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Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2020Non-invasive healthcare technologies are an important part of research and development nowadays due to the low cost and convenience offered to both healthcare receivers... (Review)
Review
Non-invasive healthcare technologies are an important part of research and development nowadays due to the low cost and convenience offered to both healthcare receivers and providers. This work overviews the recent advances in the field of non-invasive electrochemical biosensors operating in secreted human physiological fluids, viz. tears, sweat, saliva, and urine. Described electrochemical devices are based on different electrochemical techniques, viz. amperometry, coulometry, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy. Challenges that confront researchers in this exciting area and key requirements for biodevices are discussed. It is concluded that the field of non-invasive sensing of biomarkers in bodily fluid is highly convoluted. Nonetheless, if the drawbacks are appropriately addressed, and the pitfalls are adroitly circumvented, the approach will most certainly disrupt current clinical and self-monitoring practices.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Body Fluids; Electrochemical Techniques; Humans; Saliva; Sweat; Tears; Urine
PubMed: 33171750
DOI: 10.3390/s20216352 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Mar 2022Human health and performance monitoring (HHPM) is imperative to provide information necessary for protecting, sustaining, evaluating, and improving personnel in various... (Review)
Review
Human health and performance monitoring (HHPM) is imperative to provide information necessary for protecting, sustaining, evaluating, and improving personnel in various occupational sectors, such as industry, academy, sports, recreation, and military. While various commercially wearable sensors are on the market with their capability of "quantitative assessments" on human health, physical, and psychological states, their sensing is mostly based on physical traits, and thus lacks precision in HHPM. Minimally or noninvasive biomarkers detectable from the human body, such as body fluid (e.g., sweat, tear, urine, and interstitial fluid), exhaled breath, and skin surface, can provide abundant additional information to the HHPM. Detecting these biomarkers with novel or existing sensor technologies is emerging as critical human monitoring research. This review provides a broad perspective on the state of the art biosensor technologies for HHPM, including the list of biomarkers and their physiochemical/physical characteristics, fundamental sensing principles, and high-performance sensing transducers. Further, this paper expands to the additional scope on the key technical challenges in applying the current HHPM system to the real field.
Topics: Biomarkers; Biosensing Techniques; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Sweat; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 35023321
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104426 -
Talanta Mar 2021Rapid, periodic monitoring and detection of ethanol (EtOH) after consumption via a non-invasive measurement has been an area of increased research in recent years....
Rapid, periodic monitoring and detection of ethanol (EtOH) after consumption via a non-invasive measurement has been an area of increased research in recent years. Current point-of-care or on-site detection strategies rely on single use sensors which are inadequate for monitoring during a longer period. A low cost, portable and novel approach is developed here for real-time monitoring over several days utilising electrochemical techniques. The sensor shows oxidation of the ethanol in phosphate buffer and artificial sweat using the amperometric response from the application of +0.9 V to the polyaniline modified screen printed electrode using 1 mM EtOH as the averaged amount of EtOH eliminated in sweat after the consumption of one alcoholic beverage. Our enzyme based electrochemical sensor exhibits a qualitative assessment of the presence of EtOH in small volumes (≤40 μL) of 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate and subsequently artificial sweat, with 50 measurements taken daily over 11 days. While quantitative information is not obtained, the sensor system exhibits excellent stability after 3 months' dried storage in this complex biological matrix in an oxygen free cabinet. This addresses one of the key challenges for enzyme based electrochemical sensors, namely, the ability for real-time monitoring in complex biological matrices. The qualitative response illustrates the potential for this sensor to be exploited by non-experts which suggests the promise for their wider application in next-generation wearable electronics necessary for alcohol monitoring.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Ethanol; Sweat
PubMed: 33379040
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121815 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2022Sweat glands play an important role in thermoregulation via sweating, and protect human vitals. The reduction in sweating may increase the incidence of hyperthermia....
Sweat glands play an important role in thermoregulation via sweating, and protect human vitals. The reduction in sweating may increase the incidence of hyperthermia. Myoepithelial cells in sweat glands exhibit stemness characteristics and play a major role in sweat gland homeostasis and sweating processes. Previously, we successfully passaged primary myoepithelial cells in spheroid culture systems; however, they could not be maintained for long under in vitro conditions. No myoepithelial cell line has been established to date. In this study, we transduced two immortalizing genes into primary myoepithelial cells and developed a myoepithelial cell line. When compared with primary sweat gland cells, the immortalized myoepithelial cells (designated "iEM") continued to form spheroids after the 4th passage and expressed α-smooth muscle actin and other proteins that characterize myoepithelial cells. Furthermore, treatment with small compounds targeting the Wnt signaling pathways induced differentiation of iEM cells into luminal cells. Thus, we successfully developed an immortalized myoepithelial cell line having differentiation potential. As animal models are not useful for studying human sweat glands, our cell line will be helpful for studying the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of sweating disorders.
Topics: Actins; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Transformed; Cells, Cultured; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Hyperthermia; Primary Cell Culture; Sweat Glands; Sweating
PubMed: 34997030
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03991-5 -
The Journal of Thoracic and... Nov 2019
Topics: Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Sweating; Sympathectomy; Thoracic Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 31623815
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.07.064 -
The Journal of Thoracic and... Nov 2019
Topics: Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Sweat; Sweating; Sympathectomy; Thoracic Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 31623816
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.08.035 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Wearable sensors for sweat biomarkers can provide facile analyte capability and monitoring for several diseases. In this work, a green wearable sensor for sweat...
