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International Journal of Pediatric... Aug 2015The immunological sequelae of tonsillectomy in children have been a source of debate among physicians and a continuous concern for parents. Contradictory pertinent... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
IMPORTANCE
The immunological sequelae of tonsillectomy in children have been a source of debate among physicians and a continuous concern for parents. Contradictory pertinent results exist in the literature.
OBJECTIVE
To understand the real effect of tonsillectomy on the immune system.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE, EMBASE and COCHRANE.
STUDY SELECTION
Articles addressing the effect of tonsillectomy on the immune system, up to Dec 2014. Related keywords and medical subject headings were used during the search. The abstracts were reviewed to determine suitability for inclusion based on a set of criteria. Manual crosscheck of references was performed.
DATA EXTRACTION
We checked the tests results and the conclusion of each study to classify it as supporting or refuting the hypothesis of a negative effect of tonsillectomy on the immune system.
RESULTS
We reviewed 35 articles, published between 1971 and 2014, including 1997 patients. Only Four studies (11.4%), including 406 patients (20.3%) found that tonsillectomy negatively affects the immune system. We performed a separate meta-analysis on various reviewed humoral and cellular immunological parameters (e.g. total and specific serum Ig's, SecIgA, cellular immunity, and Ag specific Ig). There is more evidence to suggest that tonsillectomy has no negative clinical or immunological sequalae on the immune system. Study limitations included heterogeneity in the diagnostic tools, timing of testing, indication for tonsillectomy and patients' age.
CONCLUSION
It is reasonable to say that there is enough evidence to conclude that tonsillectomy has no clinically significant negative effect on the immune system. It will be important for future studies to uniformly use both preoperative and control laboratory tests' levels to compare the postoperative levels with, to have short and long term follow-up levels, and to include both humoral and cellular immunity in their measurements.
RELEVANCE
The results should reassure both surgeons and parents that tonsillectomy has no proven clinical sequalae. If more research is to be done in the future, it should be performed in a standardized way to avoid the heterogeneity seen in the literature.
Topics: Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Immunoglobulins; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 26055199
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.05.016 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jun 2004In vitro studies of the use of immune cells and animal models demonstrate that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a lipid, modulates immune function. In addition, recent... (Review)
Review
In vitro studies of the use of immune cells and animal models demonstrate that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a lipid, modulates immune function. In addition, recent publications demonstrate that 2 active CLA isomers (ie, cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA) modulate immune function in humans. Aspects of both the innate and adaptive immune responses are affected by dietary CLA supplementation. CLA consists of a mixture of isomers, which reduced immune-induced wasting and enhanced ex vivo lymphocyte proliferation in broilers and decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) production in rat models. In mice, ex vivo lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production were increased. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers exert distinct effects on immune function. Specifically, these 2 isomers have differential effects on specific T cell populations and immunoglobulin subclasses in animal and human studies. Herein, a systematic review of the literature and relevant new data are presented with an aim to compare data and to present an overview covering the innate and adaptive components of the immune response that are regulated by CLA. In addition, potential mechanisms of action are discussed and the need for future studies on the immunomodulatory properties of CLA are outlined in detail. The understanding of the mechanism(s) by which CLA increases immune function will aid in the development of nutritionally based therapeutic applications to augment host resistance against infectious diseases and to treat immune imbalances, which result in inflammatory disorders, allergic reactions, or both.
