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Frontiers in Neuroscience 2022
PubMed: 35971562
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.958492 -
Ageing Research Reviews Feb 2023To conduct a systematic review and meta-analyses of the effect of socio-behavioral cognitive reserve (CR) proxies on cognitive decline after stroke. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To conduct a systematic review and meta-analyses of the effect of socio-behavioral cognitive reserve (CR) proxies on cognitive decline after stroke.
METHOD
Three journal search and indexing databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Sciences) were crossed to examine the scientific evidence systematically. In addition, meta-analytic techniques, using mixed-effect methods, were carried out to estimate the impact (pooled effect size) of CR proxies on either dementia incidence or cognitive decline after stroke.
RESULTS
Twenty-two studies were included in the systematic revision, whereas nineteen of them were eligible for the meta-analysis. The findings showed that high education is associated with a decreased rate of post-stroke dementia. Moreover, other CR proxies (e.g., occupation, bilingualism or social interaction) demonstrate a protective effect against non-dementia cognitive decline after stroke, although some inconsistencies were found in the literature. Regarding the meta-analysis, occupational attainment and education) showed a protective effect against post-stroke cognitive impairment diagnosis in comparison with a mixed category of different CR proxies. Second, a main cognitive change effect was found, pointing to greater cognitive change after stroke in those with low vs. high CR.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings emphasize that CR may prevent cognitive decline after stroke, but this effect can be modulated by different factors such the CR proxy and individual characteristics such as age or type of lesion. The methodological divergences of the studies (i.e., follow-up intervals, cognitive outcomes) need unification to diminish external sources of variability for predicting rates of cognitive decline after stroke.
Topics: Humans; Cognitive Reserve; Stroke; Cognitive Dysfunction; Educational Status; Incidence
PubMed: 36473672
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101814 -
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2020
PubMed: 33551770
DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.644495 -
International Journal of... Dec 2022Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) have been related to subtle cognitive deficits and neural changes. In this study, we investigated whether EEG rhythms, usually...
Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) have been related to subtle cognitive deficits and neural changes. In this study, we investigated whether EEG rhythms, usually altered in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, are also affected in SMCs compared to people without SMCs. Seventy-one older adults (55-74 years old) and 75 young people (18-34 years old) underwent 3 min of EEG recording in a resting-state condition with their eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) and a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. The EEG measures included were power spectral delta (0.5-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz), and EEG reactivity to EO. Compared to controls, older people with SMCs showed increased theta power and a loss of alpha reactivity to EO. Additionally, in older participants with SMCs, the theta power spectral was related to deficits in verbal memory. In contrast, we failed to find differences in the young people with SMCs, compared to the control group, in the power spectral or the EEG reactivity to EO. Our findings suggest that neurophysiological markers of brain dysfunction may identify cognitive changes even before they are observed on objective neuropsychological tests, at least in older people.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Adolescent; Middle Aged; Young Adult; Adult; Electroencephalography; Neuropsychological Tests; Cognitive Dysfunction; Alzheimer Disease; Memory; Biomarkers
PubMed: 36150529
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.09.006 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2019Adjustment Disorder (AD) is one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses employed. In fact, it is the most frequent diagnosis utilized for psychiatric disorders in the... (Review)
Review
Adjustment Disorder (AD) is one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses employed. In fact, it is the most frequent diagnosis utilized for psychiatric disorders in the military and in children, and is often utilized in the consultation-liaison medical setting. However, it is acknowledged that the diagnosis is not reliable, it cannot be validated, and it has an important degree of subjective consideration in its use. Commonly used screening tools like the Hamilton and Beck Depression Scales do not give an assessment of AD. Furthermore, its use is accompanied with descriptors of depression, anxiety, mixed affects, etc., so that it crosses over several areas of psychiatric dysfunction. It does allow the placement of a patient within a psychiatric diagnosis when they do not reach criteria for a major psychiatric nomenclature. To date, biological studies have not been reported. It is not known if AD with depression is closer to the biological characteristics of depression, or AD with anxiety would have similar characteristics to that seen with major anxiety. It is also not known if AD has a biological signature that would make them an entity with common features, or if they may be more closely allied biologically with the descriptor that accompanies them. Nevertheless, AD is an important category in any psychiatric lexicon and warrants further study and biological understanding.
Topics: Adjustment Disorders; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychiatry; Referral and Consultation
PubMed: 31766628
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234645 -
Hormones and Behavior Mar 2024The cumulative negative effects of prolonged Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA axis) activation are associated with several age-related diseases. Some...
