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Journal of Clinical Child and... 2023Workforce diversity is an ongoing challenge in the field of clinical child and adolescent psychology. This article discusses individual, institutional, and nonspecific...
OBJECTIVES
Workforce diversity is an ongoing challenge in the field of clinical child and adolescent psychology. This article discusses individual, institutional, and nonspecific factors that contribute to a lack of diversity among clinical child and adolescent psychologists and offers suggestions to diversify and advance the field of clinical child and adolescent mental health.
METHOD
Seventeen professors, licensed psychologists, faculty, and clinicians in the field of clinical child and adolescent psychology answered questions about workforce diversity and who is permitted access to the field. No formal research was conducted.
RESULTS
Individual factors included: racial discrimination and microaggressions, feelings of isolation, otherness, and not belonging. Institutional factors included: racism in academia, racial underrepresentation, ethnocentric and culturally-biased training, biased admissions selection processes, financial barriers, and lack of institutional commitment. Nonspecific factors were: values misalignment, hidden expectations, suboptimal mentoring, and limited research opportunities.
CONCLUSIONS
Drawing on recent scholarship and the Contexts, Actions, and Outcomes (CAO) Model, we recommend institutional changes in programs, policies, practices, resources, climate, partnerships, and inquiry to improve diversity in the field of clinical child and adolescent psychology.
Topics: Humans; Child; Adolescent; Psychology, Adolescent; Racism; Mentoring; Mentors; Emotions
PubMed: 37042734
DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2023.2191284 -
Current Opinion in Oncology Jul 2022Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and sleep disturbances are common symptoms among patients with cancer. They are often conceptualized as a part of a larger symptom cluster,... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and sleep disturbances are common symptoms among patients with cancer. They are often conceptualized as a part of a larger symptom cluster, also comprising pain and emotional distress. Despite their prevalence and long-lasting effects, CRF and sleep disturbances are still poorly addressed in clinical settings. Specific interventions are needed to manage these symptoms.
RECENT FINDINGS
In addition to conventional pharmacological therapies, other kinds of interventions are increasingly being developed in oncology. This review will discuss three categories of interventions for patients with cancer and their interest in alleviating CRF and sleep disturbances: physical exercises (e.g., aerobic, resistance training, running, free weights), psychological interventions (e.g., cognitive-behavioural therapy, psychoeducational interventions), and mind-body interventions (e.g., yoga, mindfulness, hypnosis). The multicomponent aspect of these interventions seems particularly important to address these symptoms.
SUMMARY
The findings detailed in this review will allow the scientific community, as well as health professionals working in oncology settings, to be informed about new nonpharmacological therapeutic options to help patients to manage their symptoms. It could eventually help to improve existing interventions for these patients.
Topics: Fatigue; Humans; Mind-Body Therapies; Neoplasms; Psycho-Oncology; Sleep
PubMed: 35730502
DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000000847 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Feb 2023We study GPT-3, a recent large language model, using tools from cognitive psychology. More specifically, we assess GPT-3's decision-making, information search,...
We study GPT-3, a recent large language model, using tools from cognitive psychology. More specifically, we assess GPT-3's decision-making, information search, deliberation, and causal reasoning abilities on a battery of canonical experiments from the literature. We find that much of GPT-3's behavior is impressive: It solves vignette-based tasks similarly or better than human subjects, is able to make decent decisions from descriptions, outperforms humans in a multiarmed bandit task, and shows signatures of model-based reinforcement learning. Yet, we also find that small perturbations to vignette-based tasks can lead GPT-3 vastly astray, that it shows no signatures of directed exploration, and that it fails miserably in a causal reasoning task. Taken together, these results enrich our understanding of current large language models and pave the way for future investigations using tools from cognitive psychology to study increasingly capable and opaque artificial agents.
Topics: Humans; Decision Making; Cognitive Psychology; Problem Solving; Learning; Reinforcement, Psychology
PubMed: 36730192
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218523120 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2021Efficient transfer of concepts and mechanistic insights from the cognitive to the health sciences and back requires a clear, objective description of the problem that...
