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Journal of Sex Research 2020A clear understanding of sexual consent is important for sexual violence prevention. To date, most research has focused on how college students understand and negotiate...
A clear understanding of sexual consent is important for sexual violence prevention. To date, most research has focused on how college students understand and negotiate consent. Although adolescence is a critical period for the development of sexual attitudes, identity, and intimate relationships, the perspectives of high school-aged youth have been largely absent from the consent literature. The current study investigated adolescents' attitudes toward affirmative consent in a sample of 226 high school students (58% female; 46% White, 24% Black, 25% Hispanic) from the southeastern U.S., as well as associations between affirmative consent attitudes and gender, gender role beliefs, and sexual activity status. Additionally, we tested whether gender role beliefs were a mediator between gender and affirmative consent attitudes. Overall, adolescents reported supportive attitudes toward affirmative consent. On average, girls and adolescents with more egalitarian gender role beliefs had more positive attitudes toward affirmative consent than boys and those with less egalitarian gender role beliefs, though no differences by sexual activity status were found. Gender role beliefs mediated the relationship between gender and attitudes toward affirmative consent. The results suggest that adolescents are generally supportive of affirmative consent practices, although some important group differences emerged.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Intimate Partner Violence; Male; Psychology, Adolescent; Self Efficacy; Sexual Behavior; Students
PubMed: 31940226
DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1711009 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jul 2021Social information is immensely valuable. Yet we waste it. The information we get from observing other humans and from communicating with them is a cheap and reliable... (Review)
Review
Social information is immensely valuable. Yet we waste it. The information we get from observing other humans and from communicating with them is a cheap and reliable informational resource. It is considered the backbone of human cultural evolution. Theories and models focused on the evolution of social learning show the great adaptive benefits of evolving cognitive tools to process it. In spite of this, human adults in the experimental literature use social information quite inefficiently: they do not take it sufficiently into account. A comprehensive review of the literature on five experimental tasks documented 45 studies showing social information waste, and four studies showing social information being over-used. These studies cover 'egocentric discounting' phenomena as studied by social psychology, but also include experimental social learning studies. Social information waste means that human adults fail to give social information its optimal weight. Both proximal explanations and accounts derived from evolutionary theory leave crucial aspects of the phenomenon unaccounted for: egocentric discounting is a pervasive effect that no single unifying explanation fully captures. Cultural evolutionary theory's insistence on the power and benefits of social influence is to be balanced against this phenomenon. This article is part of the theme issue 'Foundations of cultural evolution'.
Topics: Cultural Evolution; Humans; Information Dissemination; Psychology, Social; Social Learning
PubMed: 33993762
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0052 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2022Positive psychology interventions are an effective means for cultivating flourishing, addressing low levels of wellbeing, and preventing languishing. Peer-led... (Review)
Review
Positive psychology interventions are an effective means for cultivating flourishing, addressing low levels of wellbeing, and preventing languishing. Peer-led interventions can be a particularly advantageous delivery method of positive psychology interventions, as participants tend to respond more favourably to people that they can identify with personally. Such interventions have been applied in a variety of settings and populations, but the literature on peer-led positive psychology interventions has not yet been summarised. This paper provides a narrative overview of peer-led positive psychology interventions. We reviewed relevant peer-led interventions, assessed the available evidence on their effectiveness, and highlighted promising opportunities for peer-led positive psychology interventions. We found that the majority of the studies were observational in design but showed a high level of acceptability for participants across the reviewed domains. In particular, schools, workplaces, the aged care sector, and community settings are noted as promising target domains for these interventions. However, more studies-particularly high-quality research-will be needed to comprehensively test the effectiveness of peer-led positive psychology interventions. We discuss opportunities for future research in this field.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Peer Group; Psychology, Positive; Schools; Workplace
PubMed: 35805719
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138065 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jul 2020The term 'life-history theory' (LHT) is increasingly often invoked in psychology, as a framework for integrating understanding of psychological traits into a broader... (Review)
Review
