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Frontiers in Public Health 2023Triclosan (TCS), a widely prescribed broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, is an endocrine-disrupting chemical. The relationship and biological mechanisms between TCS...
INTRODUCTION
Triclosan (TCS), a widely prescribed broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, is an endocrine-disrupting chemical. The relationship and biological mechanisms between TCS exposure and breast cancer (BC) are disputed. We aimed to examine the correlation between urinary TCS exposure and BC risk and estimated the mediating effects of oxidative stress and relative telomere length (RTL) in the above association.
METHODS
This case-control study included 302 BC patients and 302 healthy individuals in Wuhan, China. We detected urinary TCS, three common oxidative stress biomarkers [8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-iso-prostaglandin F (8-isoPGF), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA)], and RTL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
RESULTS
Significant associations were observed between log-transformed urinary concentrations of TCS, 8-OHdG, HNE-MA, 8-isoPGF, RTL, and BC risk, with the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) being 1.58 (1.32-1.91), 3.08 (1.55-6.23), 3.39 (2.45-4.77), 3.99 (2.48-6.54), and 1.67 (1.35-2.09), respectively. Continuous TCS exposure was significantly positively correlated with RTL, HNE-MA, and 8-isoPGF (all <0.05) but not with 8-OHdG ( = 0.060) after adjusting for covariates. The mediated proportions of 8-isoPGF2 and RTL in the relationship between TCS and BC risk were 12.84% and 8.95%, respectively (all <0.001).
DISCUSSION
In conclusion, our study provides epidemiological evidence to confirmed the deleterious effects of TCS on BC and indicated the mediating effect of oxidative stress and RTL on the correlation between TCS and BC risk. Moreover, exploring the contribution of TCS to BC can clarify the biological mechanisms of TCS exposure, provide new clues for the pathogenesis of BC, which is of great significance to improving public health systems.
Topics: Humans; Female; Triclosan; Breast Neoplasms; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Case-Control Studies; Oxidative Stress; 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Telomere
PubMed: 37213605
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1163965 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2022Background: Triclosan, bisphenol A (BPA), and brominated flame retardants are environmental estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds that may influence the prognosis of...
Urinary Concentrations of Triclosan, Bisphenol A, and Brominated Flame Retardants and the Association of Triclosan with Demographic Characteristics and Body Fatness among Women with Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer.
Background: Triclosan, bisphenol A (BPA), and brominated flame retardants are environmental estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds that may influence the prognosis of breast cancer. We examined the urinary concentrations of these compounds and their associations with demographic characteristics and body fatness in a population of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Methods: Overnight urine collection and anthropometric measures were obtained from 302 participants. Triclosan, BPA, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) concentrations were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry. Regression analyses were conducted to examine associations of urinary compound concentration with age, menopause, race, ethnicity, educational level, estrogen receptor status, body size, and body composition. Results: Triclosan, BPA, and TBBA were detected in urine samples from 98.3%, 6.0%, and 0.3% of patients, respectively; TBBPA was undetectable. Among patients with quantifiable values, the geometric mean concentrations were 20.74 µg/L (27.04 µg/g creatinine) for triclosan and 0.82 µg/L (1.08 µg/g creatinine) for BPA. Body mass index ≥ 30 vs. <25 kg/m2 was associated with lower creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of triclosan (−40.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −77.19 to −2.81; p = 0.0351). The observed association was predominantly in postmenopausal women (−66.57; 95% CI: −109.18% to −23.96%). Consistent results were found for associations between triclosan levels and fat mass variables. Conclusion: In this study population, women with newly diagnosed breast cancer had triclosan exposure. Assessments of the implications of urinary concentrations of triclosan for women should consider body fatness and menopausal status.
Topics: Benzhydryl Compounds; Breast Neoplasms; Creatinine; Demography; Female; Flame Retardants; Humans; Male; Phenols; Triclosan
PubMed: 35457549
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084681 -
International Journal of Hygiene and... Sep 2020Nearly all Americans have detectable concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals from consumer products in their bodies, and expert panels recommend reducing...
