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International Journal of Surgery... Oct 2020Health is a basic human right, yet surgery remains a neglected stepchild of global health. Worldwide, five billion people lack access to safe, timely, and affordable... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Health is a basic human right, yet surgery remains a neglected stepchild of global health. Worldwide, five billion people lack access to safe, timely, and affordable surgical and anesthesia care when needed. This disparity results in over 18 million preventable deaths each year and is responsible for one-third of the global burden of disease. Here, we evaluate the role of surgical care in protecting human rights and attempt to make a human rights argument for universal access to safe surgical care.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A scoping review was done using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus databases to identify articles evaluating human rights and disparities in accessing surgical care globally. A conceptual framework is proposed to implement global surgical interventions with a human rights-based approach.
RESULTS
Disparities in accessing surgical care remain prevalent around the world, including but not limited to gender inequality, socioeconomic differentiation, sexual stigmatization, racial and religious disparities, and cultural beliefs. Lack of access to surgery impedes lives in full health and economic prosperity, and thus violates human rights. Our normative framework proposes human rights principles to make surgical policy interventions more inclusive and effective.
CONCLUSION
Acknowledging human rights in the provision of surgical care around the world is critical to attain and sustain the Sustainable Development Goals and universal health coverage. National Surgical, Obstetric, and Anesthesia Planning and wider health systems strengthening require the integration of human rights principles in developing and implementing policy interventions to ensure equal and universal access to comprehensive health care services.
Topics: Global Health; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Human Rights; Humans; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Universal Health Insurance
PubMed: 32828980
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.08.004 -
JACC. Heart Failure Aug 2019
Topics: Cardiac Rehabilitation; Exercise Therapy; Heart Failure; Humans
PubMed: 31302048
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.05.006 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2022Darwin's theory of sexual selection provides a useful framework for understanding the behavior of stepparents. A non-human animal whose new mate has dependent young may... (Review)
Review
Darwin's theory of sexual selection provides a useful framework for understanding the behavior of stepparents. A non-human animal whose new mate has dependent young may kill, ignore, or adopt the predecessor's progeny. The third option has been interpreted as courtship ("mating effort"), and whether selection favors such investment over killing or ignoring the young apparently depends on aspects of the species-typical ecology and demography. The tripartite categorization of responses is a simplification, however, There is variability both within and between species along a continuum from rejection to "full adoption." The average stepparent invests less than the average birth parent, but more than nothing. Human stepparents have often been found to kill young children at higher rates than birth parents, but stepparental infanticide cannot plausibly be interpreted as a human adaptation, both because it is extremely rare and because it is almost certainly more likely to reduce the killer's fitness than to raise it. How sexual selection theory remains relevant to human stepparenting is by suggesting testable hypotheses about predictors of the variability in stepparental investment.
PubMed: 35769745
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.924238 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023MRE has become a standard imaging test for evaluating patients with small bowel pathology, but the indications, interpretation of imaging findings, methodology, and... (Review)
Review
MRE has become a standard imaging test for evaluating patients with small bowel pathology, but the indications, interpretation of imaging findings, methodology, and appropriate use must be standardized and widely known. Several signs of small bowel damage in inflammatory and non-inflammatory small bowel pathology include strictures, abscess, inflammatory activity, sinus tract, wall edema, fistula, mucosal lesions, and mesentery fat hypertrophy, all of which are widely and accurately explained by MRE. MRE is a non-invasive modality that accurately assesses the intra-luminal, parietal, and extra-luminal small bowel. The differential MRE appearance allows us to distinguish between different small bowel pathologies, such as neoplastic and non-neoplastic small bowel diseases. The purpose of this paper is to present the MRE technique, as well as the interpretation of imaging findings, through the approach of a rigorous stepwise methodology.
