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Missouri Medicine 2022The prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has seen a consistent rise in recent years. These numbers spark a debate over the reason for the...
The prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has seen a consistent rise in recent years. These numbers spark a debate over the reason for the observed trends, with some concerned about over diagnosis and over prescription of stimulant medications, and others raising the issue of diagnostic disparities, particularly in underrepresented populations. In this paper we look at both sides, starting with the history of ADHD and its diagnostic criteria changes, from early concepts of alterations in attention and hyperactivity in the 19th and 20th century, to its introduction in the Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and its evolution into how it is defined today. The general broadening of ADHD diagnostically over time plays a role in the increased prevalence over the years, but it is not the only reason. Increased awareness of physicians and the public is also believed to play a big role, particularly in underrepresented minorities and women. However, there continues to be disparities in detection of ADHD in these groups. There are significant consequences to a patient's social, interpersonal, and professional life when ADHD is left unrecognized and untreated. Thoughtful evaluation, accurate diagnosis, and adequate treatment can make a big difference.
Topics: Female; Humans; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Overdiagnosis; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Prevalence
PubMed: 36337990
DOI: No ID Found -
JAMA Network Open Jun 2022New and expectant parents experience perinatal mood disorders, with consequences to parenting ability, bonding with the neonate, interpersonal relationships, and health... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
IMPORTANCE
New and expectant parents experience perinatal mood disorders, with consequences to parenting ability, bonding with the neonate, interpersonal relationships, and health and well-being of parents. Research shows that maternal and paternal perinatal mood disorders are associated, but no recent systematic review has addressed the prevalence of perinatal mood disorders in both mothers and fathers (parental dyad).
OBJECTIVE
To examine the prevalence of perinatal mood disorders in parental dyads and identify factors associated with perinatal mood disorders in parental dyads.
DATA SOURCES
Ovid (MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO) and Web of Science were searched from January 1, 1990, to June 8, 2021, for observational studies reporting on the prevalence of perinatal depression or anxiety in a parental dyad.
STUDY SELECTION
Studies reporting the prevalence of anxiety or depression in both members of a parental dyad were included, with diagnosis according to established criteria (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Fifth Edition], International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision) or use of validated screening tools.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Prevalence data were extracted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data were analyzed in subgroups: antenatal depression, early postnatal depression (0-12 weeks), late postnatal depression (3-12 months), and perinatal anxiety. Pooled prevalence was calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Quality assessment was performed using Joanna Briggs Institute Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data. Data were analyzed in June 2021.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Prevalence of perinatal anxiety and perinatal depression in parental dyads.
RESULTS
Twenty-three studies were included, with data from 29 286 couples. The pooled prevalence of antenatal depression in both parents was 1.72% (95% CI, 0.96%-2.48%; P < .001). The prevalence of early postnatal depression (up to 12 weeks post partum) was 2.37% (95% CI, 1.66%-3.08%; P < .001) and the prevalence of late postnatal depression (3-12 months post partum) was 3.18% (95% CI, 2.3-4.05; P < .001). Only 3 studies reported on perinatal anxiety in both parents, precluding a quantitative analysis.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In up to 3.18% of couples, both parents may concurrently experience perinatal depression. Perinatal health care must consider the mental health needs of parents, both as individuals and as a parental dyad. Further research is needed to examine outcomes in families where both parents experience perinatal mood disorders.
Topics: Anxiety; Depression; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Parents; Pregnancy; Prevalence
PubMed: 35749112
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.18969 -
BMJ Open Mar 2022To assess the prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among females. This review summarises the available evidence, effect estimates and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
To assess the prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among females. This review summarises the available evidence, effect estimates and strength of statistical associations between infertility and its risk factors.
STUDY DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE, CINAHL and ScienceDirect were searched through 23 January 2022.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
The inclusion criteria involved studies that reported the psychological impact of infertility among women. We included cross-sectional, case-control and cohort designs, published in the English language, conducted in the community, and performed at health institution levels on prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility in women.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Two reviewers independently extracted and assess the quality of data using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis. The outcomes were assessed with random-effects model and reported as the OR with 95% CI using the Review Manager software.
