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Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia =... 2023To analyze the spatial distribution and the temporal trend of the hepatitis mortality rate in Brazil from 2001 to 2020.
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the spatial distribution and the temporal trend of the hepatitis mortality rate in Brazil from 2001 to 2020.
METHODS
Ecological, temporal, and spatial study on mortality from hepatitis in Brazil with data from the Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade - SIM/DATASUS). Information was stratified by year of diagnosis, region of the country, municipalities (of residence). Standardized mortality rates (SMR) were calculated. The temporal trend was estimated by Prais-Winsten regression and the spatial distribution by the Global Moran Index (GMI).
RESULTS
The highest SMR means in Brazil were for Chronic viral hepatitis with 0.88 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants (SD=0.16), followed by Other viral hepatitis with 0.22/100,000 (SD=0.11). In Brazil, the temporal trend of mortality from Hepatitis A was -8.11% per year (95%CI -9.38; -6.82), while for Hepatitis B it was -4.13% (95%CI -6.03; -2.20), of Other viral hepatitis of -7.84% (95%CI -14.11; -1.11) and of Unspecified Hepatitis -5.67% per year (95%CI -6.22; -5.10). Mortality due to chronic viral hepatitis increased by 5.74% (95%CI 3.47; 8.06) in the North and 4.95% in the Northeast (95%CI 0.27; 9.85). The Moran Index (I) for Hepatitis A was 0.470 (p<0.001), for Hepatitis B 0.846 (p<0.001), Chronic viral hepatitis=0.666 (p<0.001), other viral hepatitis=0.713 (p<0.001), and Unspecified Hepatitis=0.712 (p<0.001).
CONCLUSION
The temporal trend of hepatitis A, B, other viral, and unspecified hepatitis was decreasing in Brazil, while mortality from chronic hepatitis was increasing in the North and Northeast.
Topics: Humans; Brazil; Cities; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Mortality; Spatial Analysis
PubMed: 37403865
DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720230029 -
Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... Jan 2024Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious neoplastic disease with increasing incidence and mortality, accounting for 90% of all liver cancers. Hepatitis viruses are... (Review)
Review
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious neoplastic disease with increasing incidence and mortality, accounting for 90% of all liver cancers. Hepatitis viruses are the major causative agents in the development of HCC. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) primarily causes acute infections, which is associated with HCC to a certain extent, as shown by clinicopathological studies. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections lead to persistent liver inflammation and cirrhosis, disrupt multiple pathways associated with cellular apoptosis and proliferation, and are the most common viral precursors of HCC. Mutations in the HBV X protein (HBx) gene are closely associated with the incidence of HCC, while the expression of HCV core proteins contributes to hepatocellular lipid accumulation, thereby promoting tumorigenesis. In the clinical setting, hepatitis D virus (HDV) frequently co-infects with HBV, increasing the risk of chronic hepatitis. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) usually causes acute infections. However, chronic infections of HEV have been increasing recently, particularly in immuno-compromised patients and organ transplant recipients, which may increase the risk of progression to cirrhosis and the occurrence of HCC. Early detection, effective intervention and vaccination against these viruses may significantly reduce the incidence of liver cancer, while mechanistic insights into the interplay between hepatitis viruses and HCC may facilitate the development of more effective intervention strategies. This article provides a comprehensive overview of hepatitis viruses and reviews recent advances in research on aberrant hepatic immune responses and the pathogenesis of HCC due to viral infection.
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Liver Neoplasms; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Hepatitis C; Liver Cirrhosis
PubMed: 38426692
DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0481 -
Journal of Medical Virology Jan 2022Hepatitis, a significant cause of mortality worldwide, results in around 1.34 million deaths each year globally. Africa is not exempt from the plague of Hepatitis....
Hepatitis, a significant cause of mortality worldwide, results in around 1.34 million deaths each year globally. Africa is not exempt from the plague of Hepatitis. Around 100 million estimated individuals are infected with Hepatitis B or C. Egypt has the highest prevalence of cases of Hepatitis followed by Cameroon and Burundi. The continent is severely affected by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, as the virus has added an additional burden on the already fragile continent. With the pandemic, it is presumable that Hepatitis like other viral diseases will pose a threat to collapsing healthcare system. Therefore, for Africa to become more resilient in the face of such menaces, including Hepatitis, further prevention policies are required to be implemented.