Efficient transfer of concepts and mechanistic insights from the cognitive to the health sciences and back requires a clear, objective description of the problem that this transfer ought to solve. Unfortunately, however, the actual descriptions are commonly penetrated with, and sometimes even motivated by, cultural norms and preferences, a problem that has colored scientific theorizing about behavioral control-the key concept for many psychological health interventions. We argue that ideologies have clouded our scientific thinking about mental health in two ways: by considering the societal utility of individuals and their behavior a key criterion for distinguishing between healthy and unhealthy people, and by dividing what actually seem to be continuous functions relating psychological and neurocognitive underpinnings to human behavior into binary, discrete categories that are then taken to define clinical phenomena. We suggest letting both traditions go and establish a health psychology that restrains from imposing societal values onto individuals, and then taking the fit between behavior and values to conceptualize unhealthiness. Instead, we promote a health psychology that reconstructs behavior that is considered to be problematic from well-understood mechanistic underpinnings of human behavior.
Topics: Behavioral Medicine; Humans; Psychology
PubMed: 34769644
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111126 -
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Nov 2021Pain is a fundamental experience that promotes survival. In humans, pain stands at the intersection of multiple health crises: chronic pain, the opioid epidemic, and... (Review)
Review
Pain is a fundamental experience that promotes survival. In humans, pain stands at the intersection of multiple health crises: chronic pain, the opioid epidemic, and health disparities. The study of placebo analgesia highlights how social, cognitive, and affective processes can directly shape pain, and identifies potential paths for mitigating these crises. This review examines recent progress in the study of placebo analgesia through affective science. It focuses on how placebo effects are shaped by expectations, affect, and the social context surrounding treatment, and discusses neurobiological mechanisms of placebo, highlighting unanswered questions and implications for health. Collaborations between clinicians and social and affective scientists can address outstanding questions and leverage placebo to reduce pain and improve human health.
Topics: Analgesia; Cognitive Neuroscience; Humans; Pain; Pain Management; Placebo Effect
PubMed: 34538720
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.07.016 -
Indian Journal of Cancer 2021Before choosing psycho-oncology, there was a juncture in my life when I had to select my specialization for further education. It was overwhelming to choose one from all...
Before choosing psycho-oncology, there was a juncture in my life when I had to select my specialization for further education. It was overwhelming to choose one from all the areas available at that time and be solely responsible for this decision as it had a bearing on not just me, but also on my family. In 2013 (when I decided on my area of specialization), psycho-oncology was a new field. With just a belief to hold onto, that one day psycho-oncology would be widespread and welcomed in Indian cancer care, I pursued this field with dedication and passion. Despite knowing the risk of choosing a career of a barely trodden path, I took the plunge because I believed in its need and that I could contribute to this field meaningfully. Persistent efforts to integrate psycho-oncology into mainstream oncology are being made by psychologists, policymakers, oncologists, social workers and palliative care professionals and I will continuously strive to add my bit to this field. Cancer, as is commonly known, is an illness of the patient, as well as the family. Cancer impacts patients, caretakers, and oncologists. I observed that factors such as culture, age, caretakers beliefs, their perceptions about the illness, society, and the stigma associated with the illness are some of the barriers to truthful disclosure. This is an area within psycho-oncology that interests me and I have dedicated the past few years of my research to knowing it in depth. In this narration, I share with you an encounter with a patient which propelled me certainly and went deeply into psycho-oncology.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Psycho-Oncology
PubMed: 32594078
DOI: 10.4103/ijc.IJC_949_19 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Mar 2021Do we have any valid reasons to affirm that non-human primates display economic behaviour in a sufficiently rich and precise sense of the phrase? To address this...