Nearly all Americans have detectable concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals from consumer products in their bodies, and expert panels recommend reducing exposures. To inform exposure reduction, we investigated whether consumers who are trying to avoid certain chemicals in consumer products have lower exposures than those who are not. We also aimed to make exposure biomonitoring more widely available. We enrolled 726 participants in a crowdsourced biomonitoring study. We targeted phenolic compounds-specifically parabens, bisphenol A (BPA) and analogs bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS), the UV filter benzophenone-3, the anti-microbial triclosan, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,5-dichlorophenol-and collected survey data on consumer products, cleaning habits, and efforts to avoid related chemicals. We investigated associations between 68 self-reported exposure behaviors and urine concentrations of ten chemicals, and evaluated whether associations were modified by intention to avoid exposures. A large majority (87%) of participants reported taking steps to limit exposure to specific chemicals, and, overall, participants achieved lower concentrations than the general U.S. population for parabens, BPA, triclosan, and benzophenone-3 but not BPF and BPS. Participants who reported avoiding all four ingredient groups-parabens, triclosan, bisphenols, and fragrances-were twice as likely as others to be in the lowest quartile of cumulative exposure. Avoiding certain products and reading ingredient labels to avoid chemicals was most effective for parabens, triclosan, and benzophenone-3. Avoiding BPA was not effective for reducing bisphenol exposures. Avoiding certain chemicals in products was generally associated with reduced exposure for chemicals listed on labels. Greater ingredient transparency will help consumers who read labels to reduce their exposure to a wider range of potentially harmful chemicals. In order to more equitably address public health, labeling policies should be complemented by regulations that exclude harmful chemicals from consumer products.
Topics: Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzophenones; Biological Monitoring; Consumer Behavior; Crowdsourcing; Humans; Parabens; Phenols; Triclosan
PubMed: 33011057
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113624 -
Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2023To study the correlation of Triclosan (TCS) exposure with typing and staging of endometriosis, and with other potential influencing factors.
OBJECTIVE
To study the correlation of Triclosan (TCS) exposure with typing and staging of endometriosis, and with other potential influencing factors.
METHODS
This was a retrospective study. Thirty two patients that were diagnosed with endometriosis by laparoscopy or surgery in Taicang First People's Hospital from May 2020 to December 2021 were enrolled in the endometriosis group, and patients who were confirmed free of endometriosis by surgeries for other purposes during the same period were enrolled as the control group. All blood samples were tested twice in two different vials. The association of TCS exposure level with occurrence, staging, typing of endometriosis, and income of the patients were analyzed.
RESULTS
Patients with endometriosis had significantly higher TCS exposure levels than the control group. TCS exposure level in patients with endometriosis was positively correlated with patient income), and was significantly higher in patients with Stage-IV endometriosis than in those with Stage-III and II diseases. TCS exposure levels showed no significant difference among patients with ovarian type, ovarian + peritoneal type, and deep nodular type endometriosis TCS exposure level in patients with endometriosis was positively correlated with the staging of the disease. TCS exposure was highly positively correlated with the staging of the disease in patients with ovarian type endometriosis and in patients with deep nodular endometriosis, but there's no such correlation in patients with ovarian + peritoneal type endometriosis.
CONCLUSION
TCS exposure level in endometriosis patients was higher than that in normal women, and is positively correlated with endometriosis staging and income of the patients.
PubMed: 37936784
DOI: 10.12669/pjms.39.6.7170 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Triclosan is an antibacterial agent suspected to disrupt the endocrine system. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of triclosan on the human thyroid...
OBJECTIVES
Triclosan is an antibacterial agent suspected to disrupt the endocrine system. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of triclosan on the human thyroid system through a systematic literature review of human studies.
METHODS
Eligibility criteria and method of analysis were registered at Prospero (registration number: CRD42019120984) before a systematic search was conducted in Pubmed and Embase in October 2020. Seventeen articles were found eligible for inclusion. Thirteen studies were observational, while four had a triclosan intervention. Participants consisted of pregnant women in eight studies, of men and non-pregnant women in seven studies and of chord samples/newborns/children/adolescents in six studies. The outcomes were peripheral thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in blood samples.
RESULTS
Several studies found a negative association between triclosan and triiodothyronine and thyroxine, and a positive association with TSH; however, the opposite associations or no associations were also found. In general, the studies had limited measurement timepoints of thyroid outcomes, and the interventional studies used low concentrations of triclosan. Thus, study design limitations influence the quality of the dataset and it is not yet possible to conclude whether triclosan at current human exposure levels adversely affects the thyroid hormone system.
