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Clinical & Experimental Optometry Jul 2020To evaluate the effects of the ChromaGen contact lens (CCL) on best-corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and pseudoisochromatic test plate performance in...
BACKGROUND
To evaluate the effects of the ChromaGen contact lens (CCL) on best-corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and pseudoisochromatic test plate performance in patients with congenital colour vision deficiency (CVD).
METHODS
CCLs were inserted into 50 eyes of 25 patients with congenital red-green CVD. The patients were tested with the Ishihara and Hardy-Rand-Rittler test plates before and after the insertion of Magenta 2, Magenta 3, and Violet 3 CCLs. The patients' mean numbers of recognised symbols were calculated and the most appropriate CCL was determined for each eye. The best-corrected visual acuity for both far and near vision and contrast sensitivity were evaluated before and after the insertion of the appropriate CCLs, and the results were compared.
RESULTS
The mean age of the patients was 26.56 ± 10.30 years. While all CCLs increased the mean numbers of recognised symbols on the Ishihara (p < 0.001 for all), Magenta 3 was observed to be the most useful CCL. On the other hand, while all CCLs increased the mean numbers of recognised symbols on Hardy-Rand-Rittler (p < 0.001 for all), Magenta 2 and Magenta 3 were detected as the most useful CCLs. After insertion of the most appropriate CCL for each eye, the mean best-corrected visual acuity for both far and near vision were decreased (p < 0.001 for both). Statistically significant alterations were also detected at some spatial frequencies of contrast sensitivity measurements.
CONCLUSION
CCLs decrease the far and near best-corrected visual acuity, and static and dynamic contrast sensitivity at some spatial frequencies, and invalidate the pass criteria of pseudoisochromatic test plates by increasing the number of recognised symbols.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Color Perception Tests; Color Vision Defects; Contrast Sensitivity; Equipment Design; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Visual Acuity; Young Adult
PubMed: 31814183
DOI: 10.1111/cxo.13011 -
Translational Vision Science &... Dec 2022Unaddressed near vision impairment (NVI) affects more than 500 million people. Testing near vision is necessary to identify those in need of services. To make such...
PURPOSE
Unaddressed near vision impairment (NVI) affects more than 500 million people. Testing near vision is necessary to identify those in need of services. To make such testing readily accessible, we have developed and validated a new smartphone-based near visual acuity (NVA) test: Peek Near Vision (PeekNV).
METHODS
Two forms of the PeekNV test were developed: (1) quantitative measurement of NVA, and (2) binary screening test for presence or absence of NVI. The validity study was carried out with 483 participants in Sagarmatha Choudhary Eye Hospital, Lahan, Nepal, using a conventional Tumbling "E" Near Point Vision Chart as the reference standard. Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LoA) were used to evaluate test agreement and test-retest repeatability. NVI screening was assessed using Cohen's kappa coefficient, sensitivity, and specificity.
RESULTS
The mean difference between PeekNV and chart NVA results was 0.008 logMAR units (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.005 to 0.021) in right eye data, and the 95% LoA between PeekNV and chart testing were within 0.235 and -0.218 logMAR. As a NVI screening tool, the overall agreement between tests was 92.9% (κ = 0.85). The positive predictive value of PeekNV was 93.2% (95% CI, 89.6% to 96.9%), and the negative predictive value 92.7% (95% CI, 88.9% to 96.4%). PeekNV had a faster NVI screening time (11.6 seconds; 95% CI, 10.5 to 12.6) than the chart (14.9 seconds; 95% CI, 13.5 to 16.2; P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The PeekNV smartphone-based test produces rapid NVA test results, comparable to those of an accepted NV test.
TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE
PeekNV is a validated, reliable option for NV testing for use with smartphones or digital devices.
Topics: Humans; Visual Acuity; Vision Tests
PubMed: 36583912
DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.12.18 -
Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... Sep 2022To determine the usefulness of Humphrey Field Analyser (HFA) SITA-Faster 24-2 gaze tracker outputs on interpreting intra-visit visual field (VF) result pairs.
PURPOSE
To determine the usefulness of Humphrey Field Analyser (HFA) SITA-Faster 24-2 gaze tracker outputs on interpreting intra-visit visual field (VF) result pairs.
