejunum, and cecum of broilers are well-developed based on morphological observation. The Chao and Shannon indexes in cecum and rectum are notably higher than other sections and their microbiota structure is also distinct from foregut. Firmicutes and Lactobacillus are the predominant phylum and genus in all gastrointestinal sections, respectively. As feature species of crop, Lactobacillus spp. mainly settle in foregut, whereas some Clostridia species (unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Faecalibacterium, Romboutsia and so on) are characteristic and more abundant in cecum and rectum. Interestingly, there are 2 Ruminococcus torques strains positively and negatively correlated with cecum development, respectively. In a whole, our findings reveal the specialized digestive physiology and regional distribution of intestinal microbiota in YFB, which provides a reference for the future study on the improvement of growth performance and intestinal development through microbiota manipulation in yellow-feather broilers.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Chickens; Feathers; Gastrointestinal Tract; Cecum; Lactobacillus; Animal Feed; Diet
PubMed: 37579647
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102844 -
Poultry Science Apr 2022This study aimed to determine whether the innate immune system in the proventriculus of broiler chicks responds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and whether this response is...
Modulation of the innate immune system by lipopolysaccharide in the proventriculus of chicks inoculated with or without Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis vaccine.
This study aimed to determine whether the innate immune system in the proventriculus of broiler chicks responds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and whether this response is affected by Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis (ND/IB) vaccination. Chicks were divided into 4 groups: nonvaccinated and injected with PBS or LPS (V-L- and V-L+), and vaccinated and injected with PBS or LPS (V+L- and V+L+). Vaccination was performed on d 1, and LPS was intraperitoneally injected on d 11 of age. The gene expression and protein levels of immune molecules, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), antimicrobial peptides, interleukin-1β (IL-1B), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the proventriculus and serum were analyzed. The results showed that the expression levels of TLR21 were higher in vaccinated (V+L-) group than in nonvaccinated (V-L-) group. Gene expression levels of avian β-defensin (AvBDs) and cathelicidin1 (Cath1) were not different among the 4 groups. However, the results of LC/MS analysis showed that the levels of AvBD2, 6, and 7 significantly increased after the LPS challenge in nonvaccinated and vaccinated chicks; the levels were higher in V-L+ and V+L+ than in V-L- and V+L-, respectively. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed the localization of AvBD1 protein in the epithelial cells of the surface glands and AvBD2 and CATH1 in the heterophil-like cells in the lamina propria of surface glands. Although IL-1B gene expression and protein concentration in the proventriculus tissues were not different among the 4 groups, serum IL-1B levels were upregulated by LPS in both the nonvaccinated and vaccinated groups (V-L- vs. V-L+, V+L- vs. V+L+). Moreover, IgA levels in the proventriculus and serum were not affected by vaccination or LPS challenge. Taken together, we conclude that LPS derived from gram-negative bacteria upregulates the innate immune system, including antimicrobial peptide synthesis in the proventriculus. ND/IB vaccination may not significantly affect antimicrobial peptide synthesis in response to LPS; however, TLR21 expression is upregulated by that vaccination. The antimicrobial peptides synthesized in the proventriculus probably prevent pathogenic microbes from entering the intestine.
Topics: Animals; Bronchitis; Chickens; Immune System; Immunoglobulin A; Lipopolysaccharides; Newcastle Disease; Proventriculus; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 35247652
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101719 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2022Aquatic bird bornavirus (ABBV-1), an avian bornavirus, has been reported in wild waterfowl from North America and Europe that presented with neurological signs and...
Aquatic bird bornavirus (ABBV-1), an avian bornavirus, has been reported in wild waterfowl from North America and Europe that presented with neurological signs and inflammation of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The potential of ABBV-1to infect and cause lesions in commercial waterfowl species is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of ABBV-1 to infect and cause disease in day-old Muscovy ducks (n = 174), selected as a representative domestic waterfowl. Ducklings became infected with ABBV-1 through both intracranial and intramuscular, but not oral, infection routes. Upon intramuscular infection, the virus spread centripetally to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), while intracranial infection led to virus spread to the spinal cord, kidneys, proventriculus, and gonads (centrifugal spread). Infected birds developed both encephalitis and myelitis by 4 weeks post infection (wpi), which progressively subsided by 8 and 12 wpi. Despite development of microscopic lesions, clinical signs were not observed. Only five birds had choanal and/or cloacal swabs positive for ABBV-1, suggesting a low potential of Muscovy ducks to shed the virus. This is the first study to document the pathogenesis of ABBV-1 in poultry species, and confirms the ability of ABBV-1 to infect commercial waterfowl.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Bornaviridae; Ducks; Influenza in Birds; Poultry
PubMed: 36180525
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20418-x