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Viruses Nov 2021Commonly misused substances such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and opioids suppress immune responses and may impact viral pathogenesis. In recent years,... (Review)
Review
Commonly misused substances such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and opioids suppress immune responses and may impact viral pathogenesis. In recent years, illicit use of opioids has fueled outbreaks of several viral pathogens, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). This review focuses on the myriad of mechanisms by which drugs of abuse impact viral replication and disease progression. Virus-drug interactions can accelerate viral disease progression and lead to increased risk of virus transmission.
Topics: Animals; HIV; HIV Infections; Hepatitis; Hepatitis Viruses; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 34960656
DOI: 10.3390/v13122387 -
Human Genetics Jun 2020In rare cases, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause fulminant viral hepatitis (FVH), characterized by massive hepatocyte necrosis and an... (Review)
Review
In rare cases, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause fulminant viral hepatitis (FVH), characterized by massive hepatocyte necrosis and an inflammatory infiltrate. Other viral etiologies of FVH are rarer. FVH is life-threatening, but the patients are typically otherwise healthy, and normally resistant to other microbes. Only a small minority of infected individuals develop FVH, and this is the key issue to be addressed for this disease. In mice, mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV3) infection is the main model for dissecting FVH pathogenesis. Susceptibility to MHV3 differs between genetic backgrounds, with high and low mortality in C57BL6 and A/J mice, respectively. FVH pathogenesis in mice is related to uncontrolled inflammation and fibrinogen deposition. In humans, FVH is typically sporadic, but rare familial forms also exist, suggesting that there may be causal monogenic inborn errors. A recent study reported a single-gene inborn error of human immunity underlying FVH. A patient with autosomal recessive complete IL-18BP deficiency was shown to have FVH following HAV infection. The mechanism probably involves enhanced IL-18- and IFN-γ-dependent killing of hepatocytes by NK and CD8 T cytotoxic cells. Proof-of-principle that FVH can be genetic is important clinically, for the affected patients and their families, and immunologically, for the study of immunity to viruses in the liver. Moreover, the FVH-causing IL18BP genotype suggests that excessive IL-18 immunity may be a general mechanism underlying FVH, perhaps through the enhancement of IFN-γ immunity.
Topics: Cytokines; Hepadnaviridae; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans
PubMed: 32285199
DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02166-y -
Viruses Jul 2022Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) have been recognized by the World Health Organization [...].
Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) have been recognized by the World Health Organization [...].
Topics: Global Health; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; World Health Organization
PubMed: 35891534
DOI: 10.3390/v14071554 -
Viruses Dec 2022In 2016, the World Health Organization released a plan to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. For Canada to achieve the recommended decreases in... (Review)
Review
In 2016, the World Health Organization released a plan to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. For Canada to achieve the recommended decreases in HBV- and HCV-related new diagnoses and deaths, an increase in services is urgently required. Identifying those at risk of, or who have acquired HBV and HCV, remains a challenge, especially with the emergence of new priority populations such as pregnant persons and children. Importantly, prenatal, and pediatric care are times when individuals are often already engaged with the healthcare system, leading to the potential for opportunistic or co-localized care and interventions. At present, Canada may not be maximizing all available virologic tools that could lead to increases in prevention, identification, improved management, or even cure. Here, we describe the continuum of care that includes preconception, prenatal, postpartum, and pediatric stages; and identify current global and Canadian recommendations, findings, and opportunities for improvement.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Child; Canada; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; World Health Organization; Hepatitis C
PubMed: 36680130
DOI: 10.3390/v15010091 -
Viruses Jan 2023Viral hepatitis is an infection of human hepatocytes resulting in liver damage. Dual infection of two hepatotropic viruses affects disease outcomes. The hepatitis A... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis is an infection of human hepatocytes resulting in liver damage. Dual infection of two hepatotropic viruses affects disease outcomes. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are two enterically transmitted viruses; they are single-stranded RNA viruses and have common modes of transmission. They are transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route and ingestion of contaminated food, though the HAV has no animal reservoirs. The HAV and HEV cause acute self-limiting disease; however, the HEV, but not HAV, can progress to chronic and extrahepatic infections. The HAV/HEV dual infection was reported among acute hepatitis patients present in developing countries. The impact of the HAV/HEV on the prognosis for acute hepatitis is not completely understood. Studies showed that the HAV/HEV dual infection increased abnormalities in the liver leading to fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) with a higher mortality rate compared to infection with a single virus. On the other hand, other reports showed that the clinical symptoms of the HAV/HEV dual infection were comparable to symptoms associated with the HAV or HEV monoinfection. This review highlights the modes of transmission, the prevalence of the HAV/HEV dual infection in various countries and among several study subjects, the possible outcomes of this dual infection, potential model systems for studying this dual infection, and methods of prevention of this dual infection and its associated complications.
