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Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Water resources contaminated with pathogenic species are usually a source of devastating infection outbreaks that have been a public health concern in both developed...
Water resources contaminated with pathogenic species are usually a source of devastating infection outbreaks that have been a public health concern in both developed and developing countries over the decades. The present study assessed the prevalence of six medically significant species in some water resources in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa for 12 months. We detected vibrios in all the 194 water samples analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of , , , , , and in freshwater samples was 34, 19, 9, 2, 3, and 2%, and that in brackish water samples was 44, 28, 10, 7, 46, and 51%, respectively. The population of the presumptive spp. isolated from freshwater (628) and brackish water (342) samples that were confirmed by PCR was 79% (497/628) and 85% (291/342), respectively. Twenty-two percent of the PCR-confirmed isolates from freshwater ( = 497) samples and 41% of the PCR-confirmed isolates from brackish water samples ( = 291) fall among the species of interest. The incidences of , , , , , and amidst these spp. of interest that were recovered from freshwater samples were 75, 14, 4, 6, 1, and 1%, whereas those from brackish water samples were 24, 7, 3, 3, 47, and 18%, respectively. Our observation during the study suggests pollution as the reason for the unusual isolation of medically important vibrios in winter. Correlation analysis revealed that temperature drives the frequency of isolation, whereas salinity drives the composition of the targeted species at our sampling sites. The finding of the study is of public health importance going by the usefulness of the water resources investigated. Although controlling and preventing most of the factors that contribute to the prevalence of medically important bacteria, such as species, at the sampling points might be difficult, regular monitoring for creating health risk awareness will go a long way to prevent possible -related infection outbreaks at the sampling sites and their immediate environment.
PubMed: 34149632
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617703 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Mar 2024Vibrio fluvialis is a bacterium that can be found in both seawater and freshwater, and it is responsible for causing gastroenteritis and cholangitis. V. fluvialis...
Vibrio fluvialis is a bacterium that can be found in both seawater and freshwater, and it is responsible for causing gastroenteritis and cholangitis. V. fluvialis bacteremia has rarely been reported. We report a case of V. fluvialis bacteremia due to cholangitis in an immunocompetent adult who was exposed to seawater regularly as a sushi chef. The increased risk of V. fluvialis entry into the body resulting from frequent consumption of raw fish and regular exposure to seawater, bile outflow impairment caused by transient inflammation of the bile duct, and the presence of multiple bile acid resistance-related genes in V. fluvialis may lead to the development of acute cholangitis and subsequent bacteremia in immunocompetent patients.
PubMed: 38432963
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3078-23 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023Although medicinal plants have been used by ethnic communities since ancient times to prevent and treat various diseases, only a few have been scientifically documented.... (Review)
Review
Although medicinal plants have been used by ethnic communities since ancient times to prevent and treat various diseases, only a few have been scientifically documented. Therefore, due to their rare availability and lack of comprehensive scientific information, we reviewed the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of plants within the genus . To do this, we used specific search terms and phrases to retrieve relevant information from online sources published in English from 2000 to July 2023. The results showed that there are only two plants in the genus ( Sparrm. and Hutch.), which are traditionally used to treat a wide range of diseases, especially cancer, and skin, gastrointestinal, and urinogenital tract ailments in humans, and to cure animals in ethnoveterinary practices. It was noted that 13 secondary metabolites have been isolated from the two plants, the most prominent of which are flavonoids (diinsininol, diinsinin, and naringenin). The antioxidant activity of . is reported based on the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC: 4.26 ± 0.22 μg/mL) and 2 -2'-Azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate (ABTS) radicals (IC: 4.62 ± 0.14 μg/mL), chelating iron (IC: 1.82 ± 0.01 μg/mL, 3.50 ± 0.09 μg/mL), and nitric oxide (IC: 9.97 ± 0.88 μg/mL, 9.09 ± 0.11 μg/mL). The methanolic stem extracts of possess antimicrobial activity against and , with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.16 to 0.625 mg/mL, and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1.25 to 5 mg/mL. Cytotoxic effects of the extracts from the two plant species were also demonstrated. possesses therapeutic potential as evidenced by the inhibitory effects of the aqueous rhizome extract on edema (1,000 mg/kg) and prostaglandin synthesis (IC = 0.2 mg/mL). In addition, diinsininol and diinsinin were isolated from inhibited prostaglandin synthesis (IC: 9.20 µM, 13.14 µM) and platelet-activating factor-induced exocytosis. Therefore, based on this review, further scientific research is needed to demystify the links between traditional medicinal uses, various secondary metabolites, and the pharmacology of the two plants.