CONCLUSIONS
Further larger studies with more continuity and more elaborate outcome measurements of thyroid function are needed to clarify whether triclosan, at current exposure levels, affects the human thyroid hormone system.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42019120984, identifier PROSPERO (CRD42019120984).
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pregnancy; Thyroid Hormones; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Triclosan; Triiodothyronine
PubMed: 35721761
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.883827 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2022Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are antimicrobial agents that have been used in personal care and consumer products in the past decades. In this study, influent,...
Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are antimicrobial agents that have been used in personal care and consumer products in the past decades. In this study, influent, effluent, and sludge samples collected in selected wastewater treatment plants across the Durban metropolis were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated. It was revealed that the concentration of TCS ranged from 1.906 to 73.462 µg/L, from 1.732 to 6.980 µg/L, and from 0.138 to 2.455 µg/kg in influent, effluent, and sludge samples, respectively. The concentrations of TCC were found to be between 0.320 and 45.261 µg/L,
Topics: Carbanilides; Humans; Sewage; South Africa; Triclosan; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 35682351
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116769 -
Environment International Jul 2019Triclosan exposure may decrease circulating thyroxine levels or cause neuron apoptosis, which in turn may adversely affect neurodevelopment. However, few studies have...
BACKGROUND
Triclosan exposure may decrease circulating thyroxine levels or cause neuron apoptosis, which in turn may adversely affect neurodevelopment. However, few studies have examined the association of early life triclosan exposure with child behavior.
OBJECTIVE
To quantify the association between early-life triclosan exposure and child behavior at age 8-years in 202 mother-child pairs from the HOME study (Cincinnati, OH; enrolled: 2003-2006).
METHODS
We quantified urinary triclosan concentrations up to 3 times in mothers (16-weeks, 26-weeks, and delivery) and up to 6 times in children (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 years). Parents rated children's problem behaviors at age 8-years using the Behavioral Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2). Adjusting for covariates and accounting for exposure measurement error, we estimated changes in behavior problem scores per 10-fold increase in mean gestational and childhood triclosan concentrations. In addition, we estimated sex-specific associations.
RESULTS
Child sex modified the association of gestational and childhood triclosan with several BASC-2 scales (sex × triclosan p-values < 0.2). In boys, increasing gestational triclosan was associated with higher behavioral symptom index (β: 4.5; 95% CI: 1.0, 8.1), externalizing problems (β: 5.0; 95% CI: 1.2, 9.0), attention problem (β: 6.6; 95% CI: 2.4, 11), hyperactivity (β: 6.4; 95% CI: 2.1, 11), and somatization (β: 3.8; 95% CI: 0.3, 7.3) scores. In contrast, triclosan-BASC-2 associations in girls were generally null and not statistically significant. We observed similar patterns of associations between childhood triclosan and these same behavioral scores; however, their magnitude decreased substantially after adjusting for gestational triclosan and associations were not statistically significant.
CONCLUSION
In this cohort, increasing gestational and childhood urinary triclosan concentrations were associated with higher behavior problem scores in 8-year old boys, but not girls.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Child; Child Behavior; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Humans; Male; Maternal Exposure; Ohio; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Problem Behavior; Prospective Studies; Sex Factors; Triclosan
PubMed: 30712883
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.021 -
Chemosphere Nov 2022Ultraviolet radiation (UV) and triclosan (TCS) affect the early development of marine fish; however, the corresponding molecular mechanisms are still not fully...
Ultraviolet radiation (UV) and triclosan (TCS) affect the early development of marine fish; however, the corresponding molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. Therefore, this work aims to study the effects of the single and combined exposure to these stressors during the thyroid-regulated metamorphosis of the flatfish Solea senegalensis. Sub-lethal exposure (5.89 kJ m UV and/or 0.546 and 1.090 mg L TCS for 48 h) was performed at the beginning of metamorphosis (13 days after hatching, dah), followed by a period in clean media until complete metamorphosis (24 dah). Malformations, metamorphosis progression, length, behavior and the expression of thyroid axis-related genes were studied. TCS induced malformations, decreased swimming performance, and induced metamorphosis acceleration at 15 dah, followed by a significant metamorphosis delay. Such effects were more noticeable in the presence of UV. The down-regulation of five thyroid axis-related genes occurred after exposure to TCS (15 dah), and after 9 days in clean media two genes were still down-regulated. UV exposure increased the effect of TCS by further down-regulating gene expression immediately after the exposure. Since several effects persisted after the period in clean media, implications of these stressors (mainly TCS) on the ecological performance of the species are suggested.
