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Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jan 2021The detection of a renal mass is a relatively frequent occurrence in the daily practice of any Radiology Department. The diagnostic approaches depend on whether the... (Review)
Review
The detection of a renal mass is a relatively frequent occurrence in the daily practice of any Radiology Department. The diagnostic approaches depend on whether the lesion is cystic or solid. Cystic lesions can be managed using the Bosniak classification, while management of solid lesions depends on whether the lesion is well-defined or infiltrative. The approach to well-defined lesions focuses mainly on the differentiation between renal cancer and benign tumors such as angiomyolipoma (AML) and oncocytoma. Differential diagnosis of infiltrative lesions is wider, including primary and secondary malignancies and inflammatory disease, and knowledge of the patient history is essential. Radiologists may establish a possible differential diagnosis based on the imaging features of the renal masses and the clinical history. The aim of this review is to present the contribution of the different imaging techniques and image guided biopsies in the diagnostic management of cystic and solid renal lesions.
Topics: Abscess; Adenoma; Adenoma, Oxyphilic; Angiomyolipoma; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Contrast Media; Cysts; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Neoplasms; Leiomyoma; Lymphoma; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Plasmacytoma; Pyelonephritis; Pyelonephritis, Xanthogranulomatous; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
PubMed: 33435540
DOI: 10.3390/medicina57010051 -
Australian Veterinary Journal Sep 2022Hyperthyroidism and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common diseases of geriatric cats, and often occur concurrently. Thus, a thorough understanding of the influence of... (Review)
Review
Hyperthyroidism and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common diseases of geriatric cats, and often occur concurrently. Thus, a thorough understanding of the influence of thyroid function on renal function is of significant value for all feline practitioners. Among other effects, hyperthyroidism causes protein catabolism and increases renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). These effects render traditional renal markers insensitive for the detection of CKD in cats with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism. Furthermore, the development of iatrogenic hypothyroidism with over treatment of hyperthyroidism can be detrimental to renal function and may negatively affect long-term survival. This review discusses important diagnostic considerations of feline hyperthyroidism, as well as key treatment modalities, with an emphasis on the use of radioiodine and the importance of post treatment monitoring of thyroid and renal parameters. In Australia, a common curative treatment for cats with benign hyperthyroidism (i.e. thyroid hyperplasia or adenoma) is a fixed dose of orally administered radioiodine, regardless of the serum total thyroxine concentration at the time of diagnosis. This review discusses the long term outcomes of this standard of care in comparison with current, relevant research literature from around the world. Finally, this review explores the use of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in assessing renal function before and after treatment in hyperthyroid cats. SDMA correlates well with GFR and creatinine in non-hyperthyroid cats, but our understanding of its performance in hyperthyroid cats remains in its infancy.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Hyperthyroidism; Iodine Radioisotopes; Kidney; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 35711100
DOI: 10.1111/avj.13179 -
Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Sep 2022The category of "oncocytic renal tumors'' includes well-recognized entities, such as renal oncocytoma (RO) and eosinophilic variant of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma... (Review)
Review
Do we need an updated classification of oncocytic renal tumors? : Emergence of low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT) and eosinophilic vacuolated tumor (EVT) as novel renal entities.
The category of "oncocytic renal tumors'' includes well-recognized entities, such as renal oncocytoma (RO) and eosinophilic variant of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (eo-ChRCC), as well as a group of "gray zone" oncocytic tumors, with overlapping features between RO and eo-ChRCC that create ongoing diagnostic and classification problems. These types of renal tumors were designated in the past as "hybrid oncocytoma-chromophobe tumors". In a recent update, the Genitourinary Pathology Society (GUPS) proposed the term "oncocytic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential, not further classified", for such solitary and sporadic, somewhat heterogeneous, but relatively indolent tumors, with equivocal RO/eo-ChRCC features. GUPS also proposed that the term "hybrid oncocytic tumor" be reserved for tumors found in a hereditary setting, typically arising as bilateral and multifocal ones (as in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome). More recent developments in the "gray zone" of oncocytic renal tumors revealed that potentially distinct entities may have been "hidden" in this group. Recent studies distinguished two new entities: "Eosinophilic Vacuolated Tumor" (EVT) and "Low-grade Oncocytic Tumor" (LOT). The rapidly accumulated evidence on EVT and LOT has validated the initial findings and has expanded the knowledge on these entities. Both are uniformly benign and are typically found in a sporadic setting, but rarely can be found in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Both have readily distinguishable morphologic and immunohistochemical features that separate them from similar renal tumors, without a need for detailed molecular studies. These tumors very frequently harbor TSC/MTOR mutations that are however neither specific nor restricted to these two entities. In this review, we outline a proposal for a working framework on how to classify such low-grade oncocytic renal tumors. We believe that such framework will facilitate their handling in practice and will stimulate further discussions and studies to fully elucidate their spectrum.
