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Frontiers in Medicine 2022Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a complex condition leading to loss of kidney function. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a Knowledge, Attitude,...
BACKGROUND
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a complex condition leading to loss of kidney function. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice questionnaire on CKD (CKD-KAP) among practicing physicians in Pakistan since no validated tool was available for the said purpose.
METHODS
The study consisted of four phases with phase-I focusing on literature review, phase II was the actual questionnaire development phase, face and content validity was determined in phase III, and finally pilot testing was performed in phase IV to determine validity and reliability. The development phase encompassed a thorough review of literature, focus-group discussion, expert review, and evaluation. The validation phase consisted of content validity, face validity, construct validity, convergent validity, and reliability. The pilot testing was performed by studying the KAP of 100 practicing physicians in tertiary care hospitals in Pakistan. The knowledge section of the validation phase utilized Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis. The attitude and practices sections utilized Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) theory. The reliability analysis utilized Cronbach's alpha and correlations.
RESULTS
The CKD-KAP questionnaire had three main sections: knowledge, attitude, and practice. During the validation, IRT analysis was performed on knowledge, which focused on the measure of the coefficient of discrimination and difficulty of the items; 40 out of 41 knowledge items have both discrimination and difficulty coefficients within an acceptable range. The EFA model was also fitted in the attitude and practices section, and scree plot and Eigenvalues suggested three and four dimensions within the attitude and practices section. The factor loading of all items was found to be acceptable except for one item in attitude which was deleted. The convergent validity demonstrated a significant association between all three sections except knowledge and practices. The reliability (internal consistency) analysis demonstrated Cronbach's alpha values above 0.7 and significant inter-item correlation. The final model of CKD-KAP had 40 knowledge, 13 attitude, and 10 practice items with a combination of both positive as well as negative questions and statements.
CONCLUSIONS
The CKD-KAP was found to be psychometrically valid and reliable, hence can be used to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practices of physicians toward chronic kidney disease.
PubMed: 36304188
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.956449 -
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal : SPJ :... Jul 2021Unused medications in homes pose significant health, economic, and environmental risks. Patients are the medications end users and their knowledge, attitude, and...
BACKGROUND
Unused medications in homes pose significant health, economic, and environmental risks. Patients are the medications end users and their knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) play an important role towards medication use, unuse and wastage. Thus, a valid instrument to reliably measure patients' KAP towards unused medications in homes may help manage the associated risks.
OBJECTIVE
To develop, translate, and validate a questionnaire for the assessment patients' KAP towards unused medications in Qatar homes (i.e., QUM-Qatar).
SETTING
This cross-sectional validation study was conducted among randomly selected outpatients visiting various public and private pharmacies in Qatar between September 2019 and February 2020.
METHOD
Nine experts in the field of pharmacy practice with Qatar contextual background established the content validity of the instrument. The validity was quantified using content validity index (CVI). Furthermore, construct validity was performed using principal component analysis (PCA), whereas internal consistency reliability of items was determined using Cronbach's alpha. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA 15 statistical software.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
The psychometric properties of the QUM-Qatar assessment instrument.
RESULTS
An English/Arabic questionnaire was developed and validated. Content validity in the form of scale-level-CVI (S-CVI)/Average and S-CVI/UA was 0.88 and 0.84, respectively, suggesting adequate relevant content of the questionnaire. Variation explained by the multivariate model was 85.0% for knowledge, 94.8% for attitude, and 89.8% for practice. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.68, 0.82, and 0.84, for knowledge, attitude, and practice domains, respectively. From the psychometric results obtained, the questionnaire's validity and reliability were attained.
CONCLUSION
The QUM-Qatar instrument has acceptable psychometric properties and has the potential for future use in research and practice to assess KAP towards unused medications in Qatar and elsewhere. It may consequently help in improving medication use and mitigating the negative health, economic, and environmental impacts of unused medications.Impacts on practice.•There is now a valid and reliable English/Arabic language questionnaire to assess patients' KAP towards unused medications.•Policymakers can utilize this questionnaire to develop evidence-based policies and strategies for managing unused medications and their disposal.•To improve medication use review, rational use of medicines, and adherence, it is necessary to consider patient-reported outcomes that may eventually reflect on saving health, economic resources, and environment.
PubMed: 34400858
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.04.026 -
Pediatric Investigation Sep 2023Preserving skin health is crucial for atopic dermatitis control as well as for the thriving of children. However, a well-developed and validated tool that measures the...
IMPORTANCE
Preserving skin health is crucial for atopic dermatitis control as well as for the thriving of children. However, a well-developed and validated tool that measures the knowledge, attitude, and practice of skin care is lacking.