PubMed: 37629548
DOI: 10.3390/life13081691 -
Annual Review of Psychology Jan 2024Historically, the human sense of smell has been regarded as the odd stepchild of the senses, especially compared to the sensory bravado of seeing, touching, and hearing.... (Review)
Review
Historically, the human sense of smell has been regarded as the odd stepchild of the senses, especially compared to the sensory bravado of seeing, touching, and hearing. The idea that the human olfaction has little to contribute to our experience of the world is commonplace, though with the emergence of COVID-19 there has rather been a sea change in this understanding. An ever increasing body of work has convincingly highlighted the keen capabilities of the human nose and the sophistication of the human olfactory system. Here, we provide a concise overview of the neuroscience of human olfaction spanning the last 10-15 years, with focus on the peripheral and central mechanisms that underlie how odor information is processed, packaged, parceled, predicted, and perturbed to serve odor-guided behaviors. We conclude by offering some guideposts for harnessing the next decade of olfactory research in all its shapes and forms.
Topics: Humans; Smell
PubMed: 37788573
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-042023-101155 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2021Aims This study explores the prevalence of being a past-year affected other (AO) of a problem gambler by gender. The aims were to study the amount and type of...
Aims This study explores the prevalence of being a past-year affected other (AO) of a problem gambler by gender. The aims were to study the amount and type of gambling-related harms (GRHs) for subgroups of AOs and to distinguish GRH profiles for AO subgroups. Methods A total of 7186 adults aged 18 years and over participated in the Gambling Harms Survey evaluating year 2016. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. Results Of all respondents, 12.9% were defined as past-year AOs (women 13.7%; men 12.1%). The proportion of affected non-family members (ANFs) was 8.4%, and 5.6% were affected family members (AFMs). AFMs were usually women, and ANFs were usually men. Emotional, relationship, and financial harms were the most common types of harm. The odds of experiencing financial harm were highest for the 18- to 34-year-olds (OR 1.82) and for those whose partner/ex-partner had a gambling problem (OR 3.91). Having a parent/step-parent (OR 1.93) and child/stepchild (OR 3.64) increased the odds of experiencing emotional harm, whereas male gender (OR 0.50) and being an ANF (OR 0.58) decreased emotional harm. Relationship harm was evident for partners/ex-partners (OR 1.97-5.07). Conclusions GRH profiles for AO subgroups varied, which emphasizes the need for effective harm minimization strategies for those in need.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Family; Female; Finland; Gambling; Harm Reduction; Humans; Male; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 34574487
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189564 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023MRE has become a standard imaging test for evaluating patients with small bowel pathology, but a rigorous methodology for describing and interpreting the pathological... (Review)
Review
Small Bowel Imaging from Stepchild of Roentgenology to MR Enterography, Part II: The Reliable Disclosure of Crohn's Disease and Non-Inflammatory Small Bowel Disorder Plot through MRI Findings.
MRE has become a standard imaging test for evaluating patients with small bowel pathology, but a rigorous methodology for describing and interpreting the pathological findings is mandatory. Strictures, abscess, inflammatory activity, sinus tract, wall edema, fistula, mucosal lesions, strictures, and mesentery fat hypertrophy are all indicators of small bowel damage in inflammatory and non-inflammatory small bowel disease, and they are all commonly and accurately explained by MRE. MRE is a non-invasive modality that accurately assesses the intra-luminal, parietal, and extra-luminal small bowel. Differential MRE appearance allows us to distinguish between Crohn's disease and non-inflammatory small bowel disorder. The purpose of this paper is to present the MRE pathological findings of small bowel disorder.
PubMed: 37763240
DOI: 10.3390/life13091836 -
Biomolecules Mar 2023Proteomic studies using mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantification are a main approach to the discovery of new biomarkers. However, a number of analytical conditions in...