METHODS
Analysis of 1380 right-left eye pairs and 1432 pairs of test 1-test 2 intrasession VF results of patients seen within a university-based glaucoma service was undertaken to understand gaze deviation distributions. Output gaze tracker results were aggregated into total ticks, sum of amplitudes and average amplitudes. Correlations between visual field indices (mean deviation [MD], "events" and overall hill of vision) and independent variables (age and test order) were performed using one eye from each subject.
RESULTS
There was no association of test order (right-left, test 1-test 2) with eye movements. There was a significant, but weak correlation between eye movements and age (r = 0.16). Correlations of eye movements with MD were driven by more severe MD values. There were no significant correlations between intrasession difference in eye movements and the change in MD, number of "events" and hill of vision, or in the root mean square of sensitivity and total deviation values. There was also no significant correlation between gaze tracker outputs and another commonly used "reliability" metric, false positive rate.
CONCLUSIONS
Eye movement parameters as currently reported by the HFA do not appear to be correlated with key sensitivity parameters when considering the repeatability of intrasession SITA-Faster 24-2 VF results. Thus, current gaze tracker outputs do not appear to provide clinically meaningful information for interpretation of intra-visit visual field results that cannot already be garnered using other strategies.
Topics: Eye; Eye Movements; Glaucoma; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Vision Disorders; Visual Field Tests; Visual Fields
PubMed: 35598152
DOI: 10.1111/opo.13006 -
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Jul 2024Patients who suffer from sight-threatening eye diseases share a desire to regain a comfortable reading ability. In light of the modern advances achieved in ophthalmic... (Review)
Review
Patients who suffer from sight-threatening eye diseases share a desire to regain a comfortable reading ability. In light of the modern advances achieved in ophthalmic diagnosis and therapy, and because a significant lack of comparability between reading charts still exists, there is an increasing need for a worldwide standard in the form of a norm for diagnostic reading charts. Already, applied advancements such as digital print, which allow a calibration of the print sizes of reading charts in correctly progressing geometric proportions by using the actual height of a lower case "x" in millimeters (x-height), and psychophysically standardizing reading charts and their test items by applying modern statistical methods have significantly contributed to establishing a norm for reading charts. In 2020, a proposal of the British delegation was accepted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) group "Visual Optics and Optical Instruments," and a working group was established. Bearing in mind the efforts of the ISO with regard to an international norm, this review article is intended to (a) give an overview of the historical background and related normative approaches for diagnostic reading tests used in ophthalmology and optometry, (b) explain psychophysical and technical concerns, and (c) discuss the possibilities and limits of concepts that seem relevant to developing a modern standard for reading charts.
Topics: Humans; Reading; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity; Ophthalmology; Reference Standards
PubMed: 38574851
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101262 -
Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular... 2021: Age norms and testability for 3-5 year old children have been reported for the PASS III stereotest using a pointing response. We aimed to expand the normative data to...
: Age norms and testability for 3-5 year old children have been reported for the PASS III stereotest using a pointing response. We aimed to expand the normative data to children as young as 6 months, assess testability, and evaluate validity use of the PASS III as a preferential-looking test for younger children and children with special needs. : 68 control children, 362 children with eye conditions, and 167 children with special needs were tested with the PASS III. Percent testable was calculated for children with and without special needs, normal tolerance limits were determined, and test validity was assessed. : In controls, mean PASS III stereoacuity improved from 371 arcsec at 12 months to 174 arcsec at 24 months, and 87 arcsec at 36 months. Testability in the 12, 24, and 36 months age groups were 81%, 87%, and 97% respectively and 92% for special needs children. Comparison to previously published norms and testing in a known nil stereoacuity cohort supported PASS III test validity. Compared to gold standard stereoacuity tests, accuracy of the PASS was 89%. : Overall, preferential-looking tests using the PASS III provide a sensitive and specific measure of stereoacuity with high testability for young children and children with special needs.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Depth Perception; Humans; Physical Examination; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 33555995
DOI: 10.1080/2576117X.2021.1874776 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Mar 2021To quantitatively correlate the loss of stereopsis by induced anisometropia with its effect on tasks that require binocular vision and stereopsis, such as ophthalmic...
PURPOSE
To quantitatively correlate the loss of stereopsis by induced anisometropia with its effect on tasks that require binocular vision and stereopsis, such as ophthalmic surgery in a simulated environment.