Topics: Adenoma, Oxyphilic; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Neoplasms
PubMed: 35273336
DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01057-z -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Mar 2023Adequate bowel cleansing is critical for a high-quality colonoscopy because it affects diagnostic accuracy and adenoma detection. Nevertheless, almost a quarter of... (Review)
Review
Adequate bowel cleansing is critical for a high-quality colonoscopy because it affects diagnostic accuracy and adenoma detection. Nevertheless, almost a quarter of procedures are still carried out with suboptimal preparation, resulting in longer procedure times, higher risk of complications, and higher likelihood of missing lesions. Current guidelines recommend high-volume or low-volume polyethylene glycol (PEG)/non-PEG-based split-dose regimens. In patients who have had insufficient bowel cleansing, the colonoscopy should be repeated the same day or the next day with additional bowel cleansing as a salvage option. A strategy that includes a prolonged low-fiber diet, a split preparation regimen, and a colonoscopy within 5 h of the end of preparation may increase cleansing success rates in the elderly. Furthermore, even though no specific product is specifically recommended in the other cases for difficult-to-prepare patients, clinical evidence suggests that 1-L PEG plus ascorbic acid preparation are associated with higher cleansing success in hospitalized and inflammatory bowel disease patients. Patients with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min) should be prepared with isotonic high volume PEG solutions. Few data on cirrhotic patients are currently available, and no trials have been conducted in this population. An accurate characterization of procedural and patient variables may lead to a more personalized approach to bowel preparation, especially in patients undergoing resection of left colon lesions, where intestinal preparation has a poor outcome. The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence on the risk factors influencing the quality of bowel cleansing in difficult-to-prepare patients, as well as strategies to improve colonoscopy preparation in these patients.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Cathartics; Colonoscopy; Polyethylene Glycols; Colon; Ascorbic Acid
PubMed: 37077514
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i11.1685 -
Cureus Feb 2021Cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin, remains an essential antibiotic targeting a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. However, it also...
Cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin, remains an essential antibiotic targeting a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. However, it also remains an important, yet often unrecognized, cause of encephalopathy. We are here to discuss a case of a 74-year-old male with a common bile duct low-grade adenoma who presented to the hospital for lethargy. He was placed on intravenous cefepime for a infected hepatobiliary abscess. Approximately five days later, the patient's spouse reported acutely worsening cognitive changes. The cefepime level was significantly elevated at 160 µg/mL. Although not completely understood, cefepime is felt to antagonize gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA-A) receptors and possibly inhibit GABA release. This risk is accentuated in patients with underlying renal dysfunction and increased inflammation across the blood-brain barrier. Clinical manifestations include an impaired level of consciousness, delirium, myoclonus, and seizures. The treatment of choice is the cessation of the antibiotic, which resolves the neurotoxicity within approximately 48 hours. It is important to recognize cefepime as a potential culprit of acute-onset encephalopathy in the appropriate clinical setting, and the cessation of therapy would lead to a complete resolution of its associated neurotoxicity.
PubMed: 33728142
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13125 -
Nutrients Jul 2019There are striking inequities in calcium intake between rich and poor populations. Appropriate calcium intake has shown many health benefits, such as reduction of... (Review)
Review
There are striking inequities in calcium intake between rich and poor populations. Appropriate calcium intake has shown many health benefits, such as reduction of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, lower blood pressure particularly among young people, prevention of osteoporosis and colorectal adenomas, lower cholesterol values, and lower blood pressure in the progeny of mothers taking sufficient calcium during pregnancy. Studies have refuted some calcium supplementation side effects like damage to the iron status, formation of renal stones and myocardial infarction in older people. Attention should be given to bone resorption in post-partum women after calcium supplementation withdrawal. Mechanisms linking low calcium intake and blood pressure are mediated by parathyroid hormone raise that increases intracellular calcium in vascular smooth muscle cells leading to vasoconstriction. At the population level, an increase of around 400-500 mg/day could reduce the differences in calcium intake between high- and middle-low-income countries. The fortification of food and water seems a possible strategy to reach this goal.
Topics: Adenoma; Aging; Blood Pressure; Bone Density; Calcium, Dietary; Colorectal Neoplasms; Humans
PubMed: 31311164
DOI: 10.3390/nu11071606