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Microorganisms Jan 2021is an emerging pathogen, mainly associated with contaminated seafood consumption. However, little is known about its evolution, biodiversity, and pathogenic potential....
is an emerging pathogen, mainly associated with contaminated seafood consumption. However, little is known about its evolution, biodiversity, and pathogenic potential. This study analyzes the pan-, core, and accessory genomes of nine strains. The core genome yielded 2424 genes in chromosome I (ChI) and 822 genes in chromosome II (ChII), with an accessory genome comprising an average of 10.9% of the whole genome for ChI and 29% for ChII. Core genome phylogenetic trees were obtained, and ATCC-33654 strain was the closest to the outgroup in both chromosomes. Additionally, a phylogenetic study of eight conserved genes (Z, A, B, , A, A, B, and H), including , , , and , clearly showed clade differentiation. The main virulence genes found in ChI corresponded with type I secretion proteins, extracellular components, flagellar proteins, and potential regulators, while, in ChII, the main categories were type-I secretion proteins, chemotaxis proteins, and antibiotic resistance proteins. The accessory genome was characterized by the presence of mobile elements and toxin encoding genes in both chromosomes. Based on the genome atlas, it was possible to characterize differential regions between strains. The pan-genome of encompassed 3539 genes for ChI and 2355 genes for ChII. These results give us an insight into the virulence and gene content of , as well as constitute the first approach to its diversity.
PubMed: 33477474
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010191 -
Vaccines Dec 2022It is estimated that vibriosis account for about half of the economic losses in Asian fish culture. Consequently, the prevention and control of vibriosis is one of the... (Review)
Review
It is estimated that vibriosis account for about half of the economic losses in Asian fish culture. Consequently, the prevention and control of vibriosis is one of the priority research topics in the field of Asian fish culture disease. Relevant measures have been proposed to control some that pose a threat to Asian fish culture, but there are currently only a few effective vaccines available to combat these . The purpose of our review is to sum up the main prevention methods and the latest control strategies of seven species that cause great harm to Asian aquaculture, including , , , , , and . Strategies such as antibiotics, probiotics, bacteriophages, antimicrobials from plants and other natural sources, as well as vaccines, are compared and discussed here. We expect this review will provide some new views and recommendations for the future better prevention and control of vibriosis in Asian fish culture.
PubMed: 36679943
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010098 -
International Journal of Microbiology 2021is a Gram-negative bacterium that is closely related to and causes gastroenteritis in humans due to contaminated fish consumption and seafood. This bacterium was...
is a Gram-negative bacterium that is closely related to and causes gastroenteritis in humans due to contaminated fish consumption and seafood. This bacterium was isolated and identified from 238 analyzed samples of sea water, oysters, and fish. Twenty strains were identified as according to amplification of the gene, which is useful as a marker of identification of the species. The production of lipases, proteases, and nucleases was detected; 45% of the strains were able to produce thermonucleases and 40% were capable of producing hydroxamate-type siderophores, and the fragment of the gene was amplified in all of the strains. Seventy-five percent of strains showed cytopathic effect on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and destruction of the monolayer, and 100% of the strains were adherent on the HEp-2 cell line with an aggregative adherence pattern. The presence of virulence factors in strains obtained from fishery products suggests that another member of the genus could represent a risk to the consumer due to production of different metabolites that allows it to subsist in the host.
PubMed: 33628259
DOI: 10.1155/2021/8397930 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022species are important pathogens of marine animals and aquaculture populations and some of them can cause serious infections in humans through consumption of...
