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PloS One 2023To explore the changes in vitreous body after vitreous hemorrhage and assess its prognosis from the perspective of vitreoretinal interface.
PURPOSE
To explore the changes in vitreous body after vitreous hemorrhage and assess its prognosis from the perspective of vitreoretinal interface.
METHODS
The experiment was performed on 32 New Zealand rabbits (64 eyes), weighing 2500-3000 g for 4 months and unlimited gender, which was injected with 0.2 mL of autologous blood into the center of vitreous cavity-the study group (right eyes), and the control one was treated in the same manner with equal volumes of saline. The rabbits were randomly and equally divided into the following four batches according to the days of observation: Days 3, 7, 14, and 30 after injection. IOP and severity grading were evaluated before rabbits' execution and eyeballs were enucleated. The anterior segment was separated to flow out the vitreous body naturally to detect the liquefaction degree and viscosity. Then, chemical composition of electrolytes, PCT and bFGF were determined by colorimetry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, the incidence of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) was observed after vitreous sampled. The studies were double-blind.
RESULTS
After injection, the extent of vitreous opacity and coagulum size decreased over time. Both the degree of liquefaction and the length of tow differed significantly between two groups at different time points (all p < 0.001). The liquefaction degree in the study group rose obviously from the Day 14, which the viscosity declined significantly on the initial time. Biochemical markers fluctuated temporarily, except for basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), which continued to rise and was correlated with the liquefaction degree (r = 0.658, p < 0.001). Besides, the incidence of PVD increased from the 14th day (p < 0.05), and it was highly positively correlated with the number of macrophages (r = 0.934; p < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
After vitreous hemorrhage, the changes of the vitreous body are relatively minor earlier (2-4 weeks), but irreversible later. Specifically, the degree of liquefaction increases with a decrease in viscosity, and the chemotaxis of macrophages and bFGF induce incomplete PVD.
Topics: Animals; Rabbits; Injections; Interdisciplinary Studies; Vitreous Body; Vitreous Detachment; Vitreous Hemorrhage
PubMed: 36745670
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281165 -
Translational Vision Science &... Jul 2022To develop a machine-learning image processing model for three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of vitreous anatomy visualized with swept-source optical coherence...
PURPOSE
To develop a machine-learning image processing model for three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of vitreous anatomy visualized with swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).
METHODS
Healthy subjects were imaged with SS-OCT. Scans of sufficient quality were transferred into the Fiji is just ImageJ image processing toolkit, and proportions of the resulting stacks were adjusted to form cubic voxels. Image-averaging and Trainable Weka Segmentation using Sobel and variance edge detection and directional membrane projections filters were used to enhance and interpret the signals from vitreous gel, liquid spaces within the vitreous, and interfaces between the former. Two classes were defined: "Septa" and "Other." Pixels were selected and added to each class to train the classifier. Results were generated as a probability map. Thresholding was performed to remove pixels that were classified with low confidence. Volume rendering was performed with TomViz.
RESULTS
Forty-seven eyes of 34 healthy subjects were imaged with SS-OCT. Thirty-four cube scans from 25 subjects were of sufficient quality for volume rendering. Clinically relevant vitreous features including the premacular bursa, area of Martegiani, and prevascular vitreous fissures and cisterns, as well as varying degrees of vitreous degeneration were visualized in 3D.
CONCLUSIONS
A machine-learning model for 3D vitreous reconstruction of SS-OCT cube scans was developed. The resultant high-resolution 3D movies illustrated vitreous anatomy in a manner like triamcinolone-assisted vitrectomy or postmortem dye injection.
TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE
This machine learning model now allows for comprehensive examination of the vitreous structure beyond the vitreoretinal interface in 3D with potential applications for common disease states such as the vitreomacular traction and Macular Hole spectrum of diseases or proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Topics: Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Machine Learning; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Vitrectomy; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 35802368
DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.7.3 -
Ceska a Slovenska Oftalmologie :... 2024Retinoblastoma is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor in children. Seeding, specifically the dispersion of the tumor into the adjacent compartments,... (Review)
Review
Retinoblastoma is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor in children. Seeding, specifically the dispersion of the tumor into the adjacent compartments, represents a major parameter determining the degree of retinoblastoma according to the International Classification of Retinoblastoma. In this article we focused on vitreous seeding, one of the main limiting factors in the successful "eye preservation treatment" of retinoblastoma. This article presents an overview of the history of vitreous seeding of retinoblastoma, established treatment procedures and new-research modalities. The introduction of systemic chemotherapy in the treatment of retinoblastoma at the end of the 1990s represented a significant breakthrough, which enabled the progressive abandonment of radiotherapy with its attendant side effects. However, the attained concentrations of chemotherapeutics in the vitreous space during systemic chemotherapy are not sufficient for the treatment of vitreous seeding, and the toxic effects of systemic chemotherapy are not negligible. A significant change came with the advent of chemotherapy in situ, with the targeted administration of chemotherapeutic drugs, namely intra-arterial and intravitreal injections, contributing to the definitive eradication of external radiotherapy and a reduction of systemic chemotherapy. Although vitreous seeding remains the most common reason for the failure of intra-arterial chemotherapy, this technique has significantly influenced the original treatment regimen of children with retinoblastoma. However, intravitreal chemotherapy has made the greatest contribution to increasing the probability of preservation of the eyeball and visual functions in patients with advanced findings. Novel local drug delivery modalities, gene therapy, oncolytic viruses and immunotherapy from several ongoing preclinical and clinical trials may represent promising approaches in the treatment of vitreous retinoblastoma seeding, though no clinical trials have yet been completed for routine use.
