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Clinical & Experimental Optometry Jul 2020
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Myopia; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; Sweat; Tears
PubMed: 32396988
DOI: 10.1111/cxo.13086 -
Maturitas Dec 2023The huge impact of climate change on humankind is multidimensional, and includes direct and indirect challenges to the physical, psychological and socio-cultural... (Review)
Review
The huge impact of climate change on humankind is multidimensional, and includes direct and indirect challenges to the physical, psychological and socio-cultural wellbeing. Women may be more vulnerable to climate-sensitive diseases, but little attention has been paid to specific needs and challenges associated with the menopause transition. The increase in average and extreme temperatures may modulate the manifestation of vasomotor symptoms; in particular, environmental temperature and seasonality may affect hot flushes and night sweats. However, more research is needed to define the impact of climate-related factors among the determinants influencing the individual experience of menopause. In addition, increased exposure to environmental pollution and toxins may also have a role in the modulation of ovarian aging mechanisms, possibly influencing timing of menopause. Finally, both air pollution and menopause transition are associated with unfavorable modifications of cardio-metabolic, bone and cognitive health, and account should be taken of these in the evaluation of the individual woman's health vulnerabilities. Overall, the evidence reported in this narrative review supports the need for specific strategies aimed at reducing the burden of climate and environmental change on menopausal women. Healthcare providers should promote behavioral measures that reduce anthropogenic climate change and at the same time have a beneficial role on several domains of physical and psychological wellbeing. From this perspective, menopause represents a golden moment to implement virtuous behaviors that will benefit at the same time women's longevity and the planet.
Topics: Female; Humans; Menopause; Hot Flashes; Women's Health; Sweating
PubMed: 37634295
DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107825 -
Biosensors Jun 2023Flexible and wearable biosensors have received tremendous attention over the past decade owing to their great potential applications in the field of health and medicine.... (Review)
Review
Flexible and wearable biosensors have received tremendous attention over the past decade owing to their great potential applications in the field of health and medicine. Wearable biosensors serve as an ideal platform for real-time and continuous health monitoring, which exhibit unique properties such as self-powered, lightweight, low cost, high flexibility, detection convenience, and great conformability. This review introduces the recent research progress in wearable biosensors. First of all, the biological fluids often detected by wearable biosensors are proposed. Then, the existing micro-nanofabrication technologies and basic characteristics of wearable biosensors are summarized. Then, their application manners and information processing are also highlighted in the paper. Massive cutting-edge research examples are introduced such as wearable physiological pressure sensors, wearable sweat sensors, and wearable self-powered biosensors. As a significant content, the detection mechanism of these sensors was detailed with examples to help readers understand this area. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are proposed to push this research area forward and expand practical applications in the future.
Topics: Wearable Electronic Devices; Biosensing Techniques; Sweat; Monitoring, Physiologic
PubMed: 37366995
DOI: 10.3390/bios13060630 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Sep 2022This work demonstrates ionic liquid electrolyte-inscribed sweat-based dual electrolyte functioning supercapacitors capable of self-charging through sweat electrolyte...
This work demonstrates ionic liquid electrolyte-inscribed sweat-based dual electrolyte functioning supercapacitors capable of self-charging through sweat electrolyte function under a non-enzymatic route. The supercapacitor electrodes are fabricated from TREN (tris(2-aminoethyl)amine), poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, and a graphene oxide mixture with copper-mediated chelate, and this polymer-GO-metal chelate film can produce excellent energy harvest/storage performance from a sweat and ionic liquid integrated electrolyte system. The fabricated device is specifically designed to reduce deterioration using a typical planar structure. In the presence of sweat with ionic liquid, the dual electrolyte mode supercapacitor exhibits a maximum areal capacitance of 3600 mF cm , and the energy density is 450 mWhcm , which is more than 100 times greater than that from previously reported supercapacitors. The supercapacitors were fabricated/attached directly to textile fabrics as well as ITO-PET (Indium tin oxide (ITO)-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film to study their performance on the human body during exercise. The self-charging performance with respect to sweat wetting time for the sweat@ionic liquid dual electrolyte showed that the supercapacitor performed well on both fabric and film. These devices exhibited good response for pH effect and biocompatibility, and as such present a promising multi-functional energy system as a stable power source for next-generation wearable smart electronics.