Proteomic studies using mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantification are a main approach to the discovery of new biomarkers. However, a number of analytical conditions in front and during MS data acquisition can affect the accuracy of the obtained outcome. Therefore, comprehensive quality assessment of the acquired data plays a central role in quantitative proteomics, though, due to the immense complexity of MS data, it is often neglected. Here, we address practically the quality assessment of quantitative MS data, describing key steps for the evaluation, including the levels of raw data, identification and quantification. With this, four independent datasets from cerebrospinal fluid, an important biofluid for neurodegenerative disease biomarker studies, were assessed, demonstrating that sample processing-based differences are already reflected at all three levels but with varying impacts on the quality of the quantitative data. Specifically, we provide guidance to critically interpret the quality of MS data for quantitative proteomics. Moreover, we provide the free and open source quality control tool , enabling systematic, rapid and uncomplicated data comparison of raw data, identification and feature detection levels through defined quality metrics and a step-by-step quality control workflow.
Topics: Humans; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Proteome; Proteomics; Biomarkers; Quality Control
PubMed: 36979426
DOI: 10.3390/biom13030491 -
Child Abuse & Neglect Jan 2022Limited prior research has examined the rates or predictors of re-perpetration of child maltreatment. Yet, perpetrators may have multiple victims, and perpetrators,...
BACKGROUND
Limited prior research has examined the rates or predictors of re-perpetration of child maltreatment. Yet, perpetrators may have multiple victims, and perpetrators, rather than their victims, are often the primary focus of child welfare services.
OBJECTIVE
We examine rates of child maltreatment re-perpetration of repeat and new victims, and test perpetrator demographics and maltreatment index incident case characteristics as predictors of re-perpetration.
PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING
We use a sample of 285,245 first-time perpetrators of a substantiated maltreatment incident in 2010 from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System.
METHODS
We use linear probability models with full information maximum likelihood to test new victim and same victim perpetration by the end of FY 2018.
RESULTS
Fifteen percent of perpetrators re-maltreated one or more of their original victims ("same victim re-perpetration"); 12% maltreated a new victim. Overall, re-perpetration was more common among younger, female, and White perpetrators. Perpetrators who were the biological or adoptive parent of their initial victim(s) had higher rates of same victim re-perpetration; new victim re-perpetration was more common among perpetrators who initially victimized an adoptive or stepchild. Same victim re-perpetration was less common among perpetrators of physical abuse than other types of maltreatment, and new victim re-perpetration was more common among perpetrators of sexual abuse and neglect than physical abuse.
CONCLUSIONS
Child welfare agencies should track re-perpetration in addition to revictimization as part of agency evaluations and risk assessments.
Topics: Child; Child Abuse; Child Protective Services; Crime Victims; Female; Humans; Parents; Sex Offenses
PubMed: 34856446
DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105419 -
Evolutionary Psychology : An... 2020Based on kin selection theory, amounts of grandparental investment should reflect the probability to share common genes with offspring. Adoption may represent a special...
Based on kin selection theory, amounts of grandparental investment should reflect the probability to share common genes with offspring. Adoption may represent a special case, however, yet grandparental investment in adopted children has previously been both theoretically misconstrued and little investigated. Here, we study for the first time how grandparental childcare provision is distributed between biological, adopted, and step-offspring. Using Generations and Gender Surveys ( = 15,168 adult child-grandmother and 12,193 adult child-grandfather dyads) and the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe ( = 17,233 grandmother-adult child and 13,000 grandfather-adult child dyads), we find that grandparents were less likely to provide care to stepchildren than to adopted and biological children, but no difference between adopted and biological children. These findings were present in both data sets and for both grandmothers and grandfathers, after several potentially confounding factors were taken into account. The stepchild disadvantage is in line with kin selection theory. The congruent amounts of care provided to adopted and biological children may reflect similar levels of adult-child attachment, selection effects, and greater need in adoptive families, as well as some degree of genetical relatedness in the case of kin adoption. The study provides new evidence of biased kin investments in contemporary societies and stresses the importance of psychological motivation and attachment in evolutionary studies of kin investment.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Adult Children; Child Rearing; Child, Adopted; Europe; Grandparents; Intergenerational Relations
PubMed: 32180428
DOI: 10.1177/1474704920907894