Topics: Child; Humans; Retinoblastoma; Retinal Neoplasms; Melphalan; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Vitreous Body; Intravitreal Injections; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 38538290
DOI: 10.31348/2023/35 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2022The four extraocular rectus muscles in the rabbits were disinserted for induction of anterior segment ischemia (ASI) and the changes in the concentrations of...
The four extraocular rectus muscles in the rabbits were disinserted for induction of anterior segment ischemia (ASI) and the changes in the concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the aqueous and vitreous humor were evaluated. Disinsertion of four rectus muscles in rabbits was performed in the right eyes of rabbits (ASI group). The concentrations of PGE2, HIF-1α, and VEGF in the aqueous and vitreous humor were measured at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h by ELISA. The concentrations were compared with those of the fellow eyes (contralateral group) and normal healthy eyes (control group). Subconjunctival injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) was administered and three cytokine concentrations in the aqueous humor and vitreous humor were measured at 12 h after TA injection. A total of 48 eyes from 28 rabbits were included. The concentrations of PGE2, HIF-1α, and VEGF in the aqueous humor in the ASI and contralateral groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05, all). The aqueous and vitreous humor concentrations of VEGF in eyes with simultaneous TA injection were significantly lower than were those in the ASI group (p = 0.02, all). The concentration of PGE2, HIF-1α, and VEGF in the aqueous humor was increased after induction of ASI and TA injection seems to be effective in inhibiting VEGF elevation in ASI.
Topics: Acetates; Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; Animals; Oculomotor Muscles; Rabbits; Triamcinolone Acetonide; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 35347212
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09377-5 -
Translational Vision Science &... May 2021Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a serious ocular disease that can lead to retinal microvascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. To date, no... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a serious ocular disease that can lead to retinal microvascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. To date, no studies have explored PDR development by analyzing the aqueous humor (AH). Therefore we carried out tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic quantification to compare AH protein profiles between PDR and non-PDR subjects.
METHODS
We enrolled six PDR and six control (senile cataract) subjects. AH samples were collected during surgery and stored at -80°C. Proteins were extracted, trypsin-digested, and labeled with TMTs for mass spectrometric analysis.
RESULTS
We found 191 proteins to be changed with |log2 (fold change)| ≥1 (P < 0.05 and identification with at least two peptides per protein). Of them, 111 were downregulated, whereas 80 were upregulated in the PDR group. Proteomic bioinformatic analysis indicated that PDR development was related to complement and coagulation cascades, platelet activation, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, protein digestion and absorption, human papillomavirus infection, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cholesterol metabolism, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathways, fat digestion and absorption, and vitamin digestion and absorption pathways.
CONCLUSIONS
Comprehensive proteomic profiling of the AH revealed 191 differentially expressed proteins between the two groups. Most of these proteins belong to secretory pathways, and therefore can be used as biomarkers in clinical testing and basic research.
TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE
Pathway analysis and a review of the literature enabled us to draw a novel biological map that will support further studies on the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic control of PDR development.
Topics: Aqueous Humor; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Retinopathy; Humans; Proteomics; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 34111250
DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.6.3 -
Translational Vision Science &... Sep 2021To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB) implantation for severe retinal detachment.
PURPOSE
To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB) implantation for severe retinal detachment.
METHODS
A retrospective analysis was performed on 26 patients with severe ocular trauma and one with recurrent retinal detachment. Clinical data-including surgery success, complications, retinal reattachment, vision, and intraocular pressure (IOP)-were analyzed for patients who underwent 23G pars plana vitrectomy and FCVB implantation combined with silicone oil tamponade.
