-
Annual Review of Virology Sep 2020The seasonal cycle of respiratory viral diseases has been widely recognized for thousands of years, as annual epidemics of the common cold and influenza disease hit the... (Review)
Review
The seasonal cycle of respiratory viral diseases has been widely recognized for thousands of years, as annual epidemics of the common cold and influenza disease hit the human population like clockwork in the winter season in temperate regions. Moreover, epidemics caused by viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 occur during the winter months. The mechanisms underlying the seasonal nature of respiratory viral infections have been examined and debated for many years. The two major contributing factors are the changes in environmental parameters and human behavior. Studies have revealed the effect of temperature and humidity on respiratory virus stability and transmission rates. More recent research highlights the importance of the environmental factors, especially temperature and humidity, in modulating host intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immune responses to viral infections in the respiratory tract. Here we review evidence of how outdoor and indoor climates are linked to the seasonality of viral respiratory infections. We further discuss determinants of host response in the seasonality of respiratory viruses by highlighting recent studies in the field.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Humidity; Infectious Disease Incubation Period; Influenza, Human; Orthomyxoviridae; Pandemics; Picornaviridae Infections; Pneumonia, Viral; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Seasons; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Severity of Illness Index; Temperature
PubMed: 32196426
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-012420-022445 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Mar 2022Rhinovirus infections can cause wheezing illnesses in all age groups. In preschool children, rhinovirus infections frequently initiate acute wheezing illnesses. Children... (Review)
Review
Rhinovirus infections can cause wheezing illnesses in all age groups. In preschool children, rhinovirus infections frequently initiate acute wheezing illnesses. Children who wheeze with rhinoviruses are at increased risk to go on to develop asthma. Once asthma is established, rhinovirus infections are potent triggers for acute airway obstruction and exacerbations in children and adults. Paradoxically, for most individuals, rhinovirus infections commonly cause cold symptoms with little or no involvement of the lower airways. This paradox has led investigators to identify specific risk factors and mechanisms for rhinovirus wheezing, and this review will outline progress in 3 main areas. First, the 3 species of rhinoviruses have different patterns of infection and virulence. Second, personal factors such as lung function and immunity influence lower respiratory outcomes of rhinovirus infection. The mucosal immune response is critical, and the quality of the interferon response and allergic inflammation interacts to determine the risk for rhinovirus wheezing. Finally, rhinovirus infections can promote pathogen-dominated airway microbiota that increase the risk for wheezing. Although specific antivirals for rhinovirus are still not available, identifying risk factors for wheezing illnesses has provided several other potential targets and strategies for reducing the risk of rhinovirus-induced wheezing and exacerbations of asthma.
Topics: Adult; Antiviral Agents; Asthma; Child, Preschool; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Microbiota; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Sounds; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 35074599
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.006 -
Journal of Medical Virology Apr 2020Respiratory tract viral infection caused by viruses or bacteria is one of the most common diseases in human worldwide, while those caused by emerging viruses, such as... (Review)
Review
Respiratory tract viral infection caused by viruses or bacteria is one of the most common diseases in human worldwide, while those caused by emerging viruses, such as the novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV that caused the pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China most recently, have posed great threats to global public health. Identification of the causative viral pathogens of respiratory tract viral infections is important to select an appropriate treatment, save people's lives, stop the epidemics, and avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics. Conventional diagnostic tests, such as the assays for rapid detection of antiviral antibodies or viral antigens, are widely used in many clinical laboratories. With the development of modern technologies, new diagnostic strategies, including multiplex nucleic acid amplification and microarray-based assays, are emerging. This review summarizes currently available and novel emerging diagnostic methods for the detection of common respiratory viruses, such as influenza virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, human adenovirus, and human rhinovirus. Multiplex assays for simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory viruses are also described. It is anticipated that such data will assist researchers and clinicians to develop appropriate diagnostic strategies for timely and effective detection of respiratory virus infections.
Topics: Adenovirus Infections, Human; COVID-19 Testing; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Immunoassay; Immunologic Tests; Influenza, Human; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Picornaviridae Infections; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Viruses
PubMed: 31944312
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25674 -
Seminars in Immunopathology Feb 2020Respiratory viral infections are the most important triggers of asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus (RV), the common cold virus, is clearly the most prevalent pathogen... (Review)
Review
Respiratory viral infections are the most important triggers of asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus (RV), the common cold virus, is clearly the most prevalent pathogen constantly circulating in the community. This virus also stands out from other viral factors due to its large diversity (about 170 genotypes), very effective replication, a tendency to create Th2-biased inflammatory environment and association with specific risk genes in people predisposed to asthma development (CDHR3). Decreased interferon responses, disrupted airway epithelial barrier, environmental exposures (including biased airway microbiome), and nutritional deficiencies (low in vitamin D and fish oil) increase risk to RV and other virus infections. It is intensively debated whether viral illnesses actually cause asthma. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading causative agent of bronchiolitis, whereas RV starts to dominate after 1 year of age. Breathing difficulty induced by either of these viruses is associated with later asthma, but the risk is higher for those who suffer from severe RV-induced wheezing. The asthma development associated with these viruses has unique mechanisms, but in general, RV is a risk factor for later atopic asthma, whereas RSV is more likely associated with later non-atopic asthma. Treatments that inhibit inflammation (corticosteroids, omalizumab) effectively decrease RV-induced wheezing and asthma exacerbations. The anti-RSV monoclonal antibody, palivizumab, decreases the risk of severe RSV illness and subsequent recurrent wheeze. A better understanding of personal and environmental risk factors and inflammatory mechanisms leading to asthma is crucial in developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of asthma.