Topics: Electric Capacitance; Electrodes; Humans; Ionic Liquids; Sweat; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 35810477
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201890 -
Nature Reviews. Chemistry Dec 2022Biomarkers are crucial biological indicators in medical diagnostics and therapy. However, the process of biomarker discovery and validation is hindered by a lack of... (Review)
Review
Biomarkers are crucial biological indicators in medical diagnostics and therapy. However, the process of biomarker discovery and validation is hindered by a lack of standardized protocols for analytical studies, storage and sample collection. Wearable chemical sensors provide a real-time, non-invasive alternative to typical laboratory blood analysis, and are an effective tool for exploring novel biomarkers in alternative body fluids, such as sweat, saliva, tears and interstitial fluid. These devices may enable remote at-home personalized health monitoring and substantially reduce the healthcare costs. This Review introduces criteria, strategies and technologies involved in biomarker discovery using wearable chemical sensors. Electrochemical and optical detection techniques are discussed, along with the materials and system-level considerations for wearable chemical sensors. Lastly, this Review describes how the large sets of temporal data collected by wearable sensors, coupled with modern data analysis approaches, would open the door for discovering new biomarkers towards precision medicine.
Topics: Wearable Electronic Devices; Biosensing Techniques; Body Fluids; Sweat; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37117704
DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00439-w -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Sweat analysis offers non-invasive real-time on-body measurement for wearable sensors. However, there are still gaps in current developed sweat-sensing devices (SSDs)... (Review)
Review
Sweat analysis offers non-invasive real-time on-body measurement for wearable sensors. However, there are still gaps in current developed sweat-sensing devices (SSDs) regarding the concerns of mixing fresh and old sweat and real-time measurement, which are the requirements to ensure accurate the measurement of wearable devices. This review paper discusses these limitations by aiding model designs, features, performance, and the device operation for exploring the SSDs used in different sweat collection tools, focusing on continuous and non-continuous flow sweat analysis. In addition, the paper also comprehensively presents various sweat biomarkers that have been explored by earlier works in order to broaden the use of non-invasive sweat samples in healthcare and related applications. This work also discusses the target analyte's response mechanism for different sweat compositions, categories of sweat collection devices, and recent advances in SSDs regarding optimal design, functionality, and performance.
Topics: Biomarkers; Biosensing Techniques; Monitoring, Physiologic; Sweat; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 36236769
DOI: 10.3390/s22197670 -
Experimental Physiology Apr 2021What is the central question of this study? What are the mechanisms by which equine sweat glands transport sodium, potassium and water into sweat? What is the main...
NEW FINDINGS
What is the central question of this study? What are the mechanisms by which equine sweat glands transport sodium, potassium and water into sweat? What is the main finding and its importance? The flux of sodium into sweat does not have an active transport component, the flux of potassium into sweat is partially dependent on an active transport mechanism, and there is no evidence for paracellular transport.
ABSTRACT
In two series of experiments, this study used radioactive sodium (Na ) and potassium (K ) to trace the net flux, and calculate the unidirectional fluxes, of these ions from extracellular fluid into sweat of horses during exercise and recovery. The effect of an oral electrolyte supplement (PNW) on the sweating responses and ion fluxes was also examined. Compared to 8 litres of water (controls), provision of 8 litres of PNW resulted in significantly increased sweating duration (P < 0.001). Two hours before exercise, Tc-labelled diethylene-triamine-pentaacetate (DTPA) was administered i.v. to determine if there was paracellular flux of this molecule in sweat glands during the period of sweating. One hour before beginning moderate-intensity exercise, horses were nasogastrically administered either Na (1-3 litres) or K (8 litres) with water (control) or an electrolyte supplement. Both radiotracers appeared in sweat within 10 min of exercise onset, and the sweat specific activity of both ions increased during exercise (P < 0.001), approaching plasma specific activities. There was no appearance of Tc-DTPA in sweat. The activities of Na and K, together with the concentrations Na , K and Cl , argued against significant paracellular flux of these ions into the lumen of sweat glands. The flux analysis for Na indicated a small intracellular pool within sweat gland cells, and no evidence for an active transport component. The flux analysis for K indicated a relatively large intracellular equilibration pool within sweat gland cells, with evidence for an active transport component. The results are discussed with respect to the current understanding of sweat gland epithelial cell ion transport mechanisms at both the basal and the apical membranes. It appears likely that the majority of ions appearing in sweat pass through sweat gland epithelial cells by transcellular mechanisms that include ion transporting pathways as well as apical vesicular exocytosis.