OBJECTIVE
To develop and validate the atopic dermatitis and infant skincare knowledge, attitude, and practice (ADISKAP 1.0) scale that measures parental health literacy on atopic dermatitis and skin care.
METHODS
We conducted a review of the literature, a focus group (two dermatologists and 12 parents), and a panel discussion in order to generate the ADISKAP prototype. Two samples of parents with knowingly superior (dermatologists, = 59) and inferior (general population, = 395) knowledge traits participated in the validation of ADISKAP. Cronbach's alpha was reported as a measure of internal consistency, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess the test-retest validity. The known-groups technique was used to evaluate construct validity.
RESULTS
The ADISKAP scale contained 17 items after content and face validity validation. After removing items that displayed poor test-retest reliability ( = 4) and construct validity ( = 3), 12 items were retained in the ADISKAP 1.0.
INTERPRETATION
ADISKAP 1.0 is a reliable and valid tool for assessing parental knowledge, attitude, and practice on infantile atopic dermatitis and skin care.
PubMed: 37736364
DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12374 -
Developmental Medicine and Child... May 2023To develop and validate the Visual Function Battery for Children with Special Needs (VFB-CSN).
AIM
To develop and validate the Visual Function Battery for Children with Special Needs (VFB-CSN).
METHOD
This was a scale development and validation study with (1) construct and item generation and (2) evaluations of interrater reliability, acceptability, and content, ecological, and convergent validities.
RESULTS
Children with special needs were recruited for the reliability (n = 32) and validity (n = 95) investigations. The construct and items were generated based on literature review and an expert panel. We constructed eight categories, namely visual reflex, ocular muscle balance, visual acuity, oculomotor, visual field, contrast sensitivity, colour/form vision, and visual attention. Both functional assessment and standardized tests were adopted. The reliabilities were high for the whole VFB-CSN (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.80-0.90) and good for the oculomotor, contrast sensitivity, and colour/form vision (ICC = 0.80-0.86, 95% CI = 0.50-0.93). Correlations between the VFB-CSN and the Functional Vision Questionnaire were strong and acceptable for the contrast sensitivity, acuity, and colour/form vision (r = 0.79, r = 0.69, r = 0.69, r = 0.70 respectively). The correlation between the VFB-CSN and standardized visual acuity test was acceptable (r = -0.72).
INTERPRETATION
The VFB-CSN is a reliable and valid multifaceted battery for children with special needs. Acceptable psychometric properties were also found for the acuity and contrast sensitivity.
WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS
The Visual Function Battery for Children with Special Needs (VFB-CSN) can measure several types of visual function. The VFB-CSN also measures varying degrees of visual impairment in children with special needs. The VFB-CSN provides functional assessment and quantitative measurement for children with disability and difficulty in cooperating on standardized tests.
Topics: Child; Humans; Disabled Children; Reproducibility of Results; Disability Evaluation; Vision, Ocular; Visual Acuity; Psychometrics; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 36282724
DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15441 -
Sleep Science (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2022Currently, daytime sleepiness is a prevalent condition worldwide. Locally validated instruments for measuring sleepiness are required. The objective of this study was to...
INTRODUCTION
Currently, daytime sleepiness is a prevalent condition worldwide. Locally validated instruments for measuring sleepiness are required. The objective of this study was to validate a version of the Karolinska sleepiness scale that was translated into the Spanish spoken in Colombia.
METHODS
Individuals who attended a sleep laboratory for a polysomnography study and people in the general population were included. The validation process was performed in 6 phases: translation and back translation of the original version of the scale (English), face validity (n=13), pilot test (n=20), criteria validity (n=139) by means of polysomnography and the Epworth sleepiness scale, reproducibility (n=34), and sensitivity to change (n=40).
RESULTS
Regarding its discriminant validity, the Colombian version of the Karolinska sleepiness scale is correlated with the Epworth sleepiness scale, provided that a Mann-Whitney z=2661 (p=0.0078) was obtained. The scale has an acceptable reproducibility, Spearman Rho=0.55 (p=0.0002), and sensitivity to change, as shown through a two-tailed t test (p=0.0000).
CONCLUSIONS
The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was successfully adapted to the Spanish variation spoken in Colombian and to the conditions of adult Colombians; thus, it constitutes a valid, reliable, and easy to use instrument for the assessment of patients with hypersomnia.
PubMed: 35273753
DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20220006 -
Journal of Global Health Mar 2021Client trust in community health workers (CHWs) is integral for improving quality and equity of community health systems globally. Despite its recognized conceptual and...
