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PLoS Pathogens Sep 2021Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) has infected humans for a long time, but its evolutionary history and geographic spread across Eurasia is still poorly understood....
Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) has infected humans for a long time, but its evolutionary history and geographic spread across Eurasia is still poorly understood. Here, we screened for pathogen DNA in 14 ancient individuals from the Bronze Age Quanergou cemetery (XBQ), Xinjiang, China. In 6 individuals we detected S. enterica. We reconstructed S. enterica genomes from those individuals, which form a previously undetected phylogenetic branch basal to Paratyphi C, Typhisuis and Choleraesuis-the so-called Para C lineage. Based on pseudogene frequency, our analysis suggests that the ancient S. enterica strains were not host adapted. One genome, however, harbors the Salmonella pathogenicity island 7 (SPI-7), which is thought to be involved in (para)typhoid disease in humans. This offers first evidence that SPI-7 was acquired prior to the emergence of human-adapted Paratyphi C around 1,000 years ago. Altogether, our results show that Salmonella enterica infected humans in Eastern Eurasia at least 3,000 years ago, and provide the first ancient DNA evidence for the spread of a pathogen along the Proto-Silk Road.
Topics: China; DNA, Ancient; Evolution, Molecular; History, Ancient; Humans; Phylogeny; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella enterica; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34547027
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009886 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2019Different serovars generally display different antigenic , but there are some exceptions. For instance, the same antigenic , 6,7:c:1,5, is shared by serovar, Paratyphi...
Different serovars generally display different antigenic , but there are some exceptions. For instance, the same antigenic , 6,7:c:1,5, is shared by serovar, Paratyphi C, Typhisuis, and Choleraesuis. Moreover, three biotypes have been described within the . Choleraesuis serovar. A distinction among such biotypes can only be based on biochemical behaviors (biotyping) posing serious concerns when rapid characterization is required. The study of an outbreak of severe epizootic salmonellosis in wild boars occurred in Italy between 2012 and 2014 and the typing of the isolates recovered from the outbreak were used to test different approaches for serovar identification. A number of 30 . Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf isolates from the outbreak were typed by means of four different methods to derive serovar and biotype: (i) slide agglutination method followed by biochemical tests, (ii) suspension array xMAP Serotyping Assay (SSA), (iii) whole genome sequencing (WGS) and data analysis using SeqSero tool, and (iv) WGS and data analysis using TypeFinder tool. Slide agglutination, xMAP SSA and WGS, followed by SeqSero analysis, are methods that infer the serovars according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor (WKL) scheme, based exclusively on antigens. Using these methods, isolates with incomplete antigenic could be misleadingly excluded from an outbreak. On the contrary, WGS followed by TypeFinder data analysis, which predicts the serotype on the basis of Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), might be able to cluster together isolates belonging to the same outbreak irrespective of the antigenic . Results suggest the benefit of routine use of a combination of MLST and antigenic analysis to solve specific ambiguous case studies for outbreak investigation purposes.
PubMed: 31620457
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00316