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International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2022Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis globally, which can occasionally lead to acute liver failure (ALF) and acute-on-chronic liver...
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis globally, which can occasionally lead to acute liver failure (ALF) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), which often result in death without liver transplantation [...].
Topics: Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver Transplantation
PubMed: 35806219
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137214 -
The New Microbiologica Jul 2022The hepatitis D virus (HDV) is unique in animal virology. It is the smallest of human pathogens, re- quires the HBsAg capsid of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to assembly...
The hepatitis D virus (HDV) is unique in animal virology. It is the smallest of human pathogens, re- quires the HBsAg capsid of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to assembly into infectious virions, and parasitizes the transcriptional machinery of the host. Hepatitis D is ubiquitous but prevalence varies throughout the world. It is the most severe form of chronic viral liver disorder. Vaccination against the HBV has decreased the circulation of HDV in industrialized countries but Hepatitis D remains a significant medical issue in many areas of the developing world.
Topics: Animals; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Humans; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 35920869
DOI: No ID Found -
Viruses Mar 2022Staging fibrosis accurately has always been a challenge in viral hepatitis and other liver diseases. Liver biopsy is an imperfect gold standard due to its intra and... (Review)
Review
Staging fibrosis accurately has always been a challenge in viral hepatitis and other liver diseases. Liver biopsy is an imperfect gold standard due to its intra and interobserver agreement limitations and additional characteristics such as its safety and cost. Hence, non-invasive tests have been developed to stage liver fibrosis. In addition to serological biomarkers, physical tests with reasonable accuracy are available and adopted in the daily clinic regarding viral hepatitis fibrosis staging. In this review, we discuss the published data regarding the staging of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B and C, emphasizing non-invasive markers of fibrosis, both serological and physical. Moreover, we also discuss a persistent central gap, the evaluation of liver fibrosis after HCV cure.
Topics: Biomarkers; Biopsy; Elasticity Imaging Techniques; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis
PubMed: 35458391
DOI: 10.3390/v14040660 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology May 2024Viral hepatitis represents a major danger to public health, and is a globally leading cause of death. The five liver-specific viruses: Hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis represents a major danger to public health, and is a globally leading cause of death. The five liver-specific viruses: Hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, and hepatitis E virus, each have their own unique epidemiology, structural biology, transmission, endemic patterns, risk of liver complications, and response to antiviral therapies. There remain few options for treatment, in spite of the increasing prevalence of viral-hepatitis-caused liver disease. Furthermore, chronic viral hepatitis is a leading worldwide cause of both liver-related morbidity and mortality, even though effective treatments are available that could reduce or prevent most patients' complications. In 2016, the World Health Organization released its plan to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by the year 2030, along with a discussion of current gaps and prospects for both regional and global eradication of viral hepatitis. Today, treatment is sufficiently able to prevent the disease from reaching advanced phases. However, future therapies must be extremely safe, and should ideally limit the period of treatment necessary. A better understanding of pathogenesis will prove beneficial in the development of potential treatment strategies targeting infections by viral hepatitis. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on each type of viral hepatitis, together with major innovations.
Topics: Humans; Antiviral Agents; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Hepatitis Viruses; Prevalence; Liver
PubMed: 38764770
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i18.2402 -
Topics in Antiviral Medicine Sep 2019Among individuals with HIV infection, liver disease remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, even with the availability of agents that cure hepatitis C...
Among individuals with HIV infection, liver disease remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, even with the availability of agents that cure hepatitis C infection and suppress hepatitis B replication. The causes of liver disease are multifaceted and continue to evolve as the population ages and new etiologies arise. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatitis viruses such as A, D, and E have emerged even as hepatitis C has receded. Newer antiretroviral agents may increase risk of weight gain and subsequent fatty infiltration, and prior use of nucleotide-based therapies may continue to impact liver health. Several barriers including economics, social stigma, and psychiatric disease impact identification of liver disease, as well as management and treatment interventions. Hepatocellular carcinoma is emerging as a more common and late-diagnosed complication in those with HIV infection and liver disease.