BACKGROUND
Client trust in community health workers (CHWs) is integral for improving quality and equity of community health systems globally. Despite its recognized conceptual and pragmatic importance across health areas, there are no quantitative measures of trust in the context of community health services. In this multi-country study, we aimed to develop and validate a scale that assesses trust in CHWs.
METHODS
To develop the scale, we used a consultative process to conceptualize and adapt items and domains from prior literature to the CHW context. Content validity and comprehension of scale items were validated through 10 focus group discussions with 75 community members in Haiti, and Kenya. We then conducted 1939 surveys with clients who interacted with CHWs recently in Bangladesh (n = 1017), Haiti (n = 616), and Kenya (n = 306). To analyze the 15 candidate scale items we conducted a split sample exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis (EFA/CFA), and then assessed internal consistency reliability of resulting set of items. Finally, we assessed convergent validity via multivariable models examining associations between final scale scores with theoretically related constructs.
RESULTS
Factor analyses resulted in a 10-item Trust in CHWs Scale with two factors (sub-scales): (5 items) and (5 items). The qualitative data also underscored these two sub-domains. The full scale had good internal consistency reliability in Bangladesh, Haiti and Kenya (alphas 0.87, 0.86, and 0.92, respectively; all alphas for subscales were also > 0.7, most > 0.8). Greater scores on Trust in CHWs were positively associated with increased client empowerment, familiarity with CHWs, satisfaction with recent client-CHW interaction, and positive influence of CHW on client empowerment. Scale scores were not influenced by the age, sex, parity, education, and wealth quintiles in across countries and may be affected by contextual factors.
CONCLUSIONS
The Trust in CHWs Scale, which includes and sub-scales, is the first such scale developed and validated globally. Our findings suggest this 10-item scale is a reliable and valid tool for quantifying clients' trust in CHWs, with potential utility for tracking and improving CHW and health systems performance over time.
Topics: Community Health Workers; Female; Focus Groups; Humans; Pregnancy; Qualitative Research; Reproducibility of Results; Trust
PubMed: 33763223
DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.07009 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2023Employability is a crucial factor in managing to emerge and changing job demands. This study validates an expanded version of the Employability Appraisal Scale: EAS-60,...
INTRODUCTION
Employability is a crucial factor in managing to emerge and changing job demands. This study validates an expanded version of the Employability Appraisal Scale: EAS-60, as an instrument to identify and improve competencies for employability.
METHOD
The EAS-60 was tested in a cross-sectional study in a Spanish population. An exploratory study was carried out using a sample of 188 workers, and the scale's structure was analyzed and confirmed in two Confirmatory Factor Analyses using a sample of 527 workers. Finally, reliability and validity were evaluated.
RESULTS
Exploratory and confirmatory analyses provide evidence supporting the multi-dimensional structure. The scale presents good psychometric properties and criteria for interpreting the scores.
DISCUSSION
The EAS-60 is a reliable and valid instrument. It allows Human Resource Managers to offer career plans at work that include specific actions of job socialization, training, improvement of specific skills, etc. Furthermore, employees can increase their employability and develop their professional careers.
PubMed: 37593647
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1150008 -
PloS One 2022To develop, validate and evaluate a computerized clinical decision support system (MedReview) that aids medication reviewers with pharmacological decision-making.
OBJECTIVES
To develop, validate and evaluate a computerized clinical decision support system (MedReview) that aids medication reviewers with pharmacological decision-making.
METHODS
This study included three phases; the development phase included computerizing a consolidated medication review algorithm (MedReview), followed by validation and evaluation of MedReview and responding to a web-based survey designed using patient scenarios. Participants had to be 'fully registered' with the Malaysian Pharmacy Board and work full-time at a community pharmacy.
RESULTS
MedReview was developed as a web app. It was validated among 100 community pharmacists from May-July 2021 using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). There was acceptable content validity and fair inter-rater agreement, and good convergent and discriminant validity. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in five domains to determine the attitude of pharmacists about using MedReview: perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, intention to use, trust, and personal initiatives and characteristics; the total variance explained by five factors was 76.36%. The survey questionnaire had a high overall reliability value of 0.96. Evaluation of MedReview was based on mean scores of survey items. Of all items included in the survey, the highest mean score (out of 7) was achieved for 'I could use MedReview if it is meaningful/relevant to my daily tasks' (5.78 ± 1.10), followed by 'I could use MedReview if I feel confident that the data returned by MedReview is reliable' (5.77 ± 1.21), and 'I could use MedReview if it protects the privacy of its users' (5.73 ± 1.20).