Topics: Humans; Hepatitis E virus; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis E
PubMed: 36851512
DOI: 10.3390/v15020298 -
Der Internist Apr 2022The parenterally transmittable hepatitides B, D and C and their complications are a problem worldwide and also in Germany that should not be underestimated. Due to the... (Review)
Review
The parenterally transmittable hepatitides B, D and C and their complications are a problem worldwide and also in Germany that should not be underestimated. Due to the estimated high gray area, a broad distribution, particularly by drug abuse, increasing prevalence due to immigration and a pandemic-related delay in the diagnostics, the identification of affected persons and therefore potentially infectious patients represents a great challenge for the healthcare system. Highly effective treatment concepts with practically no side effects and a tablet ingestion once daily are available for hepatitis B and also hepatitis C. For hepatitis B this involves long-term treatment for suppression of replication, whereas for hepatitis C virus elimination occurs within a few weeks. A new treatment concept with inhibition of virus uptake for treatment of hepatitis D first became available in September 2020. For all patients a long-term further monitoring is necessary when advanced liver damage or even liver cirrhosis occurs, especially for the exclusion of liver cell carcinoma.
Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Emigration and Immigration; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver Neoplasms
PubMed: 35303130
DOI: 10.1007/s00108-022-01287-y -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Mar 2022Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an international health problem with extremely high mortality and morbidity rates. Although current clinical chronic... (Review)
Review
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an international health problem with extremely high mortality and morbidity rates. Although current clinical chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treatment strategies can partly inhibit and eliminate HBV, viral breakthrough may result due to non-adherence to treatment, the emergence of viral resistance, and a long treatment cycle. Persistent CHB infection arises as a consequence of complex interactions between the virus and the host innate and adaptive immune systems. Therefore, understanding the immune escape mechanisms involved in persistent HBV infection is important for designing novel CHB treatment strategies to clear HBV and achieve long-lasting immune control. This review details the immunological and biological characteristics and escape mechanisms of HBV and the novel immune-based therapies that are currently used for treating HBV.
Topics: Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Humans
PubMed: 35317051
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i9.881 -
Indian Journal of Public Health 2019
Topics: Disease Eradication; Hepatitis; Humans; India; Public Health Administration; Viral Hepatitis Vaccines
PubMed: 32189643
DOI: 10.4103/ijph.IJPH_581_19 -
Prague Medical Report 2023Chronic viral hepatitis is a systemic disease characterized by a wide range of extrahepatic manifestations, such as cognitive impairment, chronic fatigue, sleep... (Review)
Review
Chronic viral hepatitis is a systemic disease characterized by a wide range of extrahepatic manifestations, such as cognitive impairment, chronic fatigue, sleep disorders, depression, anxiety and a decrease in quality of life. This article presents a summary of the main theories and hypotheses about the occurrence of cognitive impairment, features of treatment of patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Often, extrahepatic manifestations can outstrip the clinical manifestations of liver damage itself, which requires the use of additional diagnostic and treatment methods, and they can also significantly change the treatment tactics and prognosis of the disease. Changes in neuropsychological parameters and cognitive impairments are often recorded in patients with chronic viral hepatitis at stages characterized by the absence of significant liver fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. These changes usually occur regardless of the genotype of the infection and in the absence of structural damage to the brain. The purpose of this review is to study the main aspects of the formation of cognitive impairment in patients with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of viral etiology.
Topics: Humans; Quality of Life; Liver Cirrhosis; Brain; Hepatitis, Chronic; Central Nervous System Viral Diseases; Hepatitis, Viral, Human
PubMed: 37212130
DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2023.8 -
Biosensors & Bioelectronics Oct 2020Our recent experience of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of easy-to-use, quick, cheap, sensitive and selective detection of virus pathogens for the... (Review)
Review
Our recent experience of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of easy-to-use, quick, cheap, sensitive and selective detection of virus pathogens for the efficient monitoring and treatment of virus diseases. Early detection of viruses provides essential information about possible efficient and targeted treatments, prolongs the therapeutic window and hence reduces morbidity. Graphene is a lightweight, chemically stable and conductive material that can be successfully utilized for the detection of various virus strains. The sensitivity and selectivity of graphene can be enhanced by its functionalization or combination with other materials. Introducing suitable functional groups and/or counterparts in the hybrid structure enables tuning of the optical and electrical properties, which is particularly attractive for rapid and easy-to-use virus detection. In this review, we cover all the different types of graphene-based sensors available for virus detection, including, e.g., photoluminescence and colorimetric sensors, and surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Various strategies of electrochemical detection of viruses based on, e.g., DNA hybridization or antigen-antibody interactions, are also discussed. We summarize the current state-of-the-art applications of graphene-based systems for sensing a variety of viruses, e.g., SARS-CoV-2, influenza, dengue fever, hepatitis C virus, HIV, rotavirus and Zika virus. General principles, mechanisms of action, advantages and drawbacks are presented to provide useful information for the further development and construction of advanced virus biosensors. We highlight that the unique and tunable physicochemical properties of graphene-based nanomaterials make them ideal candidates for engineering and miniaturization of biosensors.
Topics: Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Betacoronavirus; Biosensing Techniques; COVID-19; COVID-19 Testing; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Colorimetry; Coronavirus Infections; DNA, Viral; Electrochemical Techniques; Equipment Design; Graphite; Humans; Luminescence; Nanostructures; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Quantum Dots; SARS-CoV-2; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Surface Plasmon Resonance; Virology; Viruses
PubMed: 32750677
DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112436