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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022The objectives of the work were (a) to compare the efficacy of two routes for antibiotic administration in the treatment of mastitis in ewes and (b) to assess the...
The objectives of the work were (a) to compare the efficacy of two routes for antibiotic administration in the treatment of mastitis in ewes and (b) to assess the potential importance of the timing of the initiation of the therapeutic regime on the outcome of the treatment. The ewes were allocated at random into three equal groups; intramammary inoculation with a isolate was performed, and clinical mastitis developed. The ewes in groups T1 ( = 6) and T2 ( = 6) were treated by the intramammary administration of ampicillin and dicloxacillin (two administrations with a 12-h interval). The ewes in group T3 ( = 6) were treated by the intramuscular injection of ampicillin and dicloxacillin (0.75 mL per 10 kg bodyweight, three injections with a 24-h interval). In the ewes in groups T1 and T3, treatment started immediately when the clinical signs of mastitis were first detected during the periodic examination of the ewes; in the ewes in group T2, treatment started 24 h after the clinical signs of mastitis were first detected. The animals were monitored clinically; mammary secretion samples were collected for bacteriological and cytological examinations. The median duration of the clinical signs was 4.75, 7.13, and 4.75 d for T1, T2, and T3; significant differences in clinical severity between the groups were seen until the 7th day post-treatment. The median duration of bacterial recovery was 3.25, 8.00, and 8.00 d for T1, T2, and T3; significant differences in the frequency of bacterial recovery between the groups were seen until (64.1%, 94.9%, and 96.2% of the samples) and after (2.9%, 16.7%, and 11.8%) the 7th day post-treatment. The median period required for the complete cure (clinical, bacteriological, and cytological) was shorter in the T1 than in the T2 and T3 ewe groups: 20.0, 32.0, and 24.5 d, respectively. The findings cover a gap in the available literature regarding the treatment of clinical mastitis in ewes. Early treatment resulted in the improved cure of the infection. The comparison of the intramammary and injectable routes for antibiotic administration indicated some benefit for the former, primarily in the post-treatment somatic cell counts.
PubMed: 36297221
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101164 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Mixed vaginitis is a complex vaginal dysbiosis that differs from single vaginitis. Vaginitis in the third trimester may lead to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes....
Mixed vaginitis is a complex vaginal dysbiosis that differs from single vaginitis. Vaginitis in the third trimester may lead to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The clinical characteristics, microbiological characteristics, and adverse pregnancy outcomes of mixed vaginitis in late pregnancy are worth studying. Therefore, this study investigated the clinical and microbiological characteristics of vaginitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes of patients with mixed vaginitis. We studied 1,674 women in late pregnancy who attended the Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from November, 2019 to October, 2021. We administered standardized questionnaires, performed vaginal examination and sampling plus microscope examinations, and assessed follow-up pregnancy outcomes. We cultured the vaginal discharge of the patients with mixed vaginitis to isolate pathogens and performed antimicrobial susceptibility tests of the isolated pathogens. For the patients with peripartum infection, we collected a sample to isolate pathogens. Among the 1,674 women, 66 (3.9%) had mixed vaginitis. The independent risk factor for mixed vaginitis in late pregnancy was a history of vaginitis during early and middle pregnancy (OR = 5.637, 95% CI: 3.314-9.580). The signs of vaginal erythema (63.6% 42.0%), yellow discharge (81.8% . 59.6%), and malodor (31.8% . 18.8%) (0.05) were significantly higher in patients with mixed vaginitis than in patients with single vaginitis. Bacterial isolates of the vaginal secretions of patients with mixed bacterial vaginitis were mainly the pathogens of aerobic vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis, such as , , and Pathogen isolation of the vaginal secretions of patients with mixed fungus and bacteria vaginitis mainly included , followed by , , , , and . Women with mixed vaginitis had an increased incidence and risk of peripartum infections (6.1% . 1.4%, <0.05; OR = 3.985, 95% CI:1.214-13.079). is the main pathogen that causes peripartum infection. Mixed vaginitis in late pregnancy is characterized by a severe and complex phenotype, complex vaginal dysbiosis, and a long course of vaginal dysbiosis. This can lead to an increased incidence and risk of peripartum infection. Therefore, more attention should be paid to patients with mixed vaginitis in the third trimester of pregnancy.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Dysbiosis; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Vaginitis; Vaginosis, Bacterial; Vulvovaginitis
PubMed: 35419297
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.798738 -
Research in Veterinary Science May 2023Single-layer centrifugation (SLC) with a low-density colloid is an efficient method for removing contaminating microorganisms from boar semen while recovering most...