Topics: COVID-19; Developing Countries; Egypt; Health Services Accessibility; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Humans; Liver; Prevalence; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34506635
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27330 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Oct 2023Hepatitis A is acquired through the fecal-oral route and is preventable by a safe and effective vaccine. Although hepatitis A is generally mild and self-limited, serious...
Hepatitis A is acquired through the fecal-oral route and is preventable by a safe and effective vaccine. Although hepatitis A is generally mild and self-limited, serious complications, including death, can occur. Since 2016, widespread hepatitis A outbreaks have been reported in 37 U.S. states, primarily among persons who use drugs and those experiencing homelessness. Nearly twice as many hepatitis A-related deaths were reported during 2016-2022 compared with 2009-2015. CDC analyzed data from 27 hepatitis A outbreak-affected states* that contributed data during August 1, 2016-October 31, 2022, to characterize demographic, risk factor, clinical, and cause-of-death data among 315 outbreak-related hepatitis A deaths from those states. Hepatitis A was documented as an underlying or contributing cause of death on 60% of available death certificates. Outbreak-related deaths peaked in 2019, and then decreased annually through 2022. The median age at death was 55 years; most deaths occurred among males (73%) and non-Hispanic White persons (84%). Nearly two thirds (63%) of decedents had at least one documented indication for hepatitis A vaccination, including drug use (41%), homelessness (16%), or coinfection with hepatitis B (12%) or hepatitis C (31%); only 12 (4%) had evidence of previous hepatitis A vaccination. Increasing vaccination coverage among adults at increased risk for infection with hepatitis A virus or for severe disease from infection is critical to preventing future hepatitis A-related deaths.
Topics: Adult; Male; Humans; United States; Middle Aged; Hepatitis A; Population Surveillance; Vaccination; Hepatitis C; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 37856325
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7242a1 -
Journal of Virology Oct 2019With a yearly death toll of 880,000, hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major health problem worldwide, despite an effective prophylactic vaccine and well-tolerated,... (Review)
Review
With a yearly death toll of 880,000, hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major health problem worldwide, despite an effective prophylactic vaccine and well-tolerated, effective antivirals. HBV causes chronic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The viral genome persists in infected hepatocytes even after long-term antiviral therapy, and its integration, though no longer able to support viral replication, destabilizes the host genome. HBV is a DNA virus that utilizes a virus-encoded reverse transcriptase to convert an RNA intermediate, termed pregenomic RNA, into the relaxed circular DNA genome, which is subsequently converted into a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the host cell nucleus. cccDNA is maintained in the nucleus of the infected hepatocyte as a stable minichromosome and functions as the viral transcriptional template for the production of all viral gene products, and thus, it is the molecular basis of HBV persistence. The nuclear cccDNA pool can be replenished through recycling of newly synthesized, DNA-containing HBV capsids. Licensed antivirals target the HBV reverse transcriptase activity but fail to eliminate cccDNA, which would be required to cure HBV infection. Elimination of HBV cccDNA is so far only achieved by antiviral immune responses. Thus, this review will focus on possible curative strategies aimed at eliminating or crippling the viral cccDNA. Newer insights into the HBV life cycle and host immune response provide novel, potentially curative therapeutic opportunities and targets.
Topics: DNA, Circular; DNA, Viral; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Profiling; Genome, Viral; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31375584
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01032-19 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2023Hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease primarily caused by hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV), D (HDV), and E (HEV) viruses. The chronic forms of hepatitis... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease primarily caused by hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV), D (HDV), and E (HEV) viruses. The chronic forms of hepatitis resulting from HBV and HCV infections can progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), while acute hepatitis can lead to acute liver failure, sometimes resulting in fatality. Viral hepatitis was responsible for over 1 million reported deaths annually. The treatment of hepatitis caused by viral infections currently involves the use of interferon-α (IFN-α), nucleoside inhibitors, and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (for HBV). However, these methods do not always lead to a complete cure for viral infections, and chronic forms of the disease pose significant treatment challenges. These facts underscore the urgent need to explore novel drug developments for the treatment of viral hepatitis. The discovery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and the subsequent development of various modifications of this system have represented a groundbreaking advance in the quest for innovative strategies in the treatment of viral infections. This technology enables the targeted disruption of specific regions of the genome of infectious agents or the direct manipulation of cellular factors involved in viral replication by introducing a double-strand DNA break, which is targeted by guide RNA (spacer). This review provides a comprehensive summary of our current knowledge regarding the application of the CRISPR/Cas system in the regulation of viral infections caused by HAV, HBV, and HCV. It also highlights new strategies for drug development aimed at addressing both acute and chronic forms of viral hepatitis.