CONCLUSION
Community pharmacists generally had a positive attitude towards MedReview. They found that MedReview is trustworthy and they had the intention to use it when conducting medication reviews. The adaptation of the TAM in the survey instrument was reliable and internally valid.
Topics: Factor Analysis, Statistical; Humans; Medication Review; Pharmacists; Reproducibility of Results; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 35657965
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269322 -
Nursing Ethics Aug 2021Moral courage as a part of nurses' moral competence has gained increasing interest as a means to strengthen nurses acting on their moral decisions and offering...
BACKGROUND
Moral courage as a part of nurses' moral competence has gained increasing interest as a means to strengthen nurses acting on their moral decisions and offering alleviation to their moral distress. To measure and assess nurses' moral courage, the development of culturally and internationally validated instruments is needed.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to validate the Dutch-language version of the four-component Nurses' Moral Courage Scale originally developed and validated in Finnish data.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This methodological study used non-experimental, cross-sectional exploratory design.
PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT
A total of 559 nurses from two hospitals in Flanders, Belgium, completed the Dutch-language version of the Nurses' Moral Courage Scale.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Good scientific inquiry guidelines were followed throughout the study. Permission to translate the Nurses' Moral Courage Scale was obtained from the copyright holder, and the ethical approval and permissions to conduct the study were obtained from the participating university and hospitals, respectively.
FINDINGS
The four-component 21-item, Dutch-language version of the Nurses' Moral Courage Scale proved to be valid and reliable as the original Finnish Nurses' Moral Courage Scale. The scale's internal consistency reliability was high (0.91) corresponding with the original Nurses' Moral Courage Scale validation study (0.93). The principal component analysis confirmed the four-component structure of the original Nurses' Moral Courage Scale to be valid also in the Belgian data explaining 58.1% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis based on goodness-of-fit indices provided evidence of the scale's construct validity. The use of a comparable sample of Belgian nurses working in speciality care settings as in the Finnish study supported the stability of the structure.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The Dutch-language version of the Nurses' Moral Courage Scale is a reliable and valid instrument to measure nurses' self-assessed moral courage in speciality care nursing environments. Further validation studies in other countries, languages and nurse samples representing different healthcare environments would provide additional evidence of the scale's validity and initiatives for its further development.
Topics: Courage; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Language; Morals; Nurses; Psychometrics; Reproducibility of Results; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 33427057
DOI: 10.1177/0969733020981754 -
BMC Neurology Apr 2021Self-efficacy concerns individuals' beliefs in their capability to exercise control in specific situations and complete tasks successfully. In people with multiple...
BACKGROUND
Self-efficacy concerns individuals' beliefs in their capability to exercise control in specific situations and complete tasks successfully. In people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), self-efficacy has been associated with physical activity levels and quality of life. As a validated German language self-efficacy scale for PwMS is missing the aims of this study were to translate the Unidimensional Self-Efficacy Scale for Multiple Sclerosis (USE-MS) into German, establish face and content validity and cultural adaptation of the German version for PwMS in Austria. A further aim was to validate the German USE-MS (USE-MS-G) in PwMS.
METHODS
Permission to translate and validate the USE-MS was received from the scale developers. Following guidelines for translation and validation of questionnaires and applying Bandura's concept of self-efficacy, the USE-MS was forward-backward translated with content and face validity established. Cultural adaptation for Austria was performed using cognitive patient interviews. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, Person separation index and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient. Rasch analysis was employed to assess construct validity. Comparison was made to scales for resilience, general self-efficacy, anxiety and depression, multiple sclerosis fatigue and health-related quality of life. Data were also pooled with an historic English dataset to compare the English and German language versions.
RESULTS
The translation and cultural adaptation were successfully performed in the adaptation process of the USE-MS-G. Pretesting was conducted in 30 PwMS, the validation of the final USE-MS-G involved 309 PwMS with minimal to severe disability. The USE-MS-G was found to be valid against the Rasch model when fitting scale data using a bifactor solution of two super-items. It was shown to be unidimensional, free from differential item functioning and well targeted to the study population. Excellent convergent and known-groups validity, internal consistency, person separation reliability and test-retest reliability were shown for the USE-MS-G. Pooling of the English and German datasets confirmed invariance of item difficulties between languages.
CONCLUSION
The USE-MS-G is a robust, valid and reliable scale to assess self-efficacy in PwMS and can generate interval level data on an equivalent metric to the UK version.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ISRCTN Registry; ISRCTN14843579 ; prospectively registered on 02. 01. 2019.
Topics: Adult; Austria; Female; Humans; Language; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Reproducibility of Results; Self Efficacy; Surveys and Questionnaires; Translating; Translations
PubMed: 33865337
DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02183-y