RESULTS
The mean follow-up period was 10.44 ± 2.68 months. All surgeries were smooth; the FCVBs were properly positioned and supported the retina well, and the retinal reattachment rate reached 92.59%. At the six-month follow-up, preoperative (1.30 ± 1.20) and postoperative (0.63 ± 0.79) vision was significantly different (t = 3.03, P = 0.005), and the postoperative IOP (7.93 ± 3.57 mm Hg) was lower than the preoperative IOP (13.98 ± 10.72 mm Hg) (t = 2.74, P = 0.01). Among 20 patients followed up for >12 months, preoperative (1.20 ± 0.95) and postoperative (0.75 ± 0.91) visions were significantly different (t = 1.831, P = 0.005), and the postoperative IOP (9.85 ± 6.48 mm Hg) was lower than the preoperative IOP (14.85 ± 12.17 mm Hg) (t = 1.82, P = 0.01). No endophthalmitis, sympathetic ophthalmia, and rejection of FCVB occurred during follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
FCVB combined with silicone oil tamponade showed good efficacy and safety in severe retinal detachment treatment during the follow-up period.
TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE
Vitreous substitution is deemed a highly challenging and interesting research topic in ophthalmology. Traditional method such as silicone oil tamponade often causes various complications such as silicone oil emulsification, silicone oil migration, and corneal degeneration. The foldable capsular vitreous body as a novel vitreous substitute combined silicone oil injection into it can stay in the eyeball for a long time without obvious complications.
Topics: Humans; Retinal Detachment; Retrospective Studies; Silicone Oils; Vitrectomy; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 34491287
DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.11.8 -
Forensic Science International Feb 2022This study aimed to compare the frequency of postmortem ethanol formation in blood, urine and vitreous humor according to negative ethylsulphate (EtS) in blood or...
PURPOSE
This study aimed to compare the frequency of postmortem ethanol formation in blood, urine and vitreous humor according to negative ethylsulphate (EtS) in blood or positive putrefactive alcohols (PA's) in either medium. Furthermore, it aimed to evaluate the interpretational value of calculated ethanol ratios in relation to EtS and PA results.
METHODS
Blood ethanol positive forensic cases were included; one dataset consisting of 2504 cases with EtS analysed in blood and another dataset with 8001 cases where PA's were analysed.
RESULTS
PA's were found in 24.4% of cases. EtS was negative in 15.3%, 9.4% and 7.4% of cases that were positive for ethanol in blood, urine and vitreous humor, respectively. In EtS negative cases, the concentrations of ethanol in blood, urine and vitreous humor were lower than 0.20 g/kg in 51.3%, 67.4% and 77.8%, respectively. It was 1.0 g/kg or higher in blood in 4.2% of cases. More EtS negative and PA positive cases were seen in central compared to peripheral blood. Ethanol ratios between urine or vitreous humor and blood were significantly lower in both EtS negative and PA positive cases, but large variations were observed.
CONCLUSION
EtS and PA analysis improve the diagnostic accuracy of ethanol in postmortem cases. Postmortem ethanol formation in vitreous humor and urine were both more frequent than expected and we recommend the analysis of ethanol primarily in peripheral blood if available.
Topics: Autopsy; Body Fluids; Ethanol; Humans; Postmortem Changes; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 34952291
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111152 -
Ophthalmology Nov 2019Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser treatment is performed on vitreous floaters, but studies of structural and functional effects with objective outcome... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser treatment is performed on vitreous floaters, but studies of structural and functional effects with objective outcome measures are lacking. This study evaluated Nd:YAG laser effects by comparing participants with vitreous floaters who previously underwent laser treatment with untreated control participants and healthy persons without vitreous floaters using quantitative ultrasonography to evaluate vitreous structure and by measuring visual acuity and contrast sensitivity function to assess vision.
DESIGN
Retrospective, comparative study.
PARTICIPANTS
One eye was enrolled for each of 132 participants: 35 control participants without vitreous floaters, 59 participants with untreated vitreous floaters, and 38 participants with vitreous floaters previously Nd:YAG-treated. Of these, 25 were dissatisfied and sought vitrectomy; 13 were satisfied with observation.
METHODS
The 39-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-39) to assess participant visual well-being, quantitative ultrasonography (QUS) to measure vitreous echodensity, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and contrast sensitivity function (CSF) to evaluate vision.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Results of NEI-VFQ-39, QUS, BCVA, and CSF.