Do we have any valid reasons to affirm that non-human primates display economic behaviour in a sufficiently rich and precise sense of the phrase? To address this question, we have to develop a set of criteria to assess the vast array of experimental studies and field observations on individual cognitive and behavioural competences as well as the collective organization of non-human primates. We review a sample of these studies and assess how they answer to the following four main challenges. (i) Do we see any economic organization or institutions emerge among groups of non-human primates? (ii) Are the cognitive abilities, and often biases, that have been evidenced as underlying typical economic decision-making among humans, also present among non-human primates? (iii) Can we draw positive lessons from performance comparisons among primate species, humans and non-humans but also across non-human primate species, as elicited by canonical game-theoretical experimental paradigms, especially as far as economic cooperation and coordination are concerned? And (iv) in which way should we improve models and paradigms to obtain more ecological data and conclusions? Articles discussed in this paper most often bring about positive answers and promising perspectives to support the existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates. This article is part of the theme issue 'Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates'.
Topics: Animals; Choice Behavior; Decision Making; Economics, Behavioral; Primates
PubMed: 33423625
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0676 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.... Jan 2023'Everyone knows what attention is' according to William James. Much work on attention in psychology and neuroscience cites this famous phrase only to quickly dismiss it....
'Everyone knows what attention is' according to William James. Much work on attention in psychology and neuroscience cites this famous phrase only to quickly dismiss it. But James is right about this: 'attention' was not introduced into psychology and neuroscience as a theoretical concept. I argue that we should therefore study attention with broadly the same methodology that David Marr has applied to the study of perception. By focusing more on Marr's Computational Level of analysis, we arrive at a unified answer to the question of what attention is, what role it plays in the mind, and why organisms like us have that capacity. I propose a methodology for studying attention at Marr's Computational Level that optimizes in a three-dimensional space: it should capture core aspects of our first-person experience of attention, be explanatorily powerful in psychology and neuroscience, and fertile in an interdisciplinary context. I show how this methodology leads to what I call the priority structure account of attention. Attention is what organizes current information to make it more useful for the organism. We can identify it by four features. Attention, in this way, helps a cognitive system to integrate its informational state with its current motivational state. I describe how this account improves on alternatives and shows why attention is a useful concept in many disciplines and for connecting them. This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Psychological Capacities Psychology > Attention Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science.
Topics: Humans; Neurosciences; Cognitive Science; Motivation; Philosophy
PubMed: 36305589
DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1632 -
Personality and Social Psychology... Nov 2023Clothing, hairstyle, makeup, and accessories influence first impressions. However, target dress is notably absent from current theories and models of person perception.... (Review)
Review
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT
Clothing, hairstyle, makeup, and accessories influence first impressions. However, target dress is notably absent from current theories and models of person perception. We discuss three reasons for this minimal attention to dress in person perception: high theoretical complexity, incompatibility with traditional methodology, and underappreciation by the groups who have historically guided research in person perception. We propose a working model of person perception that incorporates target dress alongside target face, target body, context, and perceiver characteristics. Then, we identify four types of inferences for which perceivers rely on target dress: social categories, cognitive states, status, and aesthetics. For each of these, we review relevant work in social cognition, integrate this work with existing dress research, and propose future directions. Finally, we identify and offer solutions to the theoretical and methodological challenges accompanying the psychological study of dress.
PUBLIC ABSTRACT
Why is it that people often agonize over what to wear for a job interview, a first date, or a party? The answer is simple: They understand that others' first impressions of them rely on their clothing, hairstyle, makeup, and accessories. Many people might be surprised, then, to learn that psychologists' theories about how people form first impressions of others have little to say about how people dress. This is true in part because the meaning of clothing is so complex and culturally dependent. We propose a working model of first impressions that identifies four types of information that people infer from dress: people's social identities, mental states, status, and aesthetic tastes. For each of these, we review existing research on clothing, integrate this research with related work from social psychology more broadly, and propose future directions for research.
Topics: Humans; Social Identification; Psychology, Social; Learning; Social Cognition; Clothing; Social Perception
PubMed: 36951208
DOI: 10.1177/10888683231157961 -
The British Journal of General Practice... Sep 2020
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Communicable Disease Control; Coronavirus Infections; Grief; Humans; Life Change Events; Mental Health; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Psychology; SARS-CoV-2; Social Isolation
PubMed: 32855125
DOI: 10.3399/bjgp20X712181