species are important pathogens of marine animals and aquaculture populations and some of them can cause serious infections in humans through consumption of contaminated seafood and aquaculture products. Lytic bacteriophages can potentially alleviate contamination in the aquaculture organisms and in the processing of aquatic products and have gained significant scientific attention in recent years. In the present study, bacteriophages were isolated from sewage of local aquatic products markets and grown using CICC 21613 as host cells. The lytic vibriophage OY1 belonging to the newly proposed family and the genus was identified by observation under electron microscope and comparative genomic analysis. The phage OY1 showed lytic activity against 24 among 32 tested strains belonging to eight species. The complete phage OY1 genome consists of a single circular double-stranded DNA of 43,479 bp with a total GC content of 49.27% and was predicted to encode 40 open reading frames (ORFs). To evaluate its potential against vibrios, the one-step growth curve, thermal and pH stability, host range, and lytic activity of the OY1 phage against species were evaluated. The results showed that phage OY1 had a range of thermal and pH tolerance, and exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of tested species. Bacterial growth in the fish muscle extract juice (FMEJ) inoculated with CICC 21613, CICC 21617, VJ14, and the mixed bacterial culture was reduced by 2.65 log CFU/ml, 2.42 log CFU/ml, 1.93 log CFU/ml, and 2.01 log CFU/ml, respectively, by incubation with phage OY1 at 25°C for 36 h. Phage OY1 also showed a strong ability to prevent biofilm formation and destroy formed species biofilms. These results indicate that phage OY1 is a potential biocontrol agent against species in the aquaculture industry and in food safety control.
PubMed: 35464931
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.830692 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Oct 2022Vibrio mimicus is a bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. This pathogen produces an enterotoxic hemolysin called V. mimicus hemolysin (VMH), which is secreted...
Vibrio mimicus is a bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. This pathogen produces an enterotoxic hemolysin called V. mimicus hemolysin (VMH), which is secreted extracellularly as an inactive 80-kDa protoxin and converted to a 66-kDa mature toxin through cleavage between Arg and Ser. The 56-kDa serine protease termed V. mimicus trypsin-like protease (VmtA) is known to mediate this maturating process. However, some strains including strain ES-20 does not possess the vmtA gene. In the present study, the vmtA-negative strains were found to have a replaced gene that encodes a 43-kDa (403 aa) precursor of a serine protease designated by VmtX (V. mimicus trypsin-like protease X). To examine whether VmtX is also involved in the maturation of VMH, VmtX was isolated from the culture supernatant of V. mimicus strain NRE-20, a metalloprotease-negative mutant constructed from strain ES-20. Concretely, the culture supernatant was fractionated with 70% saturated ammonium sulfate and subjected to affinity column chromatography using a HiTrap Benzamidine FF column. The analysis of the N-terminal amino acid sequences of the proteins in the obtained VmtX preparation indicated that the 39-kDa protein was active VmtX consisting of 371 aa (Ile-Ser). The VmtX preparation was found to activate pro-VMH through generation of the 66-kDa protein. Additionally, treatment of the VmtX preparation with serine protease inhibitors, such as leupeptin and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, significantly suppressed the activities to hydrolyze the specific peptide substrate and to synthesize the 66-kDa toxin. These findings indicate that VmtX is the second protease that mediats the maturation of VMH.
Topics: Humans; Hemolysin Proteins; Peptide Hydrolases; Leupeptins; Ammonium Sulfate; Trypsin; Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride; Metalloproteases; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; Benzamidines; Vibrio
PubMed: 36271946
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03436-9 -
Molecular Vision 2021Collagen is a key player contributing to vitreoelasticity and vitreoretinal adhesions. Molecular reorganization causes spontaneous weakening of these adhesions with age,...
PURPOSE
Collagen is a key player contributing to vitreoelasticity and vitreoretinal adhesions. Molecular reorganization causes spontaneous weakening of these adhesions with age, resulting in the separation of the posterior hyaloid membrane (PHM) from the retina in what is called complete posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). Incomplete separation of the posterior hyaloid or tight adherence or both can lead to retinal detachment, vitreomacular traction syndrome, or epiretinal membrane formation, which requires surgical intervention. Pharmacological vitrectomy has the potential of avoiding surgical vitrectomy; it is also useful as an adjunct during retinal surgery to induce PVD. Previously studied enzymatic reagents, such as collagenase derived from are nonspecific and potentially toxic. We studied a novel collagenase from (VMC) which remains active (VMA), even after deletion of 51 C-terminal amino acids. To limit the activity of VMA to the vitreous cavity, a fusion construct (inhibitor of hyaluronic acid-VMA [iHA-VMA]) was made in which a 12-mer peptide (iHA, which binds to HA) was fused to the N-terminus of VMA. The construct was evaluated in the context of PVD.