Topics: Animals; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Immunity; Inflammation; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-6; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Lymphocyte Activation; Models, Animal; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 15159257
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.6.1199S -
Vaccine Mar 2014Although immune response to vaccines can be influenced by several parameters, human genetic variations are thought to strongly influence the variability in vaccine... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Although immune response to vaccines can be influenced by several parameters, human genetic variations are thought to strongly influence the variability in vaccine responsiveness. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are needed to clarify the genetic contribution to this variability, which may affect the efficacy of existing vaccines. We performed a systematic literature search to identify all studies describing the associations of allelic variants or single nucleotide polymorphisms in immune response genes with vaccine responses until July 2013. The studies fulfilling inclusion criteria were meta-analyzed. Thirteen studies (11,686 subjects) evaluated the associations of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and other immunity gene variations with the responses to single vaccines, including MMR-II (measles and rubella virus), HepB (hepatitis virus), influenza virus, and MenC (serogroup C meningococcus) vaccines. Seven HLA genetic variants were included in the meta-analyses. The pooled ORs showed that DRB1*07 (2.46 [95% CI=1.60-3.77]; P for heterogeneity=0.117; I(2)=49.1%), DQA1*02:01 (2.21 [95% CI=1.22-4.00]; P for heterogeneity=0.995; I(2)=0.0%), DQB1*02:01 (2.03 [95% CI=1.35-3.07]; P for heterogeneity=0.449; I(2)=0.0%), and DQB1*03:03 (3.31 [95% CI=1.12-9.78]; P for heterogeneity=0.188; I(2)=42.4%) were associated with a significant decrease of antibody responses to MMR-II, HepB, and influenza vaccines. The pooled ORs showed that DRB1*13 (0.52 [95% CI=0.32-0.84]; P for heterogeneity=0.001; I(2)=85.1%) and DRB1*13:01 (0.19 [95% CI=0.06-0.58]; P for heterogeneity=0.367; I(2)=0.0%) were associated with a significant increase of antibody responses to the above vaccines. While our findings reinforce the concept that individuals with a particular HLA allelic composition are more likely to respond efficiently to vaccines, future studies should be encouraged to further elucidate the link between genetic variation and variability of the human immune response to vaccines.
Topics: Antibody Formation; HLA-DQ Antigens; HLA-DRB1 Chains; Humans; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Vaccines
PubMed: 24513009
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.057 -
European Archives of... Jan 2020Although tonsillectomy is the most commonly performed surgical operation for children, its postoperative effect on the immune response was a source of debate among...
BACKGROUND
Although tonsillectomy is the most commonly performed surgical operation for children, its postoperative effect on the immune response was a source of debate among physicians.
PURPOSE
The aim of this systemic review was study the effect of tonsillectomy on children immune response.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library.
REVIEW METHODS
All relevant articles published English language addressing the effect of tonsillectomy on the immune system were included. One investigators extracted data regarding: year of the study, sample size, study design, sample size, timing of analysis, studied immune factors, result and conclusion were identified. Another investigator independently reviewed data accuracy.
RESULTS
Ten articles published between from January 2009 to January 2019 in about this issue that included 404 children were reviewed. All reviewed studies showed a non-significant difference between levels of indicators of the humeral immunity (IgA, IgG, IgM, C3 and C4) pre- and postoperatively. Studies that measured these indicators only after surgery, showed a non-significant difference in their levels between patients and healthy controls. Levels of indicators of cellular immunity (CD4+ , CD3+ , CD8+ , CD19+ , CD25+ , CD16+ , CD+ 56) showed slight reduction or increase in some studies but without a significant difference compared to their levels preoperatively, postoperatively at different intervals or with healthy controls. Other studies found no changes in these indicators postoperatively.
CONCLUSION
There was enough evidence to conclude that tonsillectomy has no negative affect on both humeral and cellular immunity of children.