The term 'life-history theory' (LHT) is increasingly often invoked in psychology, as a framework for integrating understanding of psychological traits into a broader evolutionary context. Although LHT as presented in psychology papers (LHT-P) is typically described as a straightforward extension of the theoretical principles from evolutionary biology that bear the same name (LHT-E), the two bodies of work are not well integrated. Here, through a close reading of recent papers, we argue that LHT-E and LHT-P are different research programmes in the Lakatosian sense. The core of LHT-E is built around ultimate evolutionary explanation, via explicit mathematical modelling, of how selection can drive divergent evolution of populations or species living under different demographies or ecologies. The core of LHT-P concerns measurement of covariation, across individuals, of multiple psychological traits; the proximate goals these serve; and their relation to childhood experience. Some of the links between LHT-E and LHT-P are false friends. For example, elements that are marginal in LHT-E are core commitments of LHT-P, and where explanatory principles are transferred from one to the other, nuance can be lost in transmission. The methodological rules for what grounds a prediction in theory are different in the two cases. Though there are major differences between LHT-E and LHT-P at present, there is much potential for greater integration in the future, through both theoretical modelling and further empirical research. This article is part of the theme issue 'Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals'.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Biology; Life History Traits; Psychology
PubMed: 32475337
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0490 -
Physics of Life Reviews Dec 2019This article presents a unifying theory of the embodied, situated human brain called the Hierarchically Mechanistic Mind (HMM). The HMM describes the brain as a complex... (Review)
Review
This article presents a unifying theory of the embodied, situated human brain called the Hierarchically Mechanistic Mind (HMM). The HMM describes the brain as a complex adaptive system that actively minimises the decay of our sensory and physical states by producing self-fulfilling action-perception cycles via dynamical interactions between hierarchically organised neurocognitive mechanisms. This theory synthesises the free-energy principle (FEP) in neuroscience with an evolutionary systems theory of psychology that explains our brains, minds, and behaviour by appealing to Tinbergen's four questions: adaptation, phylogeny, ontogeny, and mechanism. After leveraging the FEP to formally define the HMM across different spatiotemporal scales, we conclude by exploring its implications for theorising and research in the sciences of the mind and behaviour.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neurosciences; Psychology; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 30704846
DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2018.10.002 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2022Despite considerable progress, smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. To address the considerable health and economic burden of...
Despite considerable progress, smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. To address the considerable health and economic burden of tobacco use, the development of improved tobacco control and treatment interventions is critical. By combining elements of economics and psychology, behavioral economics provides a framework for novel solutions to treat smokers who have failed to quit with traditional smoking cessation interventions. The full range of behavioral economic principles, however, have not been widely utilized in the realm of tobacco control and treatment. Given the need for improved tobacco control and treatment, the limited use of other behavioral economic principles represents a substantial missed opportunity. For this reason, we sought to describe the principles of behavioral economics as they relate to tobacco control, highlight potential gaps in the behavioral economics tobacco research literature, and provide examples of potential interventions that use each principle.
Topics: Economics, Behavioral; Humans; Smoking Cessation; Nicotiana; Tobacco Products; Tobacco Smoking; United States
PubMed: 35805833
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138174 -
Diagnosis (Berlin, Germany) Aug 2022Psychological research consistently demonstrates that affect can play an important role in decision-making across a broad range of contexts. Despite this, the role of... (Review)
Review
Psychological research consistently demonstrates that affect can play an important role in decision-making across a broad range of contexts. Despite this, the role of affect in clinical reasoning and medical decision-making has received relatively little attention. Integrating the affect, social cognition, and patient safety literatures can provide new insights that promise to advance our understanding of clinical reasoning and lay the foundation for novel interventions to reduce diagnostic errors and improve patient safety. In this paper, we briefly review the ways in which psychologists differentiate various types of affect. We then consider existing research examining the influence of both positive and negative affect on clinical reasoning and diagnosis. Finally, we introduce an empirically supported theoretical framework from social psychology that explains the cognitive processes by which these effects emerge and demonstrates that cognitive interventions can alter these processes. Such interventions, if adapted to a medical context, hold great promise for reducing errors that emerge from faulty thinking when healthcare providers experience different affective responses.
Topics: Clinical Reasoning; Cognition; Humans; Psychology, Social; Thinking
PubMed: 34981701
DOI: 10.1515/dx-2021-0115 -
Computational Intelligence and... 2022Positive psychology, as a core subject to the study of people's positive power and positive quality, is intended to cultivate positive personality traits and positive...