Topics: Humans; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Liver Neoplasms; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems; Hepatitis Viruses; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis C; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 38203503
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010334 -
Viruses May 2022The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is still one of the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, despite there being an anti-HAV vaccine [...].
The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is still one of the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, despite there being an anti-HAV vaccine [...].
Topics: Acute Disease; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Antibodies; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Vaccines, Inactivated
PubMed: 35746610
DOI: 10.3390/v14061138 -
Prilozi (Makedonska Akademija Na... Mar 2023Renal transplantation is the most beneficial treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), increasing life expectancy and improving quality of life. A better... (Review)
Review
Renal transplantation is the most beneficial treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), increasing life expectancy and improving quality of life. A better understanding of organ and tissue functions, the development of surgical techniques, and new and effective immunosuppressive and antimicrobial drugs increase the success of transplantation. However, the number of renal transplantations from living and cadaveric donors is not at the desired frequency. Among the leading causes of the restrictions for transplantation are both the recipients' and donors' chronic diseases. While hepatitis B and C infections are a significant problem affecting the number and success of renal transplantations, the innovation of hepatitis C virus treatments has improved outcomes. Thus, the recipient and donor hepatitis B and C virus infections are no longer considered as relative contraindications for renal transplantation. This review discusses the management of patients and donors with hepatitis B and hepatitis C in renal transplantation.
Topics: Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Antiviral Agents; Quality of Life; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Hepatitis C; Tissue Donors; Hepatitis B; Hepacivirus
PubMed: 36987759
DOI: 10.2478/prilozi-2023-0015 -
Journal of Gastroenterology Apr 2021Hepatitis viruses are chief pathogens of hepatitis and end-stage liver diseases. Their replication and related pathogenic process highly rely on the host... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis viruses are chief pathogens of hepatitis and end-stage liver diseases. Their replication and related pathogenic process highly rely on the host micro-environment and multiple cellular elements, including exosomes. Representing with a sort of cell-derived vesicle structure, exosomes were considered to be dispensable cellular components, even wastes. Along with advancing investigation, a specific profile of exosome in driving hepatitis viruses' infection and hepatic disease progression is revealed. Exosomes greatly affect the pathogenesis of hepatitis viruses by mediating their replication and modulating the host immune responses. The characteristics of host exosomes are markedly changed after infection with hepatitis viruses. Exosomes released from hepatitis virus-infected cells can carry viral nucleic or protein components, thereby acting as an effective subterfuge for hepatitis viruses by participating in viral transportation and immune escape. On the contrary, immune cell-derived exosomes contribute toward the innate antiviral immune defense and virus eradication. There is growing evidence supporting the application of exosomal biomarkers for predicting disease progress or therapeutic outcome, while exosomal nanoshuttles are regarded as promising therapeutic options based on their delivery properties and immune compatibility. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis and secretion mechanism of exosomes, review the recent findings pertaining to the role of exosomes in the interplay between hepatitis viruses and innate immune responses, and conclude their potential in further therapeutic application.
Topics: Exosomes; Hepatitis; Humans; Immunity, Innate
PubMed: 33665710
DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01765-4 -
Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &... Sep 2020The global burden of viral hepatitis is substantial; in terms of mortality, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections are on a par with HIV, malaria and...
The global burden of viral hepatitis is substantial; in terms of mortality, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections are on a par with HIV, malaria and tuberculosis, among the top four global infectious diseases. In 2016, the 194 Member States of the World Health Organization committed to eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030, with a particular focus on hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. With only 10 years to go until the 2030 deadline is reached, and although much progress has been made towards elimination, there are still some important gaps in terms of policy and progress. In this Viewpoint, we asked a selection of scientists and clinicians working in the viral hepatitis field for their opinions on whether elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030 is feasible, what the key areas of progress are and what the focus for the next 10 years and beyond should be for viral hepatitis elimination.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Goals; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Humans
PubMed: 32704164
DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0332-6