Topics: Child; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Postoperative Period; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 31664514
DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05672-6 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2015Osteosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that accounts for the majority of primary bone tumors in dogs and shares biological and clinical similarities with... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that accounts for the majority of primary bone tumors in dogs and shares biological and clinical similarities with osteosarcoma in humans. Despite dose intensification with conventional cytotoxic therapies, survival times for dogs and humans diagnosed with high-grade osteosarcoma have not changed in the past 20 years, with the principal cause of mortality being the development of pulmonary metastases. Given the therapeutic plateau reached for delaying metastatic progression with cytotoxic agents, exploration of alterative adjuvant therapies for improving management of osteosarcoma micrometastases is clinically justified. Evidence suggests that osteosarcoma is an immunogenic tumor, and development of immunotherapies for the treatment of microscopic lung metastases might improve long-term outcomes. In this review, the history and foundational knowledge of immune interactions to canine osteosarcoma are highlighted. In parallel, immunotherapeutic strategies that have been explored for the treatment of canine osteosarcoma are summarized. With a greater understanding and awareness for how the immune system might be redirected toward combating osteosarcoma metastases, the rational development of diverse immune strategies for managing osteosarcoma holds substantial promise for transforming the therapeutic landscape and improving disease management in both dogs and human beings.
Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Immunotherapy; Osteosarcoma
PubMed: 25929293
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12603 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV), subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization, emerged in Wuhan City (China)...
An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV), subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization, emerged in Wuhan City (China) in December 2019. Despite rigorous containment and quarantine efforts, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to expand, causing explosive outbreaks in more than 160 countries with waves of morbidity and fatality, leading to significant public health problems. In the past 20 years, two additional epidemics caused by CoVs have occurred: severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV, which has caused a large-scale epidemic in China and 24 other countries; and respiratory syndrome-CoV of the Middle East in Saudi Arabia, which continues to cause sporadic cases. All of these viruses affect the lower respiratory tract and manifest as pneumonia in humans, but the novel SARS-Cov-2 appears to be more contagious and has spread more rapidly worldwide. This mini-review focuses on the cellular immune response to COVID-19 in human subjects, compared to other clinically relevant coronaviruses to evaluate its role in the control of infection and pathogenesis and accelerate the development of a preventive vaccine or immune therapies.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Epidemics; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunotherapy; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32719687
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01662 -
Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering Jul 2021Modeling immunity in vitro has the potential to be a powerful tool for investigating fundamental biological questions, informing therapeutics and vaccines, and providing...
Modeling immunity in vitro has the potential to be a powerful tool for investigating fundamental biological questions, informing therapeutics and vaccines, and providing new insight into disease progression. There are two major elements to immunity that are necessary to model: primary immune tissues and peripheral tissues with immune components. Here, we systematically review progress made along three strategies to modeling immunity: ex vivo cultures, which preserve native tissue structure; microfluidic devices, which constitute a versatile approach to providing physiologically relevant fluid flow and environmental control; and engineered tissues, which provide precise control of the 3D microenvironment and biophysical cues. While many models focus on disease modeling, more primary immune tissue models are necessary to advance the field. Moving forward, we anticipate that the expansion of patient-specific models may inform why immunity varies from patient to patient and allow for the rapid comprehension and treatment of emerging diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Biophysics; COVID-19; Humans; Immune System; Immunity, Innate; In Vitro Techniques; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Mice; Microfluidics; SARS-CoV-2; Thymus Gland; Tissue Array Analysis; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 33872520
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082420-124920 -
Archives of Oral Biology Jul 2021The ratio between molecules which acts towards the diseased or healthy phenotype determine whether the periodontitis lesions will progress or stabilize. Considering... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
The ratio between molecules which acts towards the diseased or healthy phenotype determine whether the periodontitis lesions will progress or stabilize. Considering gingival tissue and biofluids, we aimed to present a systematic review (qualitative analysis) on the ratios between disease/health periodontitis modulators, and a meta-analysis (quantitative analysis) of their levels in individuals with periodontitis compared to controls.
DESIGN
Electronic searches of the PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were conducted for publications up to May 2020.
