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Psychiatria Danubina Sep 2015Teen suicide is a major public health problem. In the United States, it is the third cause of death among the 10-24 year olds. Adolescence involves numerous changes,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Teen suicide is a major public health problem. In the United States, it is the third cause of death among the 10-24 year olds. Adolescence involves numerous changes, whether physical, social, emotional or hormonal. At a neurobiological level, a teenager's nervous system is also affected and undergoes significant modifications.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
We conducted a systematic review of electronic literature published between January 1990 and August 2014 via MEDLINE, PubMED and PsychINFO to list articles concerning the risk of teen depression and suicide risks in adolescents as well as those relating to the adolescent's neuro-anatomical brain and the effect that puberty has on it.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
When analyzing the various studies, it is clear that all support the idea that adolescence is a special period, both at neuroanatomical and biological levels. The risk of impulsiveness and depression is explained, anatomically, by a faster maturation of the limbic system, and biologically, by a higher sensitivity of the serotoninergic system and to glucocorticoids, which themselves are influenced by the specific hormonal environment during this period. Moreover and above all, adolescence is a vulnerable time for many reasons: physical, hormonal, social, cognitive, and emotional changes, self-development, etc. We should not restrict it to structural neurological changes without taking into account the other factors or compartmentalize young people into a reductive model based on determinism.
CONCLUSIONS
Adolescence is a time of change, transformation, and adaptation. The hormonal events that occur during this period have significant effects on brain development, neuro-cerebral chemistry, adolescent behavior and risks of depression. It is important to try to prevent suicide and depression in adolescents considering its entirety and complexity but also by paying attention to neuro-biological factors even if, at present, many research projects are currently underway to develop an appropriate drug therapy strategy.
Topics: Adolescent; Brain; Depressive Disorder; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Male; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Psychosexual Development; Puberty; Suicide; Suicide Prevention
PubMed: 26417784
DOI: No ID Found -
Revista Paulista de Pediatria : Orgao... 2017To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the ability of anthropometric indicators to predict clustered cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) in children and... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the ability of anthropometric indicators to predict clustered cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) in children and adolescents.
DATA SOURCE
Studies published from June 1st, 2011 to May 31st, 2016 in the PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases were analyzed. The research was based on keywords derived from the terms "anthropometric indicators" AND "cardiometabolic risk factors". Observational studies on the ability of anthropometric indicators as predictors of clustered CMRF in children and adolescents in Portuguese, English and Spanish languages were included. Studies with a specific group of obese patients or with other diseases were not included.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Of the 2,755 articles retrieved, 31 were selected for systematic review. Twenty-eight studies analyzed body mass index (BMI) as a predictor of clustered CMRF. Only 3 of the 25 cross-sectional studies found no association between anthropometric indicators and clustered CMRF. The results of six studies that compared the predictive ability of different anthropometric measures for clustered CMRF were divergent, and it was not possible to define a single indicator as the best predictor of clustered CMRF. Only six articles were cohort studies, and the findings suggested that changes in adiposity during childhood predict alterations in the clustered CMRF in adolescence.
CONCLUSIONS
BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio were predictors of clustered CMRF in childhood and adolescence and exhibited a similar predictive ability for these outcomes. These findings suggest anthropometric indicators as an interesting screening tool of clustered CMRF at early ages.
Topics: Adolescent; Body Weights and Measures; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Cluster Analysis; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28977298
DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;3;00013 -
JAMA Network Open Nov 2022Sexual violence is a public health problem that affects adolescents globally. To our knowledge, no meta-analysis of prevention programs for adolescent sexual violence... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
IMPORTANCE
Sexual violence is a public health problem that affects adolescents globally. To our knowledge, no meta-analysis of prevention programs for adolescent sexual violence has been conducted.
OBJECTIVE
To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of psychosocial programs for preventing sexual violence during adolescence.
DATA SOURCES
Peer-reviewed articles published in English were searched in PsycINFO, ERIC, PsycArticles, PubMed, and Web of Science databases through December 2021.
STUDY SELECTION
Studies were included if they were randomized clinical trials assessing the efficacy of a psychosocial prