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Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2020Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from Wi-Fi devices is nonionizing radiation. The frequencies used in wireless technology are similar to those applied in... (Review)
Review
Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from Wi-Fi devices is nonionizing radiation. The frequencies used in wireless technology are similar to those applied in mobile telephony. Due to the much lower output power of devices using Wi-Fi compared to mobile phones, the degree of exposure to radiation is also lower. Most of the research on Wi-Fi has been carried out in less favorable or adverse conditions, involving higher power values of devices (peak values instead of average values) and smaller distances of working devices from measuring points. None of the studies conducted so far have indicated that there were the exceedances of the permissible values of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation contained in the Polish and global legal regulations. Similar to the research related to the impact of mobile telephony on human health, the studies conducted until now focusing on exposure to Wi-Fi are considered ambiguous as they do not give a definitive answer on the possible negative (including carcinogenic) effects on human health. Because of the continuous development of wireless networks, there is a need for further research on this topic. Moreover, due to the high popularity of devices using Wi-Fi among children and adolescents, whose period of exposure to electromagnetic radiation is longer compared to adults, it is necessary to continuously observe these populations and subject them to careful analysis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cell Phone; Child; Child, Preschool; Electromagnetic Fields; Female; Health Impact Assessment; Health Status; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Poland; Radio Waves; Risk Assessment; Wireless Technology; Young Adult
PubMed: 32938167
DOI: 10.32394/rpzh.2020.0125 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2021With the rapid development of electronic information in the past 30 years, technical achievements based on electromagnetism have been widely used in various fields... (Review)
Review
With the rapid development of electronic information in the past 30 years, technical achievements based on electromagnetism have been widely used in various fields pertaining to human production and life. Consequently, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) has become a substantial new pollution source in modern civilization. The biological effects of EMR have attracted considerable attention worldwide. The possible interaction of EMR with human organs, especially the brain, is currently where the most attention is focused. Many studies have shown that the nervous system is an important target organ system sensitive to EMR. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the neurobiological effects of EMR, including the metabolism and transport of neurotransmitters. As messengers of synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters play critical roles in cognitive and emotional behavior. Here, the effects of EMR on the metabolism and receptors of neurotransmitters in the brain are summarized.
Topics: Brain; Cell Phone; Electromagnetic Radiation; Humans; Neurotransmitter Agents; Radio Waves
PubMed: 34485223
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.691880 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023Terahertz (THz) waves, which fall between microwaves and infrared bands, possess intriguing electromagnetic properties of non-ionizing radiation, low photon energy,... (Review)
Review
Terahertz (THz) waves, which fall between microwaves and infrared bands, possess intriguing electromagnetic properties of non-ionizing radiation, low photon energy, being highly sensitive to weak resonances, and non-polar material penetrability. Therefore, THz waves are extremely suitable for sensing and detecting chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological molecules. However, the relatively long wavelength of THz waves (30~3000 μm) compared to the size of analytes (1~100 nm for biomolecules, <10 μm for microorganisms) constrains the development of THz-based sensors. To circumvent this problem, metasurface technology, by engineering subwavelength periodic resonators, has gained a great deal of attention to enhance the resonance response of THz waves. Those metasurface-based THz sensors exhibit high sensitivity for label-free sensing, making them appealing for a variety of applications in security, medical applications, and detection. The performance of metasurface-based THz sensors is controlled by geometric structure and material parameters. The operating mechanism is divided into two main categories, passive and active. To have a profound understanding of these metasurface-assisted THz sensing technologies, we review and categorize those THz sensors, based on their operating mechanisms, including resonators for frequency shift sensing, nanogaps for enhanced field confinement, chirality for handedness detection, and active elements (such as graphene and MEMS) for advanced tunable sensing. This comprehensive review can serve as a guideline for future metasurfaces design to assist THz sensing and detection.
Topics: Engineering; Graphite; Microwaves; Photons; Technology
PubMed: 37447747
DOI: 10.3390/s23135902 -
Radiation Research May 2021As the U.S. prepares for the possibility of a radiological or nuclear incident, or anticipated lunar and Mars missions, the exposure of individuals to neutron radiation...
As the U.S. prepares for the possibility of a radiological or nuclear incident, or anticipated lunar and Mars missions, the exposure of individuals to neutron radiation must be considered. More information is needed on how to determine the neutron dose to better estimate the true biological effects of neutrons and mixed-field (i.e., neutron and photon) radiation exposures. While exposure to gamma-ray radiation will cause significant health issues, the addition of neutrons will likely exacerbate the biological effects already anticipated after radiation exposure. To begin to understand the issues and knowledge gaps in these areas, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Radiation Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Department of Defense (DoD), Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) formed an inter-agency working group to host a Neutron Radiobiology and Dosimetry Workshop on March 7, 2019 in Rockville, MD. Stakeholder interests were clearly positioned, given the differences in the missions of each agency. An overview of neutron dosimetry and neutron radiobiology was included, as well as a historical overview of neutron exposure research. In addition, current research in the fields of biodosimetry and diagnostics, medical countermeasures (MCMs) and treatment, long-term health effects, and computational studies were presented and discussed.
Topics: Gamma Rays; Humans; Neutrons; Radiobiology; Radiometry
PubMed: 33587743
DOI: 10.1667/RADE-20-00213.1 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Available wearable dosimeters suffer from spectral mismatch during the measurement of broadband UV and visible radiation in environments that receive radiation from...
Available wearable dosimeters suffer from spectral mismatch during the measurement of broadband UV and visible radiation in environments that receive radiation from multiple sources emitting differing spectra. We observed this type of multi-spectra environment in all five Washington State cannabis farms visited during a field study investigating worker exposure to ultraviolet radiation in 2018. Spectroradiometers do not suffer from spectral mismatch in these environments, however, an extensive literature review conducted at the time of writing did not identify any spectroradiometers that were directly deployable as wearable dosimetry devices. To close this research gap, we developed a microcontroller system and platform that allows for researchers to mount and deploy the Ocean Insight Flame-S Spectroradiometer as a wearable device for measurement of UV and visible wavelengths (300 to 700 nm). The platform validation consisted of comparing measurements taken under platform control with measurements taken with the spectrometer controlled by a personal computer running the software provided by the spectroradiometer manufacturer. Three Mann-Whitney U-Tests (two-tailed, 95% CI), one for each intensity condition, compared the central tendency between the total spectral power (TSP), the integral of a spectrum measurement, measured under both control schemas. An additional analysis of per pixel agreement and overall platform stability was performed. The three Mann-Whitney tests returned no significant difference between the set of TSPs for each filter condition. These results suggest that the spectroradiometer takes measurements of equivalent accuracy under both control schemas, and can be deployed as a wearable device for the measurement of wavelength resolved UV and visible radiation.
Topics: Ultraviolet Rays; Radiometry; Light; Radiation Dosimeters; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 36433426
DOI: 10.3390/s22228829 -
Chemical Reviews Oct 2022Molecular plasmonics, the area which deals with the interactions between surface plasmons and molecules, has received enormous interest in fundamental research and found... (Review)
Review
Molecular plasmonics, the area which deals with the interactions between surface plasmons and molecules, has received enormous interest in fundamental research and found numerous technological applications. Plasmonic metamaterials, which offer rich opportunities to control the light intensity, field polarization, and local density of electromagnetic states on subwavelength scales, provide a versatile platform to enhance and tune light-molecule interactions. A variety of applications, including spontaneous emission enhancement, optical modulation, optical sensing, and photoactuated nanochemistry, have been reported by exploiting molecular interactions with plasmonic metamaterials. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the developments of molecular plasmonics with metamaterials. After a brief introduction to the optical properties of plasmonic metamaterials and relevant fabrication approaches, we discuss light-molecule interactions in plasmonic metamaterials in both weak and strong coupling regimes. We then highlight the exploitation of molecules in metamaterials for applications ranging from emission control and optical modulation to optical sensing. The role of hot carriers generated in metamaterials for nanochemistry is also discussed. Perspectives on the future development of molecular plasmonics with metamaterials conclude the review. The use of molecules in combination with designer metamaterials provides a rich playground both to actively control metamaterials using molecular interactions and, in turn, to use metamaterials to control molecular processes.