RESULTS
Thirty-two studies with low risk of bias involving 124 556 women were included. The findings indicated the overall pooled prevalence to be 46.25% and 51.5% for infertility and primary infertility, respectively. Smoking was significantly related to infertility, with the OR of 1.85 (95% CI 1.08 to 3.14) times higher than females who do not smoke. There was a statistical significance between infertility and psychological distress among females, with the OR of 1.63 (95% CI 1.24 to 2.13). A statistical significance was noted between depression and infertility among females, with the OR of 1.40 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.75) compared with those fertile.
CONCLUSIONS
The study results highlight an essential and increasing mental disorder among females associated with infertility and may be overlooked. Acknowledging the problem and providing positive, supportive measures to females with infertility ensure more positive outcomes during the therapeutic process. This review is limited by the differences in definitions, diagnostic cut points, study designs and source populations.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42021226414.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Status; Humans; Infertility; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35354629
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057132 -
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and... Feb 2022Depression may be the most common cause of emotional distress later in life and can significantly reduce the quality of life in elderly individuals. Sarcopenia is a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Depression may be the most common cause of emotional distress later in life and can significantly reduce the quality of life in elderly individuals. Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by the continuous loss of skeletal muscle mass and decreased strength and function. In recent years, many studies have shown a correlation between sarcopenia and depression. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression among individuals with sarcopenia and to ascertain whether sarcopenia is independently associated with depression.
METHODS
We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases for papers on sarcopenia published up to 31 August 2021. We reviewed the literature on the number of individuals with sarcopenia, the number of individuals with both sarcopenia and depression, and the odds ratio (OR) of sarcopenia to depression. Statistical analyses were performed using Meta-DiSc 1.4 software and Stata version 12.0.
RESULTS
Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria for review: nine reported both prevalence and ORs, four described prevalence only, and six detailed the ORs only. Regarding prevalence, there were 1476 cases of sarcopenia and 364 of depression in the selected studies; the mean age of the patients was 75.5 years, and the overall prevalence of depression was 0.28 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.21-0.36]. Significant heterogeneity was noted (P < 0.001; I = 92.2%). In the case of ORs, there were 16 869 subjects with a mean age of 73 years; the overall adjusted OR between sarcopenia and depression was 1.57 (95% CI: 1.32-1.86). Significant heterogeneity was noted in the adjusted ORs (P < 0.001; I = 75.1%).
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of depression in patients with sarcopenia was high relatively, and there was a correlation between sarcopenia and depression.
Topics: Aged; Depression; Humans; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 34997702
DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12908 -
JNMA; Journal of the Nepal Medical... Oct 2020Hypertension is one of the leading risk factors for the global burden of disease and is of rising public health concerns in the developing world including Nepal....
INTRODUCTION
Hypertension is one of the leading risk factors for the global burden of disease and is of rising public health concerns in the developing world including Nepal. However, few studies have focused on awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among people living with this condition. In this scenario, this study aimed to find out the prevalence of hypertension and its awareness, treatment, and control among hypertensive patients residing in different parts of Kaski district, Nepal.
METHODS
A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed among 977 family members of 290 households from August to December 2017. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (reference number:73/074/75) of the Pokhara University Research Center. Simple random sampling was done. Hypertension screening was performed through averaging three values obtained by standardized aneroid sphygmomanometer in three observations. Primary data was collected through self-administered questionnaires and face-to-face interviews based on the participant's preferences. Collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data.
RESULTS
Out Of total 997 family members screened, 294 (29.49%) (26.66-32.32 at 95% confidence interval) had hypertension whereas only 127 (43.2%) were completely aware of their disease condition. 279 (94.9%) were taking antihypertensive medication and 201 (68.4%) had their blood pressure controlled.
CONCLUSIONS
We found that almost one-fourth of the adult population in the community suffered from hypertension but less than half of the hypertensive patients are aware of their conditions.