Topics: Antirheumatic Agents; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Fatty Liver; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic; HIV Infections; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis Viruses; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
PubMed: 31634861
DOI: No ID Found -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Dec 2021Viral hepatitis can result in important morbidity and mortality, with its impact on health conditioned by the specific type of hepatitis, the geographical region of... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis can result in important morbidity and mortality, with its impact on health conditioned by the specific type of hepatitis, the geographical region of presentation and the development and access to new drugs, among other factors. Most acute presentation forms are self-limiting and may even go unnoticed, with just a small percentage of cases leading to acute liver failure that may necessitate transplantation or even cause the death of the patient. However, when they become chronic, as in the case of hepatitis B virus and C virus, unless they are diagnosed and treated adequately they may have severe consequences, like cirrhosis or hepatocarcinoma. Understanding of the mechanisms of transmission, the pathogenesis, the presence of vaccinations and the development over recent years of new highly-efficient, potent drugs have meant that we are now faced with a new scenario in the management of viral hepatitis, particularly hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. The spectacular advances in hepatitis C virus treatment have led the World Health Organization to propose the objective of its eradication by 2030. The key aspect to achieving this goal is to ensure that these treatments reach all the more vulnerable population groups, in whom the different types of viral hepatitis have a high prevalence and constitute a niche that may perpetuate infection and hinder its eradication. Accordingly, micro-elimination programs assume special relevance at the present time.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver Neoplasms
PubMed: 35068856
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i47.8081 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2022Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver; it can be acute or chronic. In chronic cases, the prolonged inflammation gradually damages the liver, resulting in... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver; it can be acute or chronic. In chronic cases, the prolonged inflammation gradually damages the liver, resulting in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and sometimes liver failure or cancer. Hepatitis is often caused by viral infections. The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five hepatitis viruses-hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV). While HAV and HEV rarely (or do not) cause chronic hepatitis, a considerable proportion of acute hepatitis cases caused by HBV (sometimes co-infected with HDV) and HCV infections become chronic. Thus, many medical researchers have focused on the treatment of HBV and HCV. It has been documented that host lipid metabolism, particularly cholesterol metabolism, is required for the hepatitis viral infection and life cycle. Thus, manipulating host cholesterol metabolism-related genes and proteins is a strategy used in fighting the viral infections. Efforts have been made to evaluate the efficacy of cholesterol-lowering drugs, particularly 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, in the treatment of hepatitis viral infections; promising results have been obtained. This review provides information on the relationships between hepatitis viruses and host cholesterol metabolism/homeostasis, as well as the discovery/development of cholesterol-lowering natural phytochemicals that could potentially be applied in the treatment of viral hepatitis.
Topics: Cholesterol; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Hepatitis E virus; Hepatitis Viruses; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Inflammation; Lipid Metabolism; Liver Cirrhosis
PubMed: 35409259
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073897 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jul 2021In this review the current overall knowledge on hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E will be discussed. These diseases are all characterized by liver inflammation but have... (Review)
Review
In this review the current overall knowledge on hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E will be discussed. These diseases are all characterized by liver inflammation but have significant differences in distribution, transmission routes, and outcomes. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are transmitted by exposure to infected blood, and in addition to acute infection, they can cause chronic hepatitis, which in turn can evolve into cirrhosis. It is estimated that more than 300 million people suffer from chronic hepatitis B or C worldwide. Hepatitis D virus, which is also transmitted by blood, only affects hepatitis B virus infected people, and this dual infection results in worse liver-related outcomes. Hepatitis A and E spread the fecal-oral route, which corresponds mainly to the ingestion of food or water contaminated with infected stools. However, in developed countries hepatitis E is predominantly a zoonosis. Although hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus are usually responsible for a self-limiting hepatitis, a serious, rarely fatal illness is also possible, and in immunosuppressed patients, such as organ transplant recipients, hepatitis E virus infection can become chronic. The description of goals achieved, unresolved issues, and the latest research on this topic may make it possible to speculate on future scenarios in the world of viral hepatitis.
Topics: Animals; Goals; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Humans; Zoonoses
PubMed: 34366625
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4603 -
Viruses Apr 2021Hepatitis viruses and liver-stage malaria are within the liver infections causing higher morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The highly restricted tropism of the... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis viruses and liver-stage malaria are within the liver infections causing higher morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The highly restricted tropism of the major human hepatotropic pathogens-namely, the human hepatitis B and C viruses and the and parasites-has hampered the development of disease models. These models are crucial for uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying the biology of infection and governing host-pathogen interaction, as well as for fostering drug development. Bioengineered cell models better recapitulate the human liver microenvironment and extend hepatocyte viability and phenotype in vitro, when compared with conventional two-dimensional cell models. In this article, we review the bioengineering tools employed in the development of hepatic cell models for studying infection, with an emphasis on 3D cell culture strategies, and discuss how those tools contributed to the level of recapitulation attained in the different model layouts. Examples of host-pathogen interactions uncovered by engineered liver models and their usefulness in drug development are also presented. Finally, we address the current bottlenecks, trends, and prospect toward cell models' reliability, robustness, and reproducibility.
Topics: Animals; Bioengineering; Cell Culture Techniques; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Susceptibility; Drug Discovery; Hepatitis; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Hepatocytes; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases, Parasitic
PubMed: 33925701
DOI: 10.3390/v13050773 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology May 2021Infection with hepatotropic viruses is not limited to the liver and can lead to the development of various immunological disorders (the formation of cryoglobulins,... (Review)
Review
Infection with hepatotropic viruses is not limited to the liver and can lead to the development of various immunological disorders (the formation of cryoglobulins, rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies, autoantibodies specific for autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis, and others), which can manifest as glomerulonephritis, arthritis, uveitis, vasculitis (cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, polyarteritis nodosa, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, isolated cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis), and other rheumatologic disorders, and be a trigger for the subsequent development of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis. A further study of the association between autoimmune liver diseases and hepatotropic virus infection would be useful to assess the results of treatment of these associated diseases with antiviral drugs. The relationship of these immune disorders and their manifestations with hepatotropic viruses is best studied for chronic hepatitis B and C. Only isolated cases of these associations are described for hepatitis A. These links are least studied, and are often controversial for hepatitis E, possibly due to their relatively rare diagnoses. Patients with uveitis, glomerulonephritis, arthritis, vasculitis, autoimmune liver diseases should be tested for biomarkers of viral hepatitis, and if present, these patients should be treated with antiviral drugs.
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cryoglobulinemia; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Humans; Immune System Diseases; Vasculitis
PubMed: 34025065
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i18.2073