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Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022Sporotrichosis, a human and animal disease caused by species, is the most important implantation mycosis worldwide. taxonomy has improved in recent years, allowing... (Review)
Review
Sporotrichosis, a human and animal disease caused by species, is the most important implantation mycosis worldwide. taxonomy has improved in recent years, allowing important advances in diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment. Molecular epidemiology reveals that remains highly prevalent during the cat-transmitted sporotrichosis outbreaks in South America and that the spread of occurs through founder effects. and are cosmopolitan on the move, causing major sapronoses in Asia and the Americas, respectively. In this emerging scenario, one-health approaches are required to develop a creative, effective, and sustainable response to tackle the spread of sporotrichosis. In the 21st century, it has become vital to speciate , and PCR is the main pillar of molecular diagnosis, aiming at the detection of the pathogen DNA from clinical samples through multiplex assays, whose sensitivity reaches remarkably three copies of the target. The treatment of sporotrichosis can be challenging, especially after the emergence of resistance to azoles and polyenes. Alternative drugs arising from discoveries or repositioning have entered the radar of basic research over the last decade and point to several molecules with antifungal potential, especially the hydrazone derivatives with great in vitro and in vivo activities. There are many promising developments for the near future, and in this review, we discuss how these trends can be applied to the -sporotrichosis system to mitigate the advance of an emerging and re-emerging disease.
PubMed: 35893145
DOI: 10.3390/jof8080776 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022Sporotrichosis is a chronic fungal disease of humans and other mammals that often affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues and, rarely, deep-seated organs (most...
Sporotrichosis is a chronic fungal disease of humans and other mammals that often affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues and, rarely, deep-seated organs (most frequently in immunocompetent hosts) [...].
PubMed: 36012809
DOI: 10.3390/jof8080821 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Mar 2021Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the species of the Sporothrix genus, and it is considered one of the most frequent subcutaneous mycoses in Mexico. This...
Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the species of the Sporothrix genus, and it is considered one of the most frequent subcutaneous mycoses in Mexico. This mycosis has become a relevant fungal infection in the last two decades. Today, much is known of its epidemiology and distribution, and its taxonomy has undergone revisions. New clinical species have been identified and classified through molecular tools, and they now include Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, and Sporothrix luriei. In this article, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis. The results show that the most common clinical presentation of sporotrichosis in Mexico is the lymphocutaneous form, with a higher incidence in the 0-15 age range, mainly in males, and for which trauma with plants is the most frequent source of infection. In Mexico, the laboratory diagnosis of sporotrichosis is mainly carried out using conventional methods, but in recent years, several researchers have used molecular methods to identify the Sporothrix species. The treatment of choice depends mainly on the clinical form of the disease, the host's immunological status, and the species of Sporothrix involved. Despite the significance of this mycosis in Mexico, public information about sporotrichosis is scarce, and it is not considered reportable according to Mexico's epidemiological national system, the "Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica." Due to the lack of data in Mexico regarding the epidemiology of this disease, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico, between 1914 and 2019, that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Mexico; Middle Aged; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis; Young Adult
PubMed: 33125684
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00387-x -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Mar 2021Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato is currently recognized as a species complex with only Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix globosa... (Review)
Review
Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato is currently recognized as a species complex with only Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix globosa and Sporothrix pallida identified to cause disease in the cat. Feline sporotrichosis in Asia is mainly reported from Malaysia where a single clonal strain of clinical clade D, Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto manifesting low susceptibility to major antifungal classes, has been identified as the agent of the disease. Sporothrix globosa has been identified to cause disease from a single cat in Japan while the specific species of agent has not been identified yet for the disease in Thailand. Despite efforts to elucidate and describe the pathogenicity of the agent and the disease it causes, the paucity of data highlights the need for further molecular epidemiological studies to characterize this fungus and the disease it causes in Asia. Its prognosis remains guarded to poor due to issues pertaining to cost, protracted treatment course, zoonotic potential and low susceptibility of some strains to antifungals.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Asia; Cat Diseases; Cats; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis
PubMed: 32363567
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00274-5 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022is one of the etiological agents of sporotrichosis. In this review, we discuss the virulence factors that have been proven to participate in the -host interaction.... (Review)
Review
is one of the etiological agents of sporotrichosis. In this review, we discuss the virulence factors that have been proven to participate in the -host interaction. Among these known factors, we can find cell wall glycoproteins, adhesins, melanin, extracellular vesicles, and dimorphism. Furthermore, the morphological transition of in response to environmental conditions such as pH and temperature represents a means by which the fungus is able to establish mycosis in mammals. One of the key features in the development of sporotrichosis is the adhesion of the fungus to the host extracellular matrix. This event represents the first step to developing the mycosis, which involves adhesins such as the glycoproteins Gp70, Hsp60, and Pap1, which play a key role during the infection. The production of melanin helps the fungus to survive longer in the tissues and to neutralize or diminish many of the host's attacks, which is why it is also considered a key factor in pathogenesis. Today, the study of human fungal pathogens' virulence factors is a thriving area of research. Although we know some of the virulence factors in , much remains to be understood about the complex process of sporotrichosis development and the factors involved during the infection.
PubMed: 35330320
DOI: 10.3390/jof8030318 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2022is a worldwide-distributed thermally dimorphic fungus, which usually causes a subacute to chronic infection through traumatic implantation or inoculation of its... (Review)
Review
is a worldwide-distributed thermally dimorphic fungus, which usually causes a subacute to chronic infection through traumatic implantation or inoculation of its infectious propagules. The fungus encompasses a group of phylogenetically closely related species, thus named the complex, of which and are main causative species of sporotrichosis. Owing to a multifaceted molecular dynamic, the complex can switch between the mycelium and the yeast form. This characteristic along with a varying cell wall composition account for significant species-specific differences in the host range, virulence, and susceptibility to antifungal drugs. While culture remains the gold standard to diagnose sporotrichosis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry-based methods have become an essential for accurate species identification in many clinical laboratories. If directly applied on tissue samples, molecular methods are helpful to improve both sensitivity of and time to the etiological diagnosis of sporotrichosis. This mini-review aims to put together the old and new knowledge on the complex biology and identification, with particular emphasis on the laboratory diagnosis-related aspects of disease.
PubMed: 35335621
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030297 -
PeerJ 2022Moonlighting proteins represent an intriguing area of cell biology, due to their ability to perform two or more unrelated functions in one or many cellular compartments.... (Review)
Review
Moonlighting proteins represent an intriguing area of cell biology, due to their ability to perform two or more unrelated functions in one or many cellular compartments. These proteins have been described in all kingdoms of life and are usually constitutively expressed and conserved proteins with housekeeping functions. Although widely studied in pathogenic bacteria, the information about these proteins in pathogenic fungi is scarce, but there are some reports of their functions in the etiological agents of the main human mycoses, such as spp., , , , , and . In these fungi, most of the described moonlighting proteins are metabolic enzymes, such as enolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; chaperones, transcription factors, and redox response proteins, such as peroxiredoxin and catalase, which moonlight at the cell surface and perform virulence-related processes, contributing to immune evasion, adhesions, invasion, and dissemination to host cells and tissues. All moonlighting proteins and their functions described in this review highlight the limited information about this biological aspect in pathogenic fungi, representing this a relevant opportunity area that will contribute to expanding our current knowledge of these organisms' pathogenesis.
Topics: Humans; Mycoses; Virulence; Paracoccidioides; Cryptococcus neoformans; Histoplasma
PubMed: 36117533
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14001 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by species of the genus. Presently, the prevalence of sporotrichosis in the Americas is unknown, so this study aims to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by species of the genus. Presently, the prevalence of sporotrichosis in the Americas is unknown, so this study aims to analyze the cases reported in the past 10 years.
METHODS
An advanced search was conducted from 2012 to 2022 in English and Spanish in PUBMED, SciELO, and Cochrane, with the terms: "sporotrichosis", "lymphocutaneous ", "fixed sporotrichosis", "mycosis", " spp.", " complex", " sensu stricto", " sensu lato", "", "", "". Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by species of the genus associated with "pathogenicity" or "epidemiology".
RESULTS
A total of 124 articles were found in the Americas, corresponding to 12,568 patients. Of these, 87.38% of cases were reported in South America, 11.62% in North America, and 1.00% in Central America and the Caribbean. Brazil, Peru, and Mexico had the highest number of cases. The most prevalent etiological agents were complex/ spp. (52.91%), (42.38%), others (4.68%), and Not Determined (ND) (0.03%). The most frequent form of the disease was lymphocutaneous infection; however, the infection type was not determined in 5639 cases. Among the diagnostic methods, culture was the most used.
CONCLUSIONS
There is a high occurrence of cases reported in the literature. South America is the region with the highest number of reports because of its environment (climate, inhalation of spores, etc.), zoonotic transmission (scratches and sneezes from contaminated animals), and possible traumatic inoculation due to outdoor activities (agriculture, gardening, and related occupations). Molecular diagnosis has not been sufficiently developed due to its high cost.
PubMed: 35736071
DOI: 10.3390/jof8060588 -
Frontiers in Fungal Biology 2022Sporotrichosis is a worldwide distributed subcutaneous mycosis that affects mammals, including human beings. The infection is caused by members of the pathogenic clade,... (Review)
Review
Sporotrichosis is a worldwide distributed subcutaneous mycosis that affects mammals, including human beings. The infection is caused by members of the pathogenic clade, which includes , and . The fungus can be acquired through traumatic inoculation of conidia growing in vegetal debris or by zoonotic transmission from sick animals. Although is not considered a life-threatening disease, it is an emergent health problem that affects mostly immunocompromised patients. The sporotrichosis causative agents differ in their virulence, host range, and sensitivity to antifungal drugs; therefore, it is relevant to understand the molecular bases of their pathogenesis, interaction with immune effectors, and mechanisms to acquired resistance to antifungal compounds. Murine models are considered the gold standard to address these questions; however, some alternative hosts offer numerous advantages over mammalian models, such as invertebrates like and , or models, which are useful tools to approach questions beyond virulence, without the ethical or budgetary features associated with the use of animal models. In this review, we analyze the different models currently used to study the host- interaction.
PubMed: 37746241
DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.833111