Topics: Adult; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Hypertension; Prevalence
PubMed: 34506387
DOI: 10.31729/jnma.5316 -
Periodontology 2000 Feb 2020The most important development in the epidemiology of periodontitis in the USA during the last decade is the result of improvements in survey methodologies and... (Review)
Review
The most important development in the epidemiology of periodontitis in the USA during the last decade is the result of improvements in survey methodologies and statistical modeling of periodontitis in adults. Most of these advancements have occurred as the direct outcome of work by the joint initiative known as the Periodontal Disease Surveillance Project by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology that was established in 2006. This report summarizes some of the key findings of this important initiative and its impact on our knowledge of the epidemiology of periodontitis in US adults. This initiative first suggested new periodontitis case definitions for surveillance in 2007 and revised them slightly in 2012. This classification is now regarded as the global standard for periodontitis surveillance and is used worldwide. First, application of such a standard in reporting finally enables results from different researchers in different countries to be meaningfully compared. Second, this initiative tackled the concern that prior national surveys, which used partial-mouth periodontal examination protocols, grossly underestimated the prevalence of periodontitis of potentially more than 50%. Consequently, because previous national surveys significantly underestimated the true prevalence of periodontitis, it is not possible to extrapolate any trend in periodontitis prevalence in the USA over time. Any difference calculated may not represent any actual change in periodontitis prevalence, but rather is a consequence of using different periodontal examination protocols. Finally, the initiative addressed the gap in the need for state and local data on periodontitis prevalence. Through the direct efforts of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology initiative, full-mouth periodontal probing at six sites around all nonthird molar teeth was included in the 6 years of National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2009-2014, yielding complete data for 10 683 dentate community-dwelling US adults aged 30 to 79 years. Applying the 2012 periodontitis case definitions to the 2009-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys data, the periodontitis prevalence turned out to be much greater than previously estimated, namely affecting 42.2% of the population with 7.8% of people experiencing severe periodontitis. It was also discovered that only the moderate type of periodontitis is driving the increase in periodontitis prevalence with age, not the mild or the severe types whose prevalence do not increase consistently with age, but remain ~ 10%-15% in all age groups of 40 years and older. The greatest risk for having periodontitis of any type was seen in older people, in males, in minority race/ethnic groups, in poorer and less educated groups, and especially in cigarette smokers. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology initiative reported, for the first time, the periodontitis prevalence estimated at both local and state levels, in addition to the national level. Also, this initiative developed and validated in field studies a set of eight items for self-reported periodontitis for use in direct survey estimates of periodontitis prevalence in existing state-based surveys. These items were also included in the 2009-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys for validation against clinically determined cases of periodontitis. Another novel result of this initiative is that, for the first time, the geographic distribution of practicing periodontists in relation to the geographic distribution of people with severe periodontitis is illustrated. In summary, the precise periodontitis prevalence and distribution among subgroups in the dentate US noninstitutionalized population aged 30-79 years is better understood because of application of valid periodontitis case definitions to full-mouth periodontal examination, in combination with reliable information on demographic and health-related measures. We now can monitor the trend of periodontitis prevalence over time as well as guide public health preventive and intervention initiatives for the betterment of the health of the adult US population.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Prevalence; United States
PubMed: 31850640
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12323 -
PloS One 2020Vitiligo is an acquired depigmenting skin disease which is often accompanied by mental distress. There are numerous studies dedicated to local and global prevalence of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Vitiligo is an acquired depigmenting skin disease which is often accompanied by mental distress. There are numerous studies dedicated to local and global prevalence of depression in patients with vitiligo but anxiety has not been recognized as a major mental problem within named population. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety among patients with vitiligo from different countries and to compare it with patients suffering from eczema, psoriasis, and acne.
METHODS
In November 2019, we conducted a systematic search for observational studies that examined the prevalence of anxiety in vitiligo patients. Fifteen studies comprising 1176 patients with vitiligo were included to our systematic review.