Topics: Light; Surface Plasmon Resonance
PubMed: 36194441
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00333 -
Chemical Reviews Feb 2022Progress in optical manipulation has stimulated remarkable advances in a wide range of fields, including materials science, robotics, medical engineering, and... (Review)
Review
Progress in optical manipulation has stimulated remarkable advances in a wide range of fields, including materials science, robotics, medical engineering, and nanotechnology. This Review focuses on an emerging class of optical manipulation techniques, termed heat-mediated optical manipulation. In comparison to conventional optical tweezers that rely on a tightly focused laser beam to trap objects, heat-mediated optical manipulation techniques exploit tailorable optothermo-matter interactions and rich mass transport dynamics to enable versatile control of matter of various compositions, shapes, and sizes. In addition to conventional tweezing, more distinct manipulation modes, including optothermal pulling, nudging, rotating, swimming, oscillating, and walking, have been demonstrated to enhance the functionalities using simple and low-power optics. We start with an introduction to basic physics involved in heat-mediated optical manipulation, highlighting major working mechanisms underpinning a variety of manipulation techniques. Next, we categorize the heat-mediated optical manipulation techniques based on different working mechanisms and discuss working modes, capabilities, and applications for each technique. We conclude this Review with our outlook on current challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field of heat-mediated optical manipulation.
Topics: Hot Temperature; Light; Nanotechnology; Optical Tweezers; Optics and Photonics
PubMed: 34797041
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00626 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B Oct 2022The sensitivity enhancements available from dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) are rapidly reshaping the research landscape and expanding the field of nuclear magnetic...
The sensitivity enhancements available from dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) are rapidly reshaping the research landscape and expanding the field of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as a tool for solving complex chemical and structural problems. The past decade has seen considerable advances in this burgeoning method, while efforts to further improve its capabilities continue along many avenues. In this report, we examine the influence of static magnetic field strength and temperature on the reported H DNP enhancements from three conventional organic biradicals: TOTAPOL, AMUPol, and SPIROPOL. In contrast to the conventional wisdom, our findings show that at liquid nitrogen temperatures and 700 MHz/460.5 GHz, these three bisnitroxides all provide similar H DNP enhancements, ε ≈ 60. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of temperature, microwave power, magnetic field strength, and protein sample deuteration on the NMR experimental results.
Topics: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Microwaves; Nitrogen; Temperature
PubMed: 36194539
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03985 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022Herein, we report the γ-ray ionizing radiation response of a commercial monolithic active-pixel sensor (MAPS) camera under strong-dose-rate irradiation with an online...
Herein, we report the γ-ray ionizing radiation response of a commercial monolithic active-pixel sensor (MAPS) camera under strong-dose-rate irradiation with an online detection and monitoring system for strong radiation conditions. We present the first results of the distribution of three types of MAPS camera and establish a linear relationship between the average response signal and radiation dose rate in the strong-dose-rate range. There is an obvious response signal in the video frames when the camera module parameters are set to automatic, but the linear response is very poor. However, the fixed image parameters are not good at adapting to the changes of the environment and affect the quality of the video frames. A dual module online radiation detection and monitoring probe was made to carry out effective video monitoring and radiation detection at the same time. The measurement results show that the dose rate detection error is less than 5% with a dose rate in the range of 60 to 425 Gy/h, and the visible light image does not have obvious distortion, deformation, or color shift due to the interference of the radiation response event and radiation damage. Hence, the system test results show that it can be used for online detection and monitoring in a strong radiation environment.
Topics: Gamma Rays
PubMed: 35336450
DOI: 10.3390/s22062279 -
Journal of Synchrotron Radiation Jul 2023An in-house designed transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) instrument has been developed and commissioned at beamline BL18B of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility...
An in-house designed transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) instrument has been developed and commissioned at beamline BL18B of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). BL18B is a hard (5-14 keV) X-ray bending-magnet beamline recently built with sub-20 nm spatial resolution in TXM. There are two kinds of resolution mode: one based on using a high-resolution-based scintillator-lens-coupled camera, and the other on using a medium-resolution-based X-ray sCMOS camera. Here, a demonstration of full-field hard X-ray nano-tomography for high-Z material samples (e.g. Au particles, battery particles) and low-Z material samples (e.g. SiO powders) is presented for both resolution modes. Sub-50 nm to 100 nm resolution in three dimensions (3D) has been achieved. These results represent the ability of 3D non-destructive characterization with nano-scale spatial resolution for scientific applications in many research fields.
Topics: Synchrotrons; X-Rays; Silicon Dioxide; China; Tomography, X-Ray
PubMed: 37145138
DOI: 10.1107/S1600577523003168