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Reproduction & Fertility Apr 2024The rights of transgender and intersex people have become a contentious issue in our current political climate. Whether it be the rights of intersex athletes such as...
The rights of transgender and intersex people have become a contentious issue in our current political climate. Whether it be the rights of intersex athletes such as Caster Semenya (who identifies as a woman) to compete in elite sport, or the rights of transgender women to use women's only spaces, there is an increasingly fierce debate as to the legitimacy of people's gender and sexual identities and what parameters should be used to define them. A common argument accepted by most in our society is that while gender may be a spectrum, sex is an inalienable binary.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Gender Identity; Sports; Athletes; Transsexualism; Transgender Persons
PubMed: 38492308
DOI: 10.1530/RAF-24-0005 -
Pediatric Annals Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Transgender Persons; Gender Identity; Transsexualism; Pediatricians
PubMed: 38049187
DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20231016-01 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Dec 2020The so-called "gender-equality paradox" is the fact that gender segregation across occupations is more pronounced in more egalitarian and more developed countries. Some...
The so-called "gender-equality paradox" is the fact that gender segregation across occupations is more pronounced in more egalitarian and more developed countries. Some scholars have explained this paradox by the existence of deeply rooted or intrinsic gender differences in preferences that materialize more easily in countries where economic constraints are more limited. In line with a strand of research in sociology, we show instead that it can be explained by cross-country differences in essentialist gender norms regarding math aptitudes and appropriate occupational choices. To this aim, we propose a measure of the prevalence and extent of internalization of the stereotype that "math is not for girls" at the country level. This is done using individual-level data on the math attitudes of 300,000 15-y-old female and male students in 64 countries. The stereotype associating math to men is stronger in more egalitarian and developed countries. It is also strongly associated with various measures of female underrepresentation in math-intensive fields and can therefore entirely explain the gender-equality paradox. We suggest that economic development and gender equality in rights go hand-in-hand with a reshaping rather than a suppression of gender norms, with the emergence of new and more horizontal forms of social differentiation across genders.
Topics: Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Mathematics; Stereotyping
PubMed: 33229558
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008704117 -
JAMA Network Open Jan 2023Limited prior research suggests that transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people may have higher mortality rates than cisgender people.
IMPORTANCE
Limited prior research suggests that transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people may have higher mortality rates than cisgender people.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate overall and cause-specific mortality among TGD persons compared with cisgender persons.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This population-based cohort study used data from general practices in England contributing to the UK's Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD and Aurum databases. Transfeminine (assigned male at birth) and transmasculine (assigned female at birth) individuals were identified using diagnosis codes for gender incongruence, between 1988 and 2019, and were matched to cisgender men and women according to birth year, practice, and practice registration date and linked to the Office of National Statistics death registration. Data analysis was performed from February to June 2022.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Cause-specific mortality counts were calculated for categories of disease as defined by International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision chapters. Overall and cause-specific mortality rate ratios (MRRs) were estimated using Poisson models, adjusted for index age, index year, race and ethnicity, Index of Multiple Deprivation, smoking status, alcohol use, and body mass index.
RESULTS
A total of 1951 transfeminine (mean [SE] age, 36.90 [0.34] years; 1801 White [92.3%]) and 1364 transmasculine (mean [SE] age, 29.20 [0.36] years; 1235 White [90.4%]) individuals were matched with 68 165 cisgender men (mean [SE] age, 33.60 [0.05] years; 59 136 White [86.8%]) and 68 004 cisgender women (mean [SE] age, 33.50 [0.05] years; 57 762 White [84.9%]). The mortality rate was 528.11 deaths per 100 000 person-years (102 deaths) for transfeminine persons, 325.86 deaths per 100 000 person-years (34 deaths) for transmasculine persons, 315.32 deaths per 100 000 person-years (1951 deaths) for cisgender men, and 260.61 deaths per 100 000 person-years (1608 deaths) for cisgender women. Transfeminine persons had a higher overall mortality risk compared with cisgender men (MRR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.06-1.68) and cisgender women (MRR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.27-2.01). For transmasculine persons, the overall MMR was 1.43 (95% CI, 0.87-2.33) compared with cisgender men and was 1.75 (95% CI, 1.08-2.83) compared with cisgender women. Transfeminine individuals had lower cancer mortality than cisgender women (MRR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.32-0.83) but an increased risk of external causes of death (MRR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.05-3.50). Transmasculine persons had higher mortality from external causes of death than cisgender women (MRR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.15-6.65). Compared with cisgender men, neither transfeminine nor transmasculine adults had a significantly increased risk of deaths due to external causes.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this cohort study of primary care data, TGD persons had elevated mortality rates compared with cisgender persons, particularly for deaths due to external causes. Further research is needed to examine how minority stress may be contributing to deaths among TGD individuals to reduce mortality.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Adult; Male; Female; Transgender Persons; Cohort Studies; Transsexualism; Gender Identity; England
PubMed: 36716027
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.53687 -
The Journal of Adolescent Health :... Mar 2021This study examined whether transmasculine, transfeminine, and nonbinary adolescents and young adults (AYA) experience different levels of gender minority stress and...
PURPOSE
This study examined whether transmasculine, transfeminine, and nonbinary adolescents and young adults (AYA) experience different levels of gender minority stress and resilience.
METHODS
Demographic and clinical information were abstracted from medical charts from AYA initiating gender-affirming care. Group comparisons between transgender and nonbinary groups were examined using one-way analyses of variance and Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc tests.