Topics: Asthma; Cadherin Related Proteins; Cadherins; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Respiratory Sounds; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 31989228
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00781-5 -
Viruses Jun 2019Rhinovirus (RV) is an RNA virus that causes more than 50% of upper respiratory tract infections in humans worldwide. Together with Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RV is one... (Review)
Review
Rhinovirus (RV) is an RNA virus that causes more than 50% of upper respiratory tract infections in humans worldwide. Together with Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RV is one of the leading causes of viral bronchiolitis in infants and the most common virus associated with wheezing in children aged between one and two years. Because of its tremendous genetic diversity (>150 serotypes), the recurrence of RV infections each year is quite typical. Furthermore, because of its broad clinical spectrum, the clinical variability as well as the pathogenesis of RV infection are nowadays the subjects of an in-depth examination and have been the subject of several studies in the literature. In fact, the virus is responsible for direct cell cytotoxicity in only a small way, and it is now clearer than ever that it may act indirectly by triggering the release of active mediators by structural and inflammatory airway cells, causing the onset and/or the acute exacerbation of asthmatic events in predisposed children. In the present review, we aim to summarize the RV infection's epidemiology, pathogenetic hypotheses, and available treatment options as well as its correlation with respiratory morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Antiviral Agents; Asthma; Bronchiolitis; Child; Child Health; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Infant; Inflammation; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Respiratory Sounds; Rhinovirus; Serogroup; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 31195744
DOI: 10.3390/v11060521 -
Nature Communications Apr 2023Rhinoviruses and allergens, such as house dust mite are major agents responsible for asthma exacerbations. The influence of pre-existing airway inflammation on the...
Rhinoviruses and allergens, such as house dust mite are major agents responsible for asthma exacerbations. The influence of pre-existing airway inflammation on the infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is largely unknown. We analyse mechanisms of response to viral infection in experimental in vivo rhinovirus infection in healthy controls and patients with asthma, and in in vitro experiments with house dust mite, rhinovirus and SARS-CoV-2 in human primary airway epithelium. Here, we show that rhinovirus infection in patients with asthma leads to an excessive RIG-I inflammasome activation, which diminishes its accessibility for type I/III interferon responses, leading to their early functional impairment, delayed resolution, prolonged viral clearance and unresolved inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Pre-exposure to house dust mite augments this phenomenon by inflammasome priming and auxiliary inhibition of early type I/III interferon responses. Prior infection with rhinovirus followed by SARS-CoV-2 infection augments RIG-I inflammasome activation and epithelial inflammation. Timely inhibition of the epithelial RIG-I inflammasome may lead to more efficient viral clearance and lower the burden of rhinovirus and SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Topics: Humans; Antiviral Restriction Factors; Asthma; COVID-19; DEAD Box Protein 58; Enterovirus Infections; Inflammasomes; Inflammation; Interferon Type I; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 37087523
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37470-4 -
Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North... Aug 2019Rhinovirus (RV) is ubiquitous and typically causes only minor upper respiratory symptoms. However, especially in children and adolescent asthmatics, RV is responsible... (Review)
Review
Rhinovirus (RV) is ubiquitous and typically causes only minor upper respiratory symptoms. However, especially in children and adolescent asthmatics, RV is responsible for most exacerbations. This ability of RV to drive exacerbations typically requires the concomitant presence of exposure to a bystander allergen. Susceptibility to RV-mediated exacerbations is also related to the genetic background of the host, which contributes to greater infectivity, more severe infections, altered immune responses, and to greater inflammation and loss of asthma control. Given these responses, there are several treatments available or being developed that should improve the control of exacerbations related to RV infection.
Topics: Allergens; Animals; Asthma; Disease Progression; Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 31284924
DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.03.003 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Jul 2021Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are the primary aetiological agent of the common cold. Generally, the associated infection is mild and self-limiting, but may also be associated... (Review)
Review
Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are the primary aetiological agent of the common cold. Generally, the associated infection is mild and self-limiting, but may also be associated with bronchiolitis in infants, pneumonia in the immunocompromised and exacerbation in patients with pulmonary conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Viral infection accounts for as many as two thirds of asthma exacerbations in children and more than half in adults. Allergy and asthma are major risk factors for more frequent and severe RV-related illnesses. The prevalence of RV-induced wheezing will likely continue to increase given that asthma affects a significant proportion of the population, with allergic asthma accounting for the majority. Several new respiratory viruses and their subgroups have been discovered, with various degrees of relevance. This review will focus on RV infection in the context of the epidemiologic evidence, genetic variability, pathobiology, clinical studies in the context of asthma, differences with other viruses including COVID-19 and current treatment interventions.
Topics: Asthma; Common Cold; Genetic Variation; Humans; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 33217098
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2193 -
Viruses Nov 2022While the aetiology of asthma is unclear, the onset and/or exacerbation of asthma may be associated with respiratory infections. Virus-induced asthma is also known as... (Review)
Review
While the aetiology of asthma is unclear, the onset and/or exacerbation of asthma may be associated with respiratory infections. Virus-induced asthma is also known as virus-associated/triggered asthma, and the reported main causative agent is rhinovirus (RV). Understanding the relationship between viral infections and asthma may overcome the gaps in deferential immunity between viral infections and allergies. Moreover, understanding the complicated cytokine networks involved in RV infection may be necessary. Therefore, the complexity of RV-induced asthma is not only owing to the response of airway and immune cells against viral infection, but also to allergic immune responses caused by the wide variety of cytokines produced by these cells. To better understand RV-induced asthma, it is necessary to elucidate the nature RV infections and the corresponding host defence mechanisms. In this review, we attempt to organise the complexity of RV-induced asthma to make it easily understandable for readers.
Topics: Humans; Rhinovirus; Picornaviridae Infections; Asthma; Cytokines; Enterovirus Infections; Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 36560620
DOI: 10.3390/v14122616