Topics: Animals; Flatfishes; Larva; Metamorphosis, Biological; Triclosan; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 35792207
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135583 -
Toxicological Research Oct 2022Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a structurally diverse class of synthetic and natural compounds. EDCs can cause non-communicable diseases such as obesity, type...
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a structurally diverse class of synthetic and natural compounds. EDCs can cause non-communicable diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, thyroid disorders, neurodevelopmental disease, hormone-dependent cancers, and reproductive disorders. The embryoid body test (EBT) is a developmental toxicity test method that determines the size of embryoid bodies (EBs) and the viability of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and fibroblasts (3T3 cells). The present study used the EBT to perform cytotoxicity evaluations of 10 EDCs and assessed the mechanistic relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cytotoxicity. According to the statistical analysis and prediction model results, methylparaben, butylparaben, propylparaben, ethylparaben, triclosan, octylphenol, methoxychlor, bisphenol A, and diethylstilbestrol were classified as cytotoxic, but trichloroacetic acid was non-toxic. Classification accuracy was 90%. The mechanistic study showed that the cytotoxicities of butylparaben, propylparaben, octylphenol, and triclosan were induced by ER stress. The mRNA expressions of BiP, CHOP, and ATF4 were significantly higher following treatments with four EDCs compared to those after the control treatment. Compared to the control treatment, the mRNA levels of XBP1u and XBP1s increased significantly after butylparaben and propylparaben treatments, but did not increase with octylphenol and triclosan treatments. These results indicate that the EBT can be applied as an alternative toxicity test when evaluating the cytotoxicity of EDCs.
PubMed: 36277366
DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00132-6 -
Chemosphere Dec 2022This review compiles the studies (2007-2021) regarding the occurrence of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) and endocrine disruptors (EDs) in wastewater, surface water... (Review)
Review
This review compiles the studies (2007-2021) regarding the occurrence of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) and endocrine disruptors (EDs) in wastewater, surface water and groundwater in Mexico. A total of 174 compounds were detected, including pharmaceuticals, hormones, plasticizers, personal care products, sweeteners, drugs, and pesticides considered as EDs. The levels of EOCs and EDs varied from ng/L to 140 mg/L, depending on the compound, location, and compartment. Raw wastewater was the most studied matrix, showing a greater abundance and number of detected compounds. Nevertheless, surface waters showed high concentrations of bisphenol-A, butylbenzil-phthalate, triclosan, pentachlorophenol, and the hormones estrone, 17 α-ethinylestradiol, and 17 β-estradiol, which exceeded the thresholds set by international guidelines. Concentrations of 17 α-ethinylestradiol and triclosan exceeding the above-mentioned limits were reported in groundwater. Cropland irrigation with raw wastewater was the principal activity introducing EOCs and EDs into groundwater. The groundwater abundance of EOCs was considerably lesser than that of wastewater, highlighting the attenuation capacity of soils/aquifers during wastewater infiltration. However, carbamazepine and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide showed higher concentrations in groundwater than those in wastewater, suggesting their accumulation/concentration in soils/pore-waters. Although the contamination of water resources represents one of the most environmental concerns in Mexico, this review brings to light the lack of studies on the occurrence of EOCs in Mexican waters, which is important for public health policies and for developing legislations that incorporates EOCs as priority contaminants in national water quality guidelines. Consequently, the development of legislations will support regulatory compliance for wastewater and drinking water, reducing the human exposure.
Topics: Carbamazepine; Cosmetics; Drinking Water; Endocrine Disruptors; Environmental Monitoring; Estradiol; Estrone; Groundwater; Humans; Mexico; Pentachlorophenol; Pesticides; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Plasticizers; Soil; Sweetening Agents; Triclosan; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 36057353
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136285