METHODS
Thirty-nine ophthalmic residents with best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20 or better OU, with normal binocular vision and stereopsis, were recruited for the study. Anisometropia was induced using spherical and cylindrical trial lenses from +1D to +5D in a trial frame. The residents performed an anterior chamber navigation exercise on the EYESi simulator and the surgical score at baseline and for each level of induced anisometropia was noted. Near stereopsis was assessed by the Randot test and TNO test at baseline and for each level of induced anisometropia.
RESULTS
Stereoacuity on the Randot test and TNO test were 30 (95% CI, 25.9-34.1) and 44.4 (95% CI, 28.5-60.3) arcseconds, respectively which reduced to 65.5 (95% CI, 48.7-82.3) and 75.9 (95% CI, 15.5-136.3) arcseconds at anisometropia of +1D Sph (P < 0.001) and 380 (95% CI, 309.9-450.1) and 1922.1 (95% CI, 1582.5-2261.7) arcseconds for +5D Sph, respectively for the two tests, (P < 0.001). The corresponding surgical score reduced from 93.8 (95% CI, 91.1-96.7) to 87.5 (95% CI, 79.2-95.8, P < 0.001) for 1 DSph and 55.97 (95% CI, 38.3-73.7, P < 0.001) for 5DSph. There was a strong negative correlation between stereopsis scores and surgical task scores (Spearman's rho -0.86, P value <0.001) Similar changes were seen for anisometropia induced with cylindrical powers.
CONCLUSION
Induced anisometropia is associated with a significant diminution in surgical task scores in a simulated environment and this is correlated with the deterioration in stereoacuity. Assessment of stereopsis may be included as a regular part of the screening procedure for ophthalmic trainee residents.
Topics: Anisometropia; Anterior Chamber; Depth Perception; Humans; Vision, Binocular; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 33595474
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1540_20 -
The Medical Journal of Malaysia Nov 2020To design and develop a simple vision test algorithm for mobile application and perform a pilot study to determine its validity and reliability as a tool for vision test...
OBJECTIVES
To design and develop a simple vision test algorithm for mobile application and perform a pilot study to determine its validity and reliability as a tool for vision test in the community.
METHODS
A simple visual acuity test algorithm in the form of a single letter E display was designed as the optotype for development of a mobile application. The standardised optotype is presented at random to test visual acuity for corresponding level of 3/60, 6/60, 6/18, and 6/12. The final result is auto-generated based on the classification of the WHO for visual impairment and blindness. The Snellen chart was used as the gold standard to determine its validity while five different users were involved to determine its inter-rater reliability. A pilot study was performed between April till November 2019, in the Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Medical Centre (UMC) at Kuala Nerus and Mooris Optometrist Centre at Marang, Terengganu. A total of 279 participants aged four years old and above were involved in this study.
RESULTS
The highest sensitivity was found at the vision level cut-off point of 6/12 with the percentage of 92.7% and 86.8% for the right and left eye, respectively. The specificity was more than 89% for all vision levels in both eyes. The Krippendorff's alpha value for the inter-rater reliability was 0.87 and 0.83.
CONCLUSION
The relatively high level of validity and reliability obtained indicate the feasibility of using the designed optotype to develop a valid and reliable mobile app for vision test. The app can be used to screen vision by nonmedical persons, at anytime and anywhere to help improve public awareness and capability to correctly determine their visual status.
Topics: Algorithms; Child, Preschool; Humans; Mobile Applications; Pilot Projects; Reproducibility of Results; Vision Screening
PubMed: 33219178
DOI: No ID Found -
Translational Vision Science &... Aug 2020To test the validity of the ASTEROID stereotest as a clinical test of depth perception by comparing it to clinical and research standard tests.
PURPOSE
To test the validity of the ASTEROID stereotest as a clinical test of depth perception by comparing it to clinical and research standard tests.
METHODS
Thirty-nine subjects completed four stereotests twice: the ASTEROID test on an autostereo 3D tablet, a research standard on a VPixx PROPixx 3D projector, Randot Circles, and Randot Preschool. Within 14 days, subjects completed each test for a third time.