RESULTS
Compared with control participants without vitreous floaters, participants with untreated vitreous floaters showed worse NEI-VFQ-39 results, 57% greater vitreous echodensity, and significant (130%) CSF degradation (P < 0.001 for each). Compared with untreated eyes with vitreous floaters, Nd:YAG-treated eyes had 23% less vitreous echodensity (P < 0.001), but no differences in NEI-VFQ-39 (P = 0.51), BCVA (P = 0.42), and CSF (P = 0.17) results. Of 38 participants with vitreous floaters who previously were treated with Nd:YAG, 25 were dissatisfied and seeking vitrectomy, whereas 13 were satisfied with observation. Participants seeking vitrectomy showed 24% greater vitreous echodensity (P = 0.018) and 52% worse CSF (P = 0.006). Multivariate linear regression models confirmed these findings.
CONCLUSIONS
As a group, participants previously treated with Nd:YAG laser for bothersome vitreous floaters showed less dense vitreous, but similar visual function as untreated control participants with vitreous floaters. Because some treated eyes showed less dense vitreous and better visual function than those of untreated control participants, a prospective randomized study of Nd:YAG laser treatment of vitreous is warranted, using uniform laser treatment parameters and objective quantitative outcome measures.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Contrast Sensitivity; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Lasers, Solid-State; Male; Middle Aged; Ophthalmoscopy; Patient Satisfaction; Retrospective Studies; Sickness Impact Profile; Surveys and Questionnaires; Ultrasonography; Visual Acuity; Vitrectomy; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 31471088
DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.06.021 -
Acta Ophthalmologica Mar 2021Inflammatory cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and have been shown to be useful as diagnostic and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Inflammatory cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and have been shown to be useful as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers. Given the heterogeneity of data within the literature, we aimed to quantitatively summarize data related to inflammatory cytokines in nAMD. A systematic search without year limitation was performed up to 13 April 2020. Studies were included if they provided data on aqueous or vitreous cytokine concentrations in patients with nAMD. Data were extracted from 95 studies that encompassed 3105 study eyes with nAMD and 1209 control eyes. Effect sizes were generated as standardized mean differences (SMDs) of cytokine concentrations between patients with nAMD and controls. Among the 4314 eyes in 95 studies, aqueous concentrations (standard mean difference, 95% confidence interval and p-value) of MCP-1 (0.43, 0.09 to 0.77 and p = 0.01), MIG (0.63, 0.31 to 0.94 and p = 0.0001), TGF-β (0.45, 0.07 to 0.82 and p = 0.02) and VEGF (0.64, 0.31 to 0.98 and p = 0.0001) were significantly higher in patients with nAMD compared to healthy controls. No differences, failed sensitivity analyses or insufficient data were found between patients with nAMD and healthy controls for the concentrations of the remaining cytokines and with all vitreous samples. Previous studies had shown conflicting associations with nAMD for all 27 cytokines assessed. Our analysis indicates multiple candidate cytokines other than VEGF that are implicated in nAMD and adds clarity to the previous literature. This will help focus translational research in nAMD investigating biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Topics: Aqueous Humor; Biomarkers; Cytokines; Humans; Inflammation; Vitreous Body; Wet Macular Degeneration
PubMed: 32602185
DOI: 10.1111/aos.14537 -
BMC Ophthalmology Jun 2020Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a novel adipokine with potential roles in obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. This study aims to assess the concentrations of LCN2 and...
BACKGROUND
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a novel adipokine with potential roles in obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. This study aims to assess the concentrations of LCN2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressed in the vitreous humors of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
METHODS
The concentrations of LCN2 and VEGF were measured from the vitreous of 67 patients undergoing vitrectomy (20 controls and 47 PDR) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Patients with non-ocular pathology that could elevate the LCN2 level in the vitreous were excluded. PDR activity and a history of panretinal photocoagulation were used for further grouping analysis.
RESULTS
The vitreous concentration of LCN2 was statistically significantly higher in the PDR group compared to the control group (63,522 (30,009) pg/ml versus 1663 (1191) pg/ml, respectively; P < 0.001). VEGF level was also significantly higher in the PDR group than in the control group (1038 (1326) pg/ml versus 9 pg/ml, respectively; P < 0.001). The mean vitreous LCN2 and VEGF levels in active PDR patients were significantly higher than that of the inactive PDR patients. The mean LCN2 concentration in vitreous humor was significantly lower in the 28 PDR patients with a history of complete PRP (37,304 (16,651) pg/mL) in comparison with 19 PDR patients without preperformed panretinal photocoagulation or with preperformed incomplete panretinal photocoagulation (79,796 (24,391) pg/mL). A significant correlation between the vitreous LCN2 level and VEGF level was found in patients with PDR (R = 0.34; P = 0.019).
CONCLUSIONS
This report shows a significant increase of LCN2 in the vitreous fluid of patients with PDR and present a significant correlation between LCN2 and VEGF, suggesting LCN2 might be involved in the pathogenesis of PDR.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Retinopathy; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Lipocalin-2; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Vitrectomy; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 32605546
DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01462-5