METHODS
VMA and iHA-VMA were expressed in purified, and characterized with gelatin zymography, collagen degradation assay, fluorescamine-based assay, and cell-based assays. Two sets of experiments were performed in New Zealand albino rabbits. Group A (n = 10) received iHA-VMA, while group B (n = 5) received the equivalent dose of VMA. In both groups, saline was injected as a control in the contralateral eyes. Animals were monitored with indirect ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and B-scan ultrasonography. Retinal toxicity was assessed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of retinal tissue.
RESULTS
The activity of iHA-VMA and VMA was comparable and 65-fold lower than that of collagenase Type IV. In the iHA-VMA group, all the rabbits (n = 10) developed PVD, with complete PVD seen in six animals. No statistically significant histomorphological changes were seen. In the VMA group, four of the five rabbits developed complete PVD; however, retinal morphological changes were seen in two animals.
CONCLUSIONS
iHA-VMA displays targeted action confined to the vitreous and shows potential for safe pharmacologic vitreolysis.
Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Collagenases; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Flow Cytometry; Goats; Hyaluronic Acid; Intravitreal Injections; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Ophthalmoscopy; Rabbits; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Retina; Vibrio mimicus; Vitrectomy; Vitreous Body; Vitreous Detachment
PubMed: 33907368
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022The study aimed to determine the prevalence of different species of spp. in fish and shellfish sold in subtropical-arid countries (United Arab Emirates). It also...
The study aimed to determine the prevalence of different species of spp. in fish and shellfish sold in subtropical-arid countries (United Arab Emirates). It also examined the antimicrobial resistance of the isolated species and their growth behavior upon environmental changes concerning temperature, pH, and salinity. The prevalence of spp. in fish and shellfish samples, was 64.5 and 92%, respectively. However, were detected in a mere 7.5 and 13.0% of the samples, respectively. On the other hand, was detected in 1.5 and 8.5% of the samples, respectively. None of the six antibiotics studied except for Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were effective against fish spp. isolates. On a similar note, three antibiotics, namely Penicillin, Daptomycin, and Vancomycin, were ineffective against the shellfish isolates. The growth of the microorganisms did not show any significant trend with changes in pH and salinity. The optimum temperature for spp. growth was observed to be 37°C.
PubMed: 35464960
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.861547 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021The study investigated the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence determinants in species recovered from different freshwater sheds in rustic...
The study investigated the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence determinants in species recovered from different freshwater sheds in rustic milieu. A total of 118 isolates comprising (n=41), (n=40) and (n=37) was identified by amplification of , and genes. The amplification of virulence genes indicated that . (, , , , and ) genes were detected in 12.5%, 32.5%, 45%, 37.5% and 10% respectively. . genes (, and ) were harboured in 48.8%, 14.6% and 19.5% isolates congruently. The other virulence genes that include and were observed in 63.1% and 29% of isolates belonging to . . With the exceptions of imipenem, meropenem and ciprofloxacin, most isolates exhibited more than 50% resistance to antibiotics. The antimicrobial resistance was more prevalent for polymyxin B (100%), azithromycin (100%) and least in ciprofloxacin (16.1%). Multiple antibiotic resistance index range was 0.3 and 0.8 with most isolates showing MARI of 0.8. The TEM, AmpC, GES, IMP, OXA-48 and KPC genes were detected in 53.3%, 42%, 29.6%, 16.6%, 15%, 11.3% and 5.6% of the isolates. Non-beta lactamases such as streptomycin resistance ( and ), gentamicin resistance () and quinolone resistance gene () were found in 5.2%, 44.3%, 26% and 2.8%. Chloramphenicol resistance genes ( and ) were found in 5.2% and 44.3% among the isolates. Our findings reveal the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulent species in aquatic environment which can have potential risk to human and animal's health.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Fresh Water; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Vibrio; Virulence
PubMed: 34490150
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.732001 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Protein lysine acetylation is an evolutionarily conserved post-translational modification (PTM), which is dynamic and reversible, playing a crucial regulatory role in...