The cumulative negative effects of prolonged Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA axis) activation are associated with several age-related diseases. Some psychological traits such as optimism and pessimism have been shown to be related to both health and the stress response, although their relationship with the HPA axis is inconclusive. More stable HPA axis biomarkers, such as hair samples of cortisol (HC) and dehydroepiandrosterone (HDHEA), would help to clarify the association between these psychological traits and HPA axis functioning. The main aim of this study was to test the relationships between optimism and pessimism and chronic stress biomarkers measured in hair (HC and HDHEA). Additionally, a secondary objective was to explore sex differences in HC and HDHEA levels and their relationship with these psychological traits. We measured optimism, pessimism, and their combination (dispositional optimism) using the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R) and chronic stress biomarkers (HC and HDHEA) in 119 healthy participants (46 men and 73 women) between 56 and 81 years old who belonged to a university program. Regression analyses controlling for perceived stress and BMI indicated that higher dispositional optimism was related to lower HC and HC:HDHEA (β = -0.256, p = .008 and β = -0.300, p = .002, respectively). More specifically, higher pessimism was related to higher HC (β = 0.235; p = .012) and HC:HDHEA (β = 0.240; p = .011), whereas higher optimism was associated with a lower HC:HDHEA(β = -0.205; p = .031). Moderation analyses showed no sex differences. To date, this is the first study to investigate the link between these traits and HC and HDHEA in older people. Our results confirm that positive and negative expectations about the future (i.e. optimism and pessimism) may play an important role in health due to their relationship with the HPA axis. They also strengthen the idea that the negative effects of pessimism have a greater weight than the protective effects of optimism in their relationship with HPA axis regulation.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Aged; Middle Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Hydrocortisone; Pessimism; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Biomarkers; Hair; Dehydroepiandrosterone
PubMed: 38194858
DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105474 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2023
PubMed: 37899820
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1289370 -
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 2021Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are caused by a mutation in a specific gene. Enzymatic dysfunction results in a progressive storage of substrates that gradually... (Review)
Review
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are caused by a mutation in a specific gene. Enzymatic dysfunction results in a progressive storage of substrates that gradually affects lysosomal, cellular and tissue physiology. Their pathophysiological consequences vary according to the nature of the stored substrate, making LSDs complex and multisystemic diseases. Some LSDs result in near normal life expectancies, and advances in treatments mean that more people reach the age to have children, so considering the effects of LSDs on fertility and the risks associated with having children is of growing importance. As there is a lack of clinical studies describing the effect of LSDs on the physiology of reproductivity, we undertook a scoping review of studies using animal models of LSDs focusing on reproductive parameters. We searched six databases: MEDLINE, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase and SciELO, and identified 49 articles that met our inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies used male animal models, and a number reported severe morphological and physiological damage in gametes and gonads in models of sphingolipidoses. Models of other LSDs, such as mucopolysaccharidoses, presented important morphological damage. Many of the models found alterations in reproductive systems. Any signs of subfertility or morphological damage in animal models are important, particularly in rodents which are extremely fertile, and may have implications for individuals with LSDs. We suggest the use of more female animal models to better understand the physiopathology of the diseases, and the use of clinical case studies to further explore the risks of individuals with LSDs having children.
PubMed: 34869599
DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.773384 -
Child Abuse & Neglect Dec 2023Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a type of maltreatment considered a global health problem. CSA is a traumatic experience with important consequences for the victim's health.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a type of maltreatment considered a global health problem. CSA is a traumatic experience with important consequences for the victim's health. It is essential to report the effectiveness of CSA prevention programs to offer society useful tools to combat this abuse.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to study the effectiveness of CSA prevention programs on the knowledge acquisition based on comparing pre- and post-treatment changes, and also if their effectiveness is related to program-related and methodological variables.
PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS
Standardised mean change (with studies that report pre-post program measures) of the effectiveness of CSA prevention programs published between 2014 and 2021 was carried out.
METHODS
The general effectiveness of these programs and whether the results were influenced by program-related variables (the duration, the target population, participants' age, or the type of intervention) or by methodology-related factors (the agent who taught them, the geographical area where they were carried out or the way the programs were evaluated) were analysed. A total of 43 samples analysing knowledge about CSA as a dependent variable were included.
RESULTS
The results reported a combined effect size considered large (d = -0.96, 95 % CI [-1.10, -0.82], p < .001). High inter-study heterogeneity was observed in the meta-analysis, although only the geographic area where the studies were conducted appears as a significant moderator.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, the prevention programs included in this analysis significantly improved the participants' knowledge acquisition.
Topics: Child; Humans; Child Abuse, Sexual; Child Abuse; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 37804801
DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106489 -
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2023
PubMed: 37324521
DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1213723