Wearable sensors for sweat biomarkers can provide facile analyte capability and monitoring for several diseases. In this work, a green wearable sensor for sweat absorption and chloride sensing is presented. In order to produce a sustainable device, polylactic acid (PLA) was used for both the substrate and the sweat absorption pad fabrication. The sensor material for chloride detection consisted of silver-based reference, working, and counter electrodes obtained from upcycled compact discs. The PLA substrates were prepared by thermal bonding of PLA sheets obtained via a flat die extruder, prototyped in single functional layers via CO laser cutting, and bonded via hot-press. The effect of cold plasma treatment on the transparency and bonding strength of PLA sheets was investigated. The PLA membrane, to act as a sweat absorption pad, was directly deposited onto the membrane holder layer by means of an electrolyte-assisted electrospinning technique. The membrane adhesion capacity was investigated by indentation tests in both dry and wet modes. The integrated device made of PLA and silver-based electrodes was used to quantify chloride ions. The calibration tests revealed that the proposed sensor platform could quantify chloride ions in a sensitive and reproducible way. The chloride ions were also quantified in a real sweat sample collected from a healthy volunteer. Therefore, we demonstrated the feasibility of a green and integrated sweat sensor that can be applied directly on human skin to quantify chloride ions.
Topics: Humans; Sweat; Chlorides; Silver; Wearable Electronic Devices; Polyesters; Biosensing Techniques; Electrochemical Techniques
PubMed: 36365929
DOI: 10.3390/s22218223 -
Biosensors Oct 2022Wearable sensors and invasive devices have been studied extensively in recent years as the demand for real-time human healthcare applications and seamless human-machine... (Review)
Review
Wearable sensors and invasive devices have been studied extensively in recent years as the demand for real-time human healthcare applications and seamless human-machine interaction has risen exponentially. An explosion in sensor research throughout the globe has been ignited by the unique features such as thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene. This includes wearable sensors and implants, which can detect a wide range of data, including body temperature, pulse oxygenation, blood pressure, glucose, and the other analytes present in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for real-time human health monitoring are also being developed. This review is a comprehensive discussion about the properties of graphene, routes to its synthesis, derivatives of graphene, etc. Moreover, the basic features of a biosensor along with the chemistry of sweat are also discussed in detail. The review mainly focusses on the graphene and its derivative-based wearable sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring will be examined and explained in this study as an overview of the most current innovations in sensor designs, sensing processes, technological advancements, sensor system components, and potential hurdles. The future holds great opportunities for the development of efficient and advanced graphene-based sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat.
Topics: Humans; Sweat; Graphite; Wearable Electronic Devices; Monitoring, Physiologic; Biosensing Techniques; Glucose
PubMed: 36291046
DOI: 10.3390/bios12100910 -
Nutrients Apr 2021The purpose of this study was to evaluate hydration status, fluid intake, sweat rate, and sweat sodium concentration in recreational tropical native runners. (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Observational Study
AIM
The purpose of this study was to evaluate hydration status, fluid intake, sweat rate, and sweat sodium concentration in recreational tropical native runners.
METHODS
A total of 102 males and 64 females participated in this study. Participants ran at their self-selected pace for 30-100 min. Age, environmental conditions, running profiles, sweat rates, and sweat sodium data were recorded. Differences in age, running duration, distance and pace, and physiological changes between sexes were analysed. A -value cut-off of 0.05 depicted statistical significance.
RESULTS
Males had lower relative fluid intake (6 ± 6 vs. 8 ± 7 mL·kg·h, < 0.05) and greater relative fluid balance deficit (-13 ± 8 mL·kg·h vs. -8 ± 7 mL·kg·h, < 0.05) than females. Males had higher whole-body sweat rates (1.3 ± 0.5 L·h vs. 0.9 ± 0.3 L·h, < 0.05) than females. Mean rates of sweat sodium loss (54 ± 27 vs. 39 ± 22 mmol·h) were higher in males than females ( < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The sweat profile and composition in tropical native runners are similar to reported values in the literature. The current fluid replacement guidelines pertaining to volume and electrolyte replacement are applicable to tropical native runners.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Dehydration; Drinking; Female; Humans; Ion-Selective Electrodes; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium; Running; Sodium; Specific Gravity; Sweat; Tropical Climate; Urine; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Young Adult
PubMed: 33923890
DOI: 10.3390/nu13041374 -
Journal of Nanobiotechnology Nov 2023The rapid advancement of wearable biosensors has revolutionized healthcare monitoring by screening in a non-invasive and continuous manner. Among various sensing... (Review)
Review
The rapid advancement of wearable biosensors has revolutionized healthcare monitoring by screening in a non-invasive and continuous manner. Among various sensing techniques, field-effect transistor (FET)-based wearable biosensors attract increasing attention due to their advantages such as label-free detection, fast response, easy operation, and capability of integration. This review explores the innovative developments and applications of FET-based wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Beginning with an introduction to the significance of wearable biosensors, the paper gives an overview of structural and operational principles of FETs, providing insights into their diverse classifications. Next, the paper discusses the fabrication methods, semiconductor surface modification techniques and gate surface functionalization strategies. This background lays the foundation for exploring specific FET-based biosensor designs, including enzyme, antibody and nanobody, aptamer, as well as ion-sensitive membrane sensors. Subsequently, the paper investigates the incorporation of FET-based biosensors in monitoring biomarkers present in physiological fluids such as sweat, tears, saliva, and skin interstitial fluid (ISF). Finally, we address challenges, technical issues, and opportunities related to FET-based biosensor applications. This comprehensive review underscores the transformative potential of FET-based wearable biosensors in healthcare monitoring. By offering a multidimensional perspective on device design, fabrication, functionalization and applications, this paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers in the field of biosensing technology and personalized healthcare.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Sweat; Saliva; Biomarkers; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 37936115
DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02153-1