Protein lysine acetylation is an evolutionarily conserved post-translational modification (PTM), which is dynamic and reversible, playing a crucial regulatory role in almost every aspect of metabolism, of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Several global lysine acetylome studies have been carried out in various bacteria, but thus far, there have been no reports of lysine acetylation for the commercially important aquatic animal pathogen In the present study, we used anti-Ac-K antibody beads to highly sensitive immune-affinity purification and combined high-resolution LC-MS/MS to perform the first global lysine acetylome analysis in , leading to the identification of 1,097 lysine-acetylated sites on 582 proteins, and more than half (58.4%) of the acetylated proteins had only one site. The analysis of acetylated modified peptide motifs revealed six significantly enriched motifs, namely, KacL, KacR, L(-2) KacL, LKacK, L(-7) EKac, and IEKac. In addition, bioinformatic assessments state clearly that acetylated proteins have a hand in many important biological processes in , such as purine metabolism, ribosome, pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle, and so on. Moreover, 13 acetylated proteins were related to the virulence of . To sum up, this is a comprehensive analysis whole situation protein lysine acetylome in and provides an important foundation for in-depth study of the biological function of lysine acetylation in .
PubMed: 35250932
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.816968 -
BMC Microbiology Oct 2023Virulence determinants are crucial to the risk assessment of pathogens in an environment. This study investigated the presence of eleven key virulence-associated genes...
Occurrence of virulence determinants in vibrio cholerae, vibrio mimicus, vibrio alginolyticus, and vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from important water resources of Eastern Cape, South Africa.
BACKGROUND
Virulence determinants are crucial to the risk assessment of pathogens in an environment. This study investigated the presence of eleven key virulence-associated genes in Vibrio cholerae (n = 111) and Vibrio mimicus (n = 22) and eight virulence determinants in Vibrio alginolyticus (n = 65) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (n = 17) isolated from six important water resources in Eastern Cape, South Africa, using PCR techniques. The multiple virulence gene indexes (MVGI) for sampling sites and isolates as well as hotspots for potential vibriosis outbreaks among sampling sites were determined statistically based on the comparison of MVGI.
RESULT
The PCR assay showed that all the V. cholerae isolates belong to non-O1/non-O139 serogroups. Of the isolates, Vibrio Cholera (84%), V. mimicus (73%), V. alginolyticus (91%) and V. parahaemolyticus (100%) isolates harboured at least one of the virulence-associated genes investigated. The virulence gene combinations detected in isolates varied at sampling site and across sites. Typical virulence-associated determinants of V. cholerae were detected in V. mimicus while that of V. parahaemolyticus were detected in V. alginolyticus. The isolates with the highest MVGI were recovered from three estuaries (Sunday river, Swartkopps river, buffalo river) and a freshwater resource (Lashinton river). The cumulative MVGI for V. cholerae, V. mimicus, V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus isolates were 0.34, 0.20, 0.45, and 0.40 respectively. The targeted Vibrio spp. in increasing order of the public health risk posed in our study areas based on the MVGI is V. alginolyticus > V. parahaemolyticus > V. cholerae > V. mimicus. Five (sites SR, PA5, PA6, EL4 and EL6) out of the seventeen sampling sites were detected as the hotspots for potential cholera-like infection and vibriosis outbreaks.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that humans having contact with water resources in our study areas are exposed to potential public health risks owing to the detection of virulent determinants in human pathogenic Vibrio spp. recovered from the water resources. The study affirms the relevancy of environmental Vibrio species to the epidemiology of vibriosis, cholera and cholera-like infections. Hence we suggest a monitoring program for human pathogenic Vibrio spp. in the environment most especially surface water that humans have contact with regularly.
Topics: Humans; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio mimicus; Cholera; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Vibrio alginolyticus; Virulence; South Africa; Water Resources; Vibrio; Virulence Factors; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 37891478
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03060-z