RESULTS
A total of 53 publications were included in the systematic review, being 22 of them focusing on the ratios between Interleukin [IL]-1/IL-10, IL-6/IL-10, IL-1/IL-1RA and RANKL/OPG. Twenty-one publications were eligible for meta-analyses. The ratios of IL-1, IL-6 and RANKL mRNA levels were significantly higher in diseased gingival tissue, as well as their protein levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontitis individuals. Considering the saliva levels, the RANKL/OPG ratio was higher in periodontitis subjects in comparison to controls. Meta-analyses showed higher IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6 and IL-10 gene expressions in gingival tissue and protein levels in GCF, while RANKL was higher in GCF of periodontitis individuals in comparison to controls.
CONCLUSIONS
Both the ratios and meta-analyses showed higher levels of modulators in gingival tissue and GCF of diseased individuals.
Topics: Chronic Periodontitis; Gingiva; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Humans; Periodontitis; Saliva
PubMed: 34044319
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105147 -
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Feb 2019The relationship between psoriasis and vitiligo has not been previously confirmed, and we therefore aimed to investigate this association. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The relationship between psoriasis and vitiligo has not been previously confirmed, and we therefore aimed to investigate this association.
METHODS
We conducted a search of the MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases on 22 January 2018 for case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies examining the association between psoriasis and vitiligo. A customized Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. We performed a random effects meta-analysis to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for case-control and cross-sectional studies.
RESULTS
Of 2453 citations identified from the literature search, 10 case-control/cross-sectional studies with a total of 120,866 psoriasis cases and 79,907 vitiligo cases were included in our study. Four of these studies were rated as high risk of bias. We found a significantly increased odds for vitiligo in psoriasis patients (summary OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.56-3.37, studies = 7), as well as a significantly elevated odds for psoriasis in vitiligo patients (summary OR 3.43, 95% CI 1.86-6.33, studies = 4).
CONCLUSIONS
Our meta-analysis showed that psoriasis and vitiligo are associated with each other. Several studies had a high risk of bias, and further investigation is needed to confirm this association and amplify treatment options.
Topics: Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Psoriasis; Skin; Th1 Cells; Th17 Cells; Vitiligo
PubMed: 30317450
DOI: 10.1007/s40257-018-0394-1 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Apr 2020Buruli ulcer (BU) is a subcutaneous necrotic infection of the skin caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. It is the third most common human mycobacterial disease after... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Buruli ulcer (BU) is a subcutaneous necrotic infection of the skin caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. It is the third most common human mycobacterial disease after tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy. The available methods for detection of the bacilli in lesions are microscopic detection, isolation and cultivation of the bacterium, histopathology, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These methods, although approved by the World Health Organization (WHO), have infrastructural and resource challenges in medical centres and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and/or serology-based tests have been suggested as easier and more appropriate for accurate assessment of the disease, especially in remote or underdeveloped areas. This study systematically reviewed and conducted a meta-analysis for all research aimed at developing cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and/or serology-based tests for M. ulcerans disease. Information for this review was searched through PubMed and Web of Science databases and identified up to June 2019. References from relevant articles and reports from the WHO Annual Meeting of the Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative were also used. Twelve studies beginning in 1952, that attempted to develop CMI and/or serology-based tests for the disease were identified. These studies addressed issues of specificity and sensitivity in context of antigen composition as well as study heterogeneity and bias. The two main types of antigenic preparations considered were pathogen-derived and recombinant protein preparations. There was slight difference in test performance when M. ulcerans recombinant proteins [positivity: 67.5%; 32.5%] or pathogen-derived [positivity: 76.0%; 24.0%] preparations were used as test antigens among BU patients. However, pathogen-derived preparations were better at differentiating between patients and control groups [odds ratio (OR) of 27.92, 95%CI: 5.05-154.28]. This was followed by tests with the recombinant proteins [OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 0.27-5.62]. Overall, study heterogeneity index, I2 was 92.4% (p = 0.000). It is apparent from this review that standardisation is needed in any future CMI and/or serology-based tests used for M. ulcerans disease.
Topics: Buruli Ulcer; Databases, Factual; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Leprosy; Mycobacterium ulcerans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Serologic Tests
PubMed: 32251470
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008172