Positive psychology, as a core subject to the study of people's positive power and positive quality, is intended to cultivate positive personality traits and positive emotions, and to promote the development of inspiring creativity, cooperation, and interest. The study of positive psychology provides a new perspective for our research in the field of education. The "New Curriculum Standards for Junior Middle School English" clearly states: "Students can only maintain the inner driving force of English learning and achieve results only if they have positive emotions in English learning. Negative emotions will not only affect the effect of English learning, but also affect students' long-term development. In English teaching, teachers should pay attention to students' emotions from beginning to end, and strive to create a relaxed, democratic, and harmonious teaching atmosphere. Therefore, how to infiltrate the theory of positive psychology into the frontline English teaching of junior high school becomes especially important. With the advancement of science and technology and the advent of the Internet era, various high-tech information technologies have gradually flourished, and the rapid development of information technology has promoted the reform and innovation of the teaching industry. Wearable technology is the current trend and direction of the information technology revolution. It realizes the interconnection and deep integration of people, machines and objects through the functions of collecting, sorting and analyzing mobile Internet and cloud data. The realization of wearable technology-based wearable technology not only can highly integrate educational resources, improve learning interest, but also enhance the pertinence of teaching, cultivate students' creativity, and realize personalized teaching in "full time, all-round, all fields." This article explores the integration of wearable devices and junior high school English teaching in the context of positive psychology. First of all, this paper introduces the theoretical basis of the integration of wearable devices with English teaching. Secondly, it introduces the research methods of this paper. Finally, through questionnaires and experimental comparison analysis, it tests the interest of students in learning through the auxiliary teaching of wearable devices, and whether the academic performance has a positive effect.
Topics: Curriculum; Humans; Learning; Psychology, Positive; Students; Teaching; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 35909862
DOI: 10.1155/2022/7650948 -
Neuropsychologia Jan 2020Reinforcement learning models of error-driven learning and sequential-sampling models of decision making have provided significant insight into the neural basis of a... (Review)
Review
Reinforcement learning models of error-driven learning and sequential-sampling models of decision making have provided significant insight into the neural basis of a variety of cognitive processes. Until recently, model-based cognitive neuroscience research using both frameworks has evolved separately and independently. Recent efforts have illustrated the complementary nature of both modelling traditions and showed how they can be integrated into a unified theoretical framework, explaining trial-by-trial dependencies in choice behavior as well as response time distributions. Here, we review a theoretical background of integrating the two classes of models, and review recent empirical efforts towards this goal. We furthermore argue that the integration of both modelling traditions provides mutual benefits for both fields, and highlight promises of this approach for cognitive modelling and model-based cognitive neuroscience.
Topics: Cognitive Neuroscience; Decision Making; Humans; Models, Biological; Reinforcement, Psychology
PubMed: 31733237
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107261 -
The Australian Journal of Rural Health Apr 2021Psychology workforce shortages in geographically rural or remote contexts have highlighted the need to understand the supervisory experiences of psychologists practising... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Psychology workforce shortages in geographically rural or remote contexts have highlighted the need to understand the supervisory experiences of psychologists practising in these locations, and the models of supervision employed to support their practice and improve client safety.
OBJECTIVE
To review the models of remote professional supervision and the supervisory experiences of psychologists practising in rural and remote locations.
DESIGN
Using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for mixed-methods systematic review, 8 health and education databases were searched using keyword and subject heading searches.
FINDINGS
The initial search identified 413 studies. A full-text review identified 4 papers that met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to a methodological appraisal by 2 reviewers. Three studies included qualitative data, with 2 using transcribed interviews. Two studies reported quantitative data, with only one study including a statistical analysis of the outcomes.
DISCUSSION
The results for the efficacy of the current models of remote supervision being used within the allied health and psychology professions are limited, with methodological limitations cautioning generalisability of results. The experiences of psychologists engaged in remote supervision do not appear to have changed over the past decade despite technological advances.
CONCLUSIONS
Quality professional supervision is critical for the sustainability of the psychology workforce in rural and remote locations, reducing professional isolation, and for improved patient outcomes. This review identified a need for improved evidence for remote supervision models for psychologists working in geographically rural and remote locations. Lessons can be learned from other health professions' models of remote supervision.
Topics: Australia; Health Workforce; Humans; Pennsylvania; Personnel Management; Psychology; Reproducibility of Results; Rural Health Services; Rural Population
PubMed: 33982844
DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12740