Topics: Animals; Chlorides; Horses; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Potassium; Sodium; Sweat; Sweating; Water
PubMed: 33550621
DOI: 10.1113/EP089232 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2023The microorganisms inhabiting human skin must overcome numerous challenges that typically impede microbial growth, including low pH, osmotic pressure, and low nutrient...
The microorganisms inhabiting human skin must overcome numerous challenges that typically impede microbial growth, including low pH, osmotic pressure, and low nutrient availability. Yet the skin microbiota thrive on the skin and have adapted to these stressful conditions. The limited nutrients available for microbial use in this unique niche include those from host-derived sweat, sebum, and corneocytes. Here, we have developed physiologically relevant, synthetic skin-like growth media composed of compounds present in sweat and sebum. We find that skin-associated bacterial species exhibit unique growth profiles at different concentrations of artificial sweat and sebum. Most strains evaluated demonstrate a preference for high sweat concentrations, while the sebum preference is highly variable, suggesting that the capacity for sebum utilization may be a driver of the skin microbial community structure. In particular, the prominent skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis exhibits the strongest preference for sweat while growing equally well across sebum concentrations. Conversely, the growth of Corynebacterium kefirresidentii, another dominant skin microbiome member, is dependent on increasing concentrations of both sweat and sebum but only when sebum is available, suggesting a lipid requirement of this species. Furthermore, we observe that strains with similar growth profiles in the artificial media cluster by phylum, suggesting that phylogeny is a key factor in sweat and sebum use. Importantly, these findings provide an experimental rationale for why different skin microenvironments harbor distinct microbiome communities. In all, our study further emphasizes the importance of studying microorganisms in an ecologically relevant context, which is critical for our understanding of their physiology, ecology, and function on the skin. The human skin microbiome is adapted to survive and thrive in the harsh environment of the skin, which is low in nutrient availability. To study skin microorganisms in a system that mimics the natural skin environment, we developed and tested a physiologically relevant, synthetic skin-like growth medium that is composed of compounds found in the human skin secretions sweat and sebum. We find that most skin-associated bacterial species tested prefer high concentrations of artificial sweat but that artificial sebum concentration preference varies from species to species, suggesting that sebum utilization may be an important contributor to skin microbiome composition. This study demonstrates the utility of a skin-like growth medium, which can be applied to diverse microbiological systems, and underscores the importance of studying microorganisms in an ecologically relevant context.
Topics: Humans; Sweat; Sebum; Skin; Microbiota; Bacteria
PubMed: 36602383
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04180-22 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Nov 2020
Topics: Humans; Hypohidrosis; Sweating
PubMed: 35345113
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1768_19 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Jan 2022Wearable sweat sensors have received significant research interest and have become popular as sweat contains considerable health information about physiological and... (Review)
Review
Wearable sweat sensors have received significant research interest and have become popular as sweat contains considerable health information about physiological and psychological states. However, measured biomarker concentrations vary with sweat rates, which has a significant effect on the accuracy and reliability of sweat biosensors. Wearable sweat loss measuring devices (SLMDs) have recently been proposed to overcome the limitations of biomarker tracking and reduce inter- and intraindividual variability. In addition, they offer substantial potential for monitoring human body homeostasis, because sweat loss plays an indispensable role in thermoregulation and skin hydration. Previous studies have not carried out a comprehensive and systematic review of the principles, importance, and development of wearable SLMDs. This paper reviews wearable SLMDs with a new health perspective from the role of sweat loss to advanced mechanisms and designs. Two types of sweat and their measurement significance for practical applications are highlighted. Then, a comprehensive review of advances in different wearable SLMDs based on hygrometers, absorbent materials, and microfluidics is presented by describing their respective device architectures, present situations, and future directions. Finally, concluding remarks on opportunities for future application fields and challenges for future sweat sensing are presented.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Equipment Design; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Sweat; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 34713981
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103257