PubMed: 38259280
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1301672 -
Cureus Jul 2023is a pathogenic Gram-negative bacillus typically resulting in gastroenteritis in humans. It has recently been identified as a growing concern for public health. The...
is a pathogenic Gram-negative bacillus typically resulting in gastroenteritis in humans. It has recently been identified as a growing concern for public health. The case presented is an uncommon case of causing bacteremia, as well as hemorrhagic skin lesions. Other reported cases have also highlighted unexpected manifestations, such as cerebritis, bacterial peritonitis, and otitis externa. These atypical presentations can happen in immunocompromised individuals. There are no established guidelines currently for the treatment of bacteremia. This case presents bacteremia that improved with doxycycline without the need for incision and drainage of the patient's lower extremity lesions.
PubMed: 37521591
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42612 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2023We found a new gene, , carried by a multidrug resistance plasmid in a clinical Vibrio furnissii isolate. QnrVF1 exhibits 44.6% to 72.5% similarity in identity with...
We found a new gene, , carried by a multidrug resistance plasmid in a clinical Vibrio furnissii isolate. QnrVF1 exhibits 44.6% to 72.5% similarity in identity with other Qnr family proteins. alleles are mainly encoded by chromosomes of V. furnissii and Vibrio fluvialis. Phylogenic analysis showed that QnrVF1 and QnrVF2 form a distinct clade in Qnr proteins. Thus, represents a new family. In addition, the gene is often flanked by the mobile element IS. Thus, it is likely that is mobilized by IS from chromosome to plasmid in V. furnissii. Quinolones are widely used drugs. Bacteria contain a quinolone resistance gene, which mediates resistance to quinolones. Currently, seven families of Qnr proteins, QnrVC, QnrA, QnrB, QnrC, QnrD, QnrE, and QnrS, have been identified. However, it is unclear whether there are any other families. In this study, we identified a new family, . We found many V. furnissii and V. fluvialis strains that possess chromosomal alleles, suggesting that V. furnissii and V. fluvialis are the reservoirs of . We also found that QnrVF1 confers low-level resistance to quinolones. IS may facilitate the spread of . The emergence and spread of may pose a considerable threat to public health.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Quinolones; Plasmids; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 36656040
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01934-22 -
Open Forum Infectious Diseases Jun 2020is a foodborne pathogen known to cause a cholera-like gastroenteritis syndrome. Here we report the first case of liver abscess and bacteremia presumed to be from...
is a foodborne pathogen known to cause a cholera-like gastroenteritis syndrome. Here we report the first case of liver abscess and bacteremia presumed to be from sashimi, a Japanese raw seafood delicacy. We also provide a literature review of reported cases of extra-intestinal diseases including bacteremia.
PubMed: 32587879
DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa212 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2020Agarose-oligosaccharide production from agar degradation by agarase exhibits lots of advantages and good application prospects. In this study, a novel agar-degrading...
Agarose-oligosaccharide production from agar degradation by agarase exhibits lots of advantages and good application prospects. In this study, a novel agar-degrading bacterium sp. A8 was isolated from a red algae in the South China Sea. The whole genome sequencing with comparative genomic and secretomic analysis were used to better understand its genetic components about agar degradation. This strain exhibited good agarase production in artificial seawater after culture optimization. The complete genome (4.88 Mb) of this strain comprised two circular chromosomes (3.19 and 1.69 Mb) containing 4,572 protein-coding genes, 108 tRNA genes and 31 rRNA genes. This strain was identified as A8 by comparative genomic analysis based on genome phylogenetic tree and average nucleotide identity (ANI) similarity. Different from other 20 similar strains including three strains of the same species, A8 possessed unique agar degradation ability with four β-agarases (GH50) and one α-1,3-L-NA2 hydrolase (GH117) due to the horizontal gene transfer. Secretomic analysis showed that only β-agarase (gene 3152) was abundantly expressed in the secretome of A8. This agarase had a good substrate specificity and wide work conditions in complex environments, suggesting its potential application for agarose-oligosaccharide production.
PubMed: 32849481
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01934 -
International Journal of Infectious... Apr 2024South Asia remains home to foodborne diseases caused by the Vibrio species. We aimed to compile and update information on the epidemiology of vibriosis in South Asia. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
South Asia remains home to foodborne diseases caused by the Vibrio species. We aimed to compile and update information on the epidemiology of vibriosis in South Asia.