Single-layer centrifugation (SLC) with a low-density colloid is an efficient method for removing contaminating microorganisms from boar semen while recovering most spermatozoa from the original sample. This study tested the performance of this technique, using 50-ml tubes, by spiking commercial semen doses prepared without antibiotics with selected bacterial species followed by storage at 17 °C. The doses were spiked up to 10/ml CFU (colony forming units) of the bacteria Burkholderia ambifaria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus simulans. The semen was processed by SLC (15 ml of sample and 15 ml of colloid) with the colloid Porcicoll at 20% (P20) and 30% (P30), with a spiked control (CTL) and an unspiked control (CTL0), analyzing microbiology and sperm quality on days 0, 3 and 7. SLC completely removed B. ambifaria and S. simulans, considerably reducing P. aeruginosa and overall contamination (especially P30, ∼10 CFU/ml of total contamination on day 7, median). Sperm viability was lower in P20 and P30 samples at day 0, with higher cytoplasmic ROS. Still, results were similar in all groups on day 3 and reversed on day 7, indicating a protective effect of SLC (possibly directly by removal of damaged sperm and indirectly because of lower bacterial contamination). Sperm chromatin was affected by the treatment (lower DNA fragmentation and chromatin decondensation) and storage (higher overall condensation on day 7 as per chromomycin A3 and monobromobimane staining). In conclusion, SLC with low-density colloids can remove most bacteria in a controlled contamination design while potentially improving sperm quality and long-term storage at practical temperatures.
Topics: Male; Animals; Swine; Semen; Spermatozoa; Semen Analysis; Semen Preservation; Centrifugation; Colloids; Chromatin; Burkholderia; Sperm Motility
PubMed: 37031470
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.024 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Jun 2023Microbial biofilms are resilient, immune-evasive, often antibiotic-resistant health challenges, and increasingly the target for research into novel therapeutic...
Microbial biofilms are resilient, immune-evasive, often antibiotic-resistant health challenges, and increasingly the target for research into novel therapeutic strategies. We evaluated the effects of a nutraceutical enzyme and botanical blend (NEBB) on established biofilm. Five microbial strains with known implications in chronic human illnesses were tested: , and . The strains were allowed to form biofilm in vitro. Biofilm cultures were treated with NEBB containing enzymes targeted at lipids, proteins, and sugars, also containing the mucolytic compound N-acetyl cysteine, along with antimicrobial extracts from cranberry, berberine, rosemary, and peppermint. The post-treatment biofilm mass was evaluated by crystal-violet staining, and metabolic activity was measured using the MTT assay. Average biofilm mass and metabolic activity for NEBB-treated biofilms were compared to the average of untreated control cultures. Treatment of established biofilm with NEBB resulted in biofilm-disruption, involving significant reductions in biofilm mass and metabolic activity for and both species. For , we observed reduced biofilm mass, but the remaining residual biofilm showed a mild increase in metabolic activity, suggesting a shift from metabolically quiescent, treatment-resistant persister forms of to a more active form, potentially more recognizable by the host immune system. For , low doses of NEBB significantly reduced biofilm mass and metabolic activity while higher doses of NEBB increased biofilm mass and metabolic activity. The results suggest that targeted nutraceutical support may help disrupt biofilm communities, offering new facets for integrative combinational treatment strategies.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Staphylococcus aureus; Anti-Infective Agents; Staphylococcal Infections; Biofilms; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37072676
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2212.12010 -
Journal of Dairy Science Dec 2019Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are one of the most common bovine mastitis pathogens found worldwide. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and...
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are one of the most common bovine mastitis pathogens found worldwide. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and distribution of CNS species in mastitis milk samples and further characterized the methicillin-resistant (MR) CNS. A total of 311 CNS were isolated from 3,692 quarter milk samples from 1,373 dairy cattle at 81 farms between 2013 and 2017. Further evaluation of the CNS isolates revealed 14 CNS species among the samples and 3 predominant species-namely, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Resistance was higher in S. epidermidis than in other CNS species except for resistance against oxacillin in Staphylococcus sciuri. Resistance to β-lactams was the most common in all CNS species (8.4% in ampicillin, 21.2% in oxacillin, and 13.5% in penicillin). Conversely, only minimal resistance to cephalothin, ceftiofur, and pirlimycin/novobiocin was found. Twenty-one isolates from 4 species were mecA-carrying MRCNS strains, including 18 S. epidermidis and 1 each of S. sciuri, Staphylococcus equorum, and Staphylococcus hominis. The majority of the mecA-carrying MRCNS isolates were produced in the biofilm. Furthermore, multidrug-resistant sequence type 179 isolate produced the strongest biofilm. Seven genotypes were detected in the 18 MR S. epidermidis strains, the most predominant of which persisted on a farm for 2 yr. Our findings for the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and genotypic characterization of the MRCNS isolates could provide valuable information for controlling the spread of resistance and the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapies for mastitis in the future. Further, strategic antibiotic use for mastitis treatment and hygienic management practices aimed at the prevention of the growth of resistant bacteria are urgently needed on dairy farms.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Farms; Female; Genotype; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Oxacillin; Prevalence; Republic of Korea; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus epidermidis
PubMed: 31548061
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17028 -
JAC-antimicrobial Resistance Apr 2024CoNS constitute a significant part of the human microbiota of skin and mucous membranes. They can cause nosocomial infections, and have shown decreased susceptibility to...