RESULTS
The general prevalence of anxiety among vitiligo patients was equal to 35.8%. Statistically significant difference in anxiety rates was found among female and male patients (47.32% vs 42.4%) (P = 0.03), but the clinical relevance of this issue remains arguable. In addition, the pooled odds ratio among vitiligo and non-vitiligo patients did not indicate a statistical significance among patients coming from different continents.
CONCLUSIONS
The pooled prevalence of anxiety among vitiligo patients worldwide was comparable to other severe skin disorders. This finding accentuates the necessity of anxiety awareness in management of patients with skin diseases.
Topics: Adult; Anxiety; Female; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Vitiligo
PubMed: 33170870
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241445 -
Danish Medical Journal Jan 2021The present prevalence of schizophrenia in Greenland is unknown. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of schizophrenia in Nuuk and the rest of Greenland. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
INTRODUCTION
The present prevalence of schizophrenia in Greenland is unknown. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of schizophrenia in Nuuk and the rest of Greenland.
METHODS
The study was designed as an observational, cross-sectional study based on statistical extractions and review of medical records for psychiatric patients in Greenland, aiming to determine the prevalence of schizophrenia.
RESULTS
The prevalence of schizophrenia was estimated to 1.0% in Nuuk and 0.7% in the rest of Greenland. More males than females were affected (male/female ratio 2.5). Poor socio-economic conditions were revealed for the majority of patients. Cardiovascular risk factors were monitored suboptimally.
CONCLUSIONS
An increased focus on socio-psychological rehabilitation and monitoring and control of cardiovascular risk factors is warranted.
FUNDING
The study was funded by a grant from The Greenlandic Research Council (Sundhedspuljen).
TRIAL REGISTRATION
not relevant.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Greenland; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 33543704
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023To explore the association between the prevalence of circadian syndrome (CircS) and overactive bladder (OAB).
OBJECTIVE
To explore the association between the prevalence of circadian syndrome (CircS) and overactive bladder (OAB).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cross-section analysis was based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018. Data regarding OAB was collected from questionnaires. The association between the prevalence of CircS and OAB was elucidated using three multivariable logistic regression models. Stratified and interaction analyses were performed to find whether some factors can modify the association.
RESULTS
Totally 8,033 males and 8,065 females were included. People with CircS had a significantly higher prevalence of OAB compared to the non-CircS group in the fully-adjusted model (OR = 1.238, 95%CI 1.080-1.419). A significant positive correlation between the number of CircS components and the prevalence of OAB was observed when the components were ≥ 6 (OR = 1.975, 95%CI 1.463-2.665). No significant interaction was seen in the three models.
CONCLUSION
There is a positive association between the prevalence of CircS and OAB. When the number of components is ≥6, the prevalence of OAB shows a strongly positive correlation with the number of CircS components.
Topics: Female; Male; Humans; Adult; Urinary Bladder, Overactive; Nutrition Surveys; Prevalence; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Logistic Models; Syndrome
PubMed: 37637821
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1137191 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) May 2021Sensitivity, which denotes the proportion of subjects correctly given a positive assignment out of all subjects who are actually positive for the outcome, indicates how... (Review)
Review
Sensitivity, which denotes the proportion of subjects correctly given a positive assignment out of all subjects who are actually positive for the outcome, indicates how well a test can classify subjects who truly have the outcome of interest. Specificity, which denotes the proportion of subjects correctly given a negative assignment out of all subjects who are actually negative for the outcome, indicates how well a test can classify subjects who truly do not have the outcome of interest. Positive predictive value reflects the proportion of subjects with a positive test result who truly have the outcome of interest. Negative predictive value reflects the proportion of subjects with a negative test result who truly do not have the outcome of interest. Sensitivity and specificity are inversely related, wherein one increases as the other decreases, but are generally considered stable for a given test, whereas positive and negative predictive values do inherently vary with pre-test probability (e.g., changes in population disease prevalence). This article will further detail the concepts of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values using a recent real-world example from the medical literature.
Topics: Biomedical Research; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 34065637
DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050503