METHODS
For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar for studies related to vibriosis in South Asia published up to May 2023. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled isolation rate of non-cholera-causing Vibrio species.
RESULTS
In total, 38 studies were included. Seven of these were case reports and 22 were included in the meta-analysis. The reported vibriosis cases were caused by non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. fluvialis, and V. vulnificus. The overall pooled isolation rate was 4.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0-5.0%) in patients with diarrhea. Heterogeneity was high (I = 98.0%). The isolation rate of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. fluvialis were 9.0 (95% CI 7.0-10.0%), 1.0 (95% CI 1.0-2.0%), and 2.0 (95% CI: 1.0-3.0%), respectively. Regarding V. parahaemolyticus, O3:K6 was the most frequently isolated serotype. Cases peaked during summer. Several studies reported antibiotic-resistant strains and those harboring extended-spectrum beta-lactamases genes.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates a high burden of infections caused by non-cholera-causing Vibrio species in South Asia.
Topics: Humans; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio Infections; Foodborne Diseases; Diarrhea; Asia, Southern
PubMed: 38311027
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.01.022 -
Veterinary World Jun 2020bacteria are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic and marine environments. Certain strains are responsible for important seafood-borne outbreaks in developed nations....
BACKGROUND AND AIM
bacteria are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic and marine environments. Certain strains are responsible for important seafood-borne outbreaks in developed nations. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of spp. along the Algerian Mediterranean coast in several samples of two prominent wild and farmed marine fishes, and .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 350 (n=280 farmed and n=70 wild) and 340 (n=250 farmed and n=90 wild) were sampled among three different locations along the Algerian Mediterranean coastal area. The samples were processed for research according to the ISO methods. Isolated colonies were identified utilizing biochemical tests and consecutively confirmed with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, combined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis when appropriate, or confirmed with PCR analysis alone.
RESULTS
A total of 42 spp. were detected only among the farmed fishes. Taking into account, all 690 fishes sampled, the incidence of spp. was 6.08% (with peaks up to 7.92%) among the total number of farmed fishes. Overall, 25 strains were isolated from and 17 strains were isolated from . The isolated strains belonged to four different species and were represented as follows: (n=20), (n=15), (n=5), and (n=2). The incidence of was higher in places characterized by greater levels of anthropogenic contamination of seawater.
CONCLUSION
Considering the growing production and consequent rising consumption of farmed fish in Algeria, the reported incidence of and the presence of potentially pathogenic strains of such as cause particular concern for food safety matters. Even if innovative and natural techniques are desired in aquaculture, proper hygiene and manufacturing practices are essential for the correct management of infection risk in farmed fishes at both industrial and domestic levels.
PubMed: 32801574
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1199-1208 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2021is an emerging enteric pathogen of increasing public health threat. Two quorum sensing (QS) systems, VfqI-VfqR and CqsA/LuxS-HapR, and two type VI secretion systems...
is an emerging enteric pathogen of increasing public health threat. Two quorum sensing (QS) systems, VfqI-VfqR and CqsA/LuxS-HapR, and two type VI secretion systems (T6SSs), VflT6SS1 and VflT6SS2, have been identified in . Whether there exists any correlation between the two systems is unclear. In this study, we found that CqsA/LuxS-HapR circuit regulator LuxO represses while HapR activates VflT6SS2. The effect of LuxO is more pronounced at low cell density and is HapR-dependent. Deletion of abolished Hcp expression and alleviated antibacterial virulence. However, these effects were rescued by HapR-expressing plasmid. Reporter fusion analyses showed that HapR is required for the promoter activities of VflT6SS2. Sequence inspection of the major cluster promoter revealed two potential Motif 1 HapR binding sites, and their bindings to HapR were confirmed by both electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and DNase I footprinting assay. Meanwhile, two single Motif 2 sites were identified in 2_a (A) and 2_b (B) promoter regions of the orphan cluster which are less conserved and displayed lower affinities to HapR. Together, our study demonstrated that CqsA/LuxS-HapR QS manipulate VflT6SS2 in , and this finding will enhance our understanding of possible crosstalk between T6SS and QS in microbes.
Topics: Amino Acid Motifs; Bacterial Proteins; Binding Sites; DNA-Binding Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genetic Complementation Test; Mutation; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Quorum Sensing; RNA, Bacterial; Repressor Proteins; Trans-Activators; Type VI Secretion Systems; Vibrio; Virulence
PubMed: 33689580
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1902244