BACKGROUND
CoNS constitute a significant part of the human microbiota of skin and mucous membranes. They can cause nosocomial infections, and have shown decreased susceptibility to several antibiotics. The few remaining treatment options include (lipo)glycopeptides such as dalbavancin. However, there is a lack of knowledge concerning whether susceptibility to lipoglycopeptides varies between different species of CoNS.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the susceptibility to dalbavancin in different species of CoNS.
METHODS
We investigated 480 bacterial isolates from 10 CoNS species: , , , , , , , , and . The isolates were randomly selected from different sources of infection, including blood isolates, as well as deep and superficial infections. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested with the gradient test method.
RESULTS
There was a statistically significant difference (ANOVA; < 0.0001) in the MIC distribution for dalbavancin between different CoNS species. was the least susceptible species, with 90% of the isolates having an MIC value for dalbavancin above the EUCAST breakpoint of 0.125 mg/L. The lowest MIC values were seen for , and (all 0.032 mg/L).
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated a difference in dalbavancin susceptibility between different CoNS species, suggesting that species-specific breakpoints for CoNS should be further investigated.
PubMed: 38601789
DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae063 -
Journal of Dairy Science Nov 2023Subclinical mastitis can be common among freshly calved heifers (FCH), but the prevalence differs between herds, possibly due to variation in risk factors. The aims of...
Subclinical mastitis can be common among freshly calved heifers (FCH), but the prevalence differs between herds, possibly due to variation in risk factors. The aims of this observational study were to identify differences in occurrence of intramammary infection (IMI) in FCH between herds with documented good or poorer first-parity udder health based on cow somatic cell count (CSCC) in early lactation, and to study herd differences in animal factors important for udder health, such as udder and hock skin lesions and animal cleanliness. Three groups of herds were included: those with high proportions of FCH with low CSCC (≤75,000 cells/mL) at the first 2 milk recordings after calving (LL), herds with high proportions of FCH with high CSCC (>100,000 cells/mL) at the first and low CSCC at the second recording (HL), and herds with high proportions of FCH with high CSCC at both recordings (HH). Thirty-nine herds (13 LL, 11 HL, 15 HH) were visited 3 times during a 12-mo period for observation of cleanliness and hock lesions, and sampling of udder and teat skin using swab cloths of milk-fed calves, early-pregnant heifers, and late-pregnant heifers. In 25 (9 LL, 9 HL, 7 HH) udder quarter samples from colostrum and milk on d 3 to 4 after calving were taken by the farmers from FCH during one year. The farmers also provided information on calving (individual or group), use of restraint and oxytocin at milking, and presence of teat and udder skin lesions. Bacterial growth in swab samples and quarter samples was investigated by culturing, and a selection of isolates was genotyped using whole-genome sequencing. Cleanliness, hock and udder skin lesions other than udder-thigh dermatitis, and growth of bacteria in swab samples did not differ between herd groups. It was more common that FCH from LL herds, compared with FCH in HH and HL herds, calved in a group of animals. Use of restraint at milking was more common in LL herds than in HH herds, whereas presence of udder-thigh dermatitis was lowest in LL herds. Specific infection was found in 14% of 5,593 quarter samples from 722 FCH. The most common IMI was Staphylococcus chromogenes. Growth of Staphylococcus simulans was more common in HH than in LL and HL herds. In colostrum samples, Staphylococcus haemolyticus was more common in HL and HH than in LL herds. The proportion of quarters with the same specific infection at both samplings was higher in HH than in LL herds and tended to be higher in HH than in HL herds. The proportion of quarters with Staph. chromogenes IMI at both samplings tended to differ between herd groups and was highest in HH herds. Whole-genome sequencing found the same sequence type of Staph. chromogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in both samples in almost all quarters with the same infection at both samplings. The differences in IMI between herd groups were in line with the higher somatic cell count in HH herds. The reasons for the predominance of Staph. chromogenes IMI in FCH need further studies.