RESULTS
ASTEROID stereo thresholds correlated well with research standard thresholds ( = 0.87, < 0.001), although ASTEROID underestimated standard threshold (mean difference = 11 arcsec). ASTEROID results correlated less strongly with Randot Circles ( = 0.54, < 0.001) and Randot Preschool ( = 0.64, < 0.001), due to the greater measurement range of ASTEROID (1-1000 arcsec) compared to Randot Circles or Randot Preschool. Stereo threshold variability was low for all three clinical stereotests (Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement between test and retest: ASTEROID, ±0.37; Randot Circles, ±0.24; Randot Preschool, ±0.23). ASTEROID captured the largest range of stereo in a normal population with test-retest reliability comparable to research standards (immediate = 0.86 for ASTEROID vs. 0.90 for PROPixx; follow-up = 0.68 for ASTEROID vs. 0.88 for PROPixx).
CONCLUSIONS
Compared to clinical and research standards for assessing depth perception, ASTEROID is highly accurate, has good test-retest reliability, and measures a wider range of stereo threshold.
TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE
The ASTEROID stereotest is a better clinical tool for determining baseline stereopsis and tracking changes during treatment for amblyopia and strabismus compared to current clinical tests.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Depth Perception; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Vision Tests; Vision, Binocular; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 32879785
DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.29 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2019Various studies suggest the importance of peripheral vision (PV) in sports. Computer-based test systems provide objective methods to measure PV. Nevertheless, the...
Various studies suggest the importance of peripheral vision (PV) in sports. Computer-based test systems provide objective methods to measure PV. Nevertheless, the reliability and training effects are not clarified in detail. The purpose of this investigation was to present a short narrative non-systematic review on computer-based PV tests and to determine the reliability and the training effects of peripheral perception sub-test (PP) of the Vienna test system (VTS) in a test-retest design. N = 21 male athletes aged between 20 and 30 years ( = 26.15; = 3.1) were included. The main outcome parameters were peripheral reaction (PR), PR left (PRL), PR right (PRR), field of vision (FOV), visual angle left (VAL), and visual angle right (VAR). Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots. Training effects were determined by students -test. Good reliability was observed in PR, PRL, and PRR. Moderate reliability was found in FOV, VAL, and VAR. Significant improvements between T and T were found in PRL with a mean difference of 0.04 s (95% CI [0.00-0.07]) and in PR with a mean difference of 0.02 s (95% CI [0.00-0.05]). For PRR, FOV, VAL, VAR, no significant differences were detected. These results indicate that PP can be applied to asses PV abilities in sports. Future research is needed to clarify the influence of test repetitions on visuomotor learning in PP. Moreover, PV tests should be cross-validated with sport-specific measurements (e.g., on-field and/or 'virtual reality' approaches).
Topics: Adult; Athletes; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; Female; Humans; Male; Reproducibility of Results; Sports; Vision Disorders; Vision Tests; Visual Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 31835309
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245001 -
Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 2022To compare reading parameters measured with the Turkish version of the Minnesota Low Vision Reading Test (MNREAD-TR) printed acuity chart and the tablet application...
OBJECTIVES
To compare reading parameters measured with the Turkish version of the Minnesota Low Vision Reading Test (MNREAD-TR) printed acuity chart and the tablet application version of the same test for both normally sighted and low-vision individuals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 116 individuals (92 normally sighted and 24 low-vision) were included in the study. All participants were tested with both the print version of the MNREAD-TR chart (method 1) and the tablet application version (method 2). Reading acuity (RA), critical print size (CPS), maximum reading speed (MRS), and reading accessibility index (ACC) were compared statistically.
RESULTS
No statistically significant difference was found in RA and CPS between the two methods for the normally sighted individuals (p=0.083 and p=0.075, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in RA and ACC between the two methods for the patients with low vision (p=0.159 and p=0.103, respectively). The mean MRS was 233.1±34.7 words per minute (wpm) with method 1 and 169.3±23.4 wpm with method 2 in the normally sighted group (p<0.001) and 93.2±50.2 wpm with method 1 and 68.2±34.7 wpm with method 2 in the low-vision group (p<0.001).
CONCLUSION
In our study, it was found that the parameters RA and CPS in the normally sighted individuals and RA and ACC in the low vision individuals provided similar results in both forms of the MNREAD. The tablet application method can be preferred to eliminate evaluators' bias of scoring the printed chart. In addition, applications have other advantages such as being faster and more practical and providing automatic analysis of parameters, especially in low-vision rehabilitation.
Topics: Humans; Minnesota; Reading; Vision Tests; Vision, Low; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 35770299
DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2021.33581