RESULTS
Participants were 638 transgender and nonbinary AYA (65.5% transmasculine, 24.6% transfeminine, and 9.9% nonbinary). Transmasculine and transfeminine AYA reported more discrimination (ps = .008 and .006, respectively) compared to non-binary AYA. Transfeminine and nonbinary AYA reported more negative future expectations (ps = .006 and .016, respectively) and pride (ps ≤ .001 and .032, respectively) than transmasculine AYA.
CONCLUSIONS
Findings suggest that transmasculine, transfeminine, and nonbinary AYA experience different levels of gender minority stress and resilience. Future research is warranted to further examine between-group differences and differential impact on mental health outcomes.
Topics: Adolescent; Gender Identity; Humans; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism; Young Adult
PubMed: 33046360
DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.014 -
Endocrine Practice : Official Journal... Apr 2023Accumulating evidence demonstrates that gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) improves mental health outcomes in transgender persons. Data specific to the risks... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) improves mental health outcomes in transgender persons. Data specific to the risks associated with GAHT for transgender persons continue to emerge, allowing for improvements in understanding, predicting, and mitigating adverse outcomes while informing discussion about desired effects. Of particular concern is the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the context of both longitudinal GAHT and the perioperative setting. Combining what is known about the risk of VTE in cisgender individuals on hormone therapy (HT) with the evidence for transgender persons receiving HT allows for an informed approach to assess underlying risk and improve care in the transgender community.
OBSERVATIONS
Hormone formulation, dosing, route, and duration of therapy can impact thromboembolic risk, with transdermal estrogen formulations having the lowest risk. There are no existing risk scores for VTE that consider HT as a possible risk factor. Risk assessment for recurrent VTE and bleeding tendencies using current scores may be helpful when assessing individual risk. Gender affirming surgeries present unique perioperative concerns, and certain procedures include a high likelihood that patients will be on exogenous estrogens at the time of surgery, potentially increasing thromboembolic risk.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Withholding GAHT due to potential adverse events may cause negative impacts for individual patients. Providers should be knowledgeable about the management of HT in transgender individuals of all ages, as well as in the perioperative setting, to avoid periods in which transgender individuals are off GAHT. Treatment decisions for both anticoagulation and HT should be individualized and tailored to patients' overall goals and desired outcomes, given that the physical and mental health benefits of gender affirming care may outweigh the risk of VTE.
Topics: Humans; Venous Thromboembolism; Gender Identity; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism; Estradiol
PubMed: 36539066
DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2022.12.008 -
Advances in Life Course Research Sep 2022Transgender and nonbinary people's life experiences are highly heterogenous and shaped by broader structural and cultural forces. We analyze experiences identified on...
Transgender and nonbinary people's life experiences are highly heterogenous and shaped by broader structural and cultural forces. We analyze experiences identified on lifeline interviews from 87 transgender and nonbinary adults in Atlanta, New York City, and San Francisco. We find that the type, timing, and relative importance of these experiences varied across categories. For example, experiences related to "Rejection and violence" were more often identified in childhood and in the past, whereas experiences related to "Gender-affirming medical interventions" were more often in adulthood and anticipated futures. Experiences related to "Community involvement," "Extracurriculars," "Gender exploration and revelation," and "Gender-affirming medical interventions" were labeled by respondents as relatively more important compared to other experiences, whereas experiences related to "Family of origin relationships," "Place of residence," "Rejection and violence," and "Sexuality" less important. These experiences were patterned according to the respondents' gender, birth cohort, race/ethnicity, and geographic location. In analyzing these lifeline data, we advance theoretical understandings of the salience of a variety of key experiences for transgender and nonbinary people at different points in the life course. Our life course approach provides empirical analyses of intra-individual processes over time for transgender and nonbinary people and provides insight into the usefulness of a lifeline method for life course studies more generally as it draws attention to within-person assessments of the distribution and importance of events over the course of a lifetime.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism; Gender Identity; Ethnicity; New York City
PubMed: 36381170
DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2022.100482 -
LGBT Health Apr 2022We developed a multiyear database of sexual orientation- and gender identity-related U.S. state laws to advance sexual and gender minority (SGM) health research and...
We developed a multiyear database of sexual orientation- and gender identity-related U.S. state laws to advance sexual and gender minority (SGM) health research and practice and assessed variability in U.S. state laws from 1996 through 2016 across all U.S. states and D.C. Between 2014 and 2016, a multidisciplinary group of SGM health researchers and legal experts used secondary and primary legal sources and policy surveillance methods to systematically develop a state-level legal database of 30 sexual orientation- and gender identity-related U.S. state laws in 9 legal domains from 1996 through 2016. We calculated descriptive statistics and created maps to observe the distribution of these laws over both time and space. Although progress has occurred in some domains, such as same-sex marriage, adoption, and employment discrimination, significant challenges to SGM rights remain, especially with regard to HIV criminalization, transgender rights, and discrimination in health care settings. Further, notable variation exists in the presence of protective lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ) state laws across U.S. states and D.C. Efforts to repeal harmful U.S. state laws are needed, as are new laws, policies, regulations, practices, and norms that advance social justice and health equity for all SGM people.
Topics: Female; Gender Identity; Human Rights; Humans; Male; Sexual Behavior; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Transgender Persons
PubMed: 35297661
DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2021.0157 -
Maturitas Sep 2022
Topics: COVID-19; Gender Identity; Humans; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35717261
DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.05.011 -
Psychiatria Danubina 2022
Topics: Humans; Suicide, Attempted; Gender Identity; Suicide Prevention
PubMed: 36256999
DOI: No ID Found