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Journal of Clinical Medicine Jul 2023While hormonal contraceptives are efficacious and available in several forms for women, perception of safety and concern over side effects are a deterrent for many.... (Review)
Review
While hormonal contraceptives are efficacious and available in several forms for women, perception of safety and concern over side effects are a deterrent for many. Existing non-hormonal contraceptives include permanent sterilization, copper intrauterine devices (IUDs), chemical/physical barriers such as spermicides and condoms, as well as traditional family planning methods including withdrawal and the rhythm method. Individuals who wish to retain their fertility in the future can achieve highest adherence and efficacy with long-acting, reversible contraceptives (LARCs), though there is only one, the copper IUD, that is non-hormonal. As rates of unintended pregnancies remain high with existing contraceptive options, it is becoming increasingly attractive to develop novel pregnancy prevention methods for both women and men. Non-hormonal contraceptives can target a variety of critical reproductive processes discussed here. This review focuses on identified non-hormonal contraceptive targets and subsequent drug candidates in development.
PubMed: 37510905
DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144791 -
The World Journal of Men's Health Jul 2021Vasectomy is a simple, safe, effective, and economical method used worldwide for long-term male contraception. As a surgical operation, it has short-term and long-term... (Review)
Review
Vasectomy is a simple, safe, effective, and economical method used worldwide for long-term male contraception. As a surgical operation, it has short-term and long-term complications such as hematoma formation, infection, sterilization failure, sperm granulomas, short-term postoperative pain (nodal pain, scrotal pain, and ejaculation pain), and chronic pain syndrome. Whether it increases the risk of autoimmune disease, cardiovascular disease, testicular cancer, or prostate cancer is still controversial. Changes in plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone after vasectomy have also been studied, as well as the relation between vasectomy and sexual function. Sperm quality decreases very slowly after vasectomy, and vasovasostomy and intracytoplasmic sperm injection could help a couple achieve a pregnancy if they change their minds at any point. We include a follow-up strategy and suggestions for follow-up care at the end of this review.
PubMed: 32777870
DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.200073 -
Fertility and Sterility Jun 2021Except for condom use, vasectomy is the only approved form of male contraception. The American Urological Association published guidelines on vasectomy in 2012, which... (Review)
Review
Except for condom use, vasectomy is the only approved form of male contraception. The American Urological Association published guidelines on vasectomy in 2012, which clearly outlined patient counseling, vasectomy techniques to maximize successful occlusion, and postvasectomy care. However, there are certainly areas of further improvement to be addressed. Vasectomy is severely underutilized compared with tubal ligation for sterilization, likely due to lack of patient awareness. Although the majority of vasectomies are performed in the office with local anesthesia, some patients are still routinely prescribed narcotics for postprocedural pain, despite the well-described opioid pandemic. Finally, although patients are counseled on the necessity of a postvasectomy semen analysis to confirm sterility prior to the discontinuation of alternative contraceptives, more than 50% of men do not complete this test. Therefore, alternative strategies must be pursued to improve patient compliance.
Topics: Clinical Decision-Making; Counseling; Fertility; Humans; Male; Men's Health; Patient Satisfaction; Patient Selection; Postoperative Complications; Semen Analysis; Treatment Outcome; Vasectomy
PubMed: 33879342
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.03.045 -
Medecine Sciences : M/S May 2022The latest statistics concerning contraceptive use in the world have been published in 2019 by the United Nations. Among the 1.9 billion of women of reproductive age...
The latest statistics concerning contraceptive use in the world have been published in 2019 by the United Nations. Among the 1.9 billion of women of reproductive age (15-49 years), 1.1 billion have a need for family planning. Among them, 190 millions are not using any contraception, although they wanted to avoid a pregnancy. There is a significant discrepancy among continents concerning the percentage of contraceptive use and the distribution of the different types of contraception. Female sterilization is the most widespread method of contraception since it represents 24% of all contraception methods used. Male condoms is used by 21% of couples. Thus, progress is still needed to disseminate effective, well tolerated and potentially reversible methods of contraception. Education of females, couples, medical and paramedical staff is one of the priority targets to improve contraception throughout the world.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents; Family Planning Services; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Sterilization, Reproductive; Young Adult
PubMed: 35608469
DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022058 -
Annals of Biomedical Engineering Jul 2020The present state of reproductive and sexual health around the world reveals disparities in contraceptive use and effectiveness. Unintended pregnancy and sexually... (Review)
Review
The present state of reproductive and sexual health around the world reveals disparities in contraceptive use and effectiveness. Unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection transmission rates remain high even with current prevention methods. The 20th century saw a contraceptive revolution with biomedical innovation driving the success of new contraceptive technologies with central design concepts and materials. Current modalities can be broadly categorized according to their mode of function: reversible methods such as physical/chemical barriers or hormonal delivery devices via systemic (transdermal and subcutaneous) or localized (intrauterine and intravaginal) administration, and nonreversible sterilization procedures such as tubal ligation and vasectomy. Contraceptive biomaterials are at present dominated by well-characterized elastomers such as polydimethylsiloxane and ethylene vinyl acetate due to their favorable material properties and versatility. Contraceptives alter the normal function of cellular components in the reproductive systems to impair fertility. The purpose of this review is to highlight the bioengineering design of existing methods, explore novel adaptations, and address notable shortcomings in current contraceptive technologies.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Bioengineering; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans
PubMed: 31701311
DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02402-1 -
Fertility and Sterility Jun 2022
Topics: Female; Humans; Sterilization; Sterilization, Reproductive; Sterilization, Tubal
PubMed: 35618360
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.04.022 -
ACS Applied Bio Materials Nov 2022Degradable and environmentally responsive polymers have been actively developed for drug delivery and regenerative medicine applications, yet inadequate consideration of... (Review)
Review
Degradable and environmentally responsive polymers have been actively developed for drug delivery and regenerative medicine applications, yet inadequate consideration of their compatibility with terminal sterilization presents notable barriers to clinical translation. This Review discusses industry-established terminal sterilization methods and aseptic processing and contrasts them with innovative approaches aimed at preserving the integrity of polymeric implants. Regulatory guidelines, fiscal considerations, and potential pitfalls are discussed to encourage early integration of sterility regulatory considerations in material designs.
Topics: Sterilization; Polymers; Prostheses and Implants; Sterilization, Reproductive
PubMed: 36318175
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00793 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020Elective sterilization of pet dogs is a common surgical procedure performed in veterinary practice. The main benefit of sterilization is population control and the... (Review)
Review
Elective sterilization of pet dogs is a common surgical procedure performed in veterinary practice. The main benefit of sterilization is population control and the reduction in euthanasia of unwanted dogs. The most common methods for sterilizing female and male dogs are ovariohysterectomy (spay; which removes both the ovaries and the uterus) and castration (neutering; which involves removing the testicles), respectively. However, any surgery that removes the gonads changes the animal in both positive and negative ways. There is mounting evidence supporting the long-term health complications associated with surgical sterilization with gonad removal. Gonads are not merely gamete-producing or ancillary sex/reproductive organs but rather they are necessary endocrine glands for normal metabolic, behavioral, musculoskeletal, and anti-neoplastic health. The purpose of this mini review is to describe two gonad sparing surgeries that this author has used to sterilize dogs. These surgeries can be performed on pediatric patients without interfering with pubertal maturation. Dog owners can make the decision when the dog is completely mature whether or not the gonads should be removed.
PubMed: 32596276
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00342 -
Fertility and Sterility Jul 2020
Topics: Female; Humans; Salpingectomy; Sterilization, Tubal
PubMed: 32622416
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.035 -
Asian Journal of Andrology 2022
Topics: Azoospermia; Humans; Male; Vas Deferens; Vasectomy
PubMed: 31621656
DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_113_19