PubMed: 37210369
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22995 -
Cureus Nov 2022A toddler girl presented to our hospital with a fever that lasted for five days. She had no prior history of urinary tract infections or contact with farm animals....
A toddler girl presented to our hospital with a fever that lasted for five days. She had no prior history of urinary tract infections or contact with farm animals. Investigations revealed a diagnosis of acute focal bacterial nephritis (AFBN), and we initiated antimicrobial therapy with ampicillin and cefmetazole. On day five, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative were detected in her urine culture, and we changed the antibiotics to vancomycin. Antibiotic therapy was continued for 21 days, with no recurrence of fever. Finally, the bacteria were identified as , which is a common farm animal pathogen. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of AFBN caused by , even if the patient has no prior history of close contact with farm animals. If a rare organism is detected in urine culture during AFBN treatment, the patient should be treated with appropriate antibiotics for the pathogen.
PubMed: 36505107
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31241 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Mar 2021To evaluate the in vitro activity of dalbavancin compared with vancomycin, daptomycin and other agents against a large collection of coagulase-negative staphylococci...
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the in vitro activity of dalbavancin compared with vancomycin, daptomycin and other agents against a large collection of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates.
METHODS
A total of 5088 CoNS causing clinically significant infection were consecutively collected from 122 medical centres in the USA and Europe over 6 years (2014-2019). Isolates were tested for susceptibility by the reference broth microdilution method. Species identification was confirmed by MALDI-TOF. Most isolates were from bloodstream infections (BSIs) (53.5%) or skin/skin structure infections (28.5%).
RESULTS
Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common species overall (54.6%) and for BSI (61.3%). The second most common species were Staphylococcus lugdunensis overall (12.3%) and Staphylococcus hominis for BSI (14.7%). Dalbavancin (MIC, 0.03/0.06 mg/L) inhibited >99.9% of CoNS isolates at ≤0.25 mg/L (susceptible breakpoint for Staphylococcus aureus per CLSI). All species were inhibited at ≤0.25 mg/L dalbavancin, except some S. epidermidis (>99.9%) and Staphylococcus warneri (98.9%) isolates. Staphylococcus capitis and Staphylococcus simulans exhibited the lowest dalbavancin MIC values (0.015/0.03 mg/L) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus the highest (MIC, 0.06/0.12 mg/L); 47.8% of S. epidermidis and 34.7% of S. haemolyticus exhibited decreased susceptibility to vancomycin (MIC ≥ 2 mg/L) and 23.2% of S. capitis and 28.4% of S. warneri showed decreased susceptibility to daptomycin (MIC ≥ 1 mg/L).
CONCLUSION
Antimicrobial susceptibility varied widely among CoNS species. Dalbavancin inhibited >99.9% and 99.1% of isolates at the US-FDA and EUCAST breakpoints, respectively. Clinical studies of dalbavancin for treatment of CoNS infections should be considered based on these in vitro data.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Coagulase; Europe; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcus; Teicoplanin
PubMed: 33285311
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.11.020 -
Veterinary World Dec 2023The agar dilution method is the approved method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in fosfomycin susceptibility testing, whereas the broth...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
The agar dilution method is the approved method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in fosfomycin susceptibility testing, whereas the broth dilution method is not recommended. This study aimed to investigate the potential of the gradient diffusion method as a more convenient alternative to agar dilution method for MIC evaluation, particularly for the susceptibility testing of spp. and spp. to fosfomycin.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 194 isolates of spp. and spp. were collected from urine samples of dogs diagnosed with bacterial cystitis. Bacterial identification and susceptibility to multiple antibiotics were tested using the Vitek 2 automated system. The susceptibility to fosfomycin was compared between agar dilution (reference method) and the gradient diffusion method. We assessed the agreement rates and errors between the two approaches by analyzing the MIC data.
RESULTS
(98.7%) and (80.0%) exhibited high fosfomycin susceptibility rates, whereas exhibited a lower susceptibility rate (38.5%). The gradient diffusion method demonstrated unacceptably low essential agreement (EA) rates (>90%) but acceptable categorical agreement (CA) rates (≥ 90%) for (83.54% EA and 97.47% CA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) such as , , and (85.00% EA and 95.00% CA). spp. had an acceptable EA of 93.75%, but an unacceptably low CA rate of 82.81%, with a minor error rate of 17.19%. No significant errors were observed for and spp.
CONCLUSION
The gradient diffusion method reliably determines MICs and interpretative breakpoints (S, I, R) for . However, its applicability to CoNS and enterococci may be limited due to unacceptable errors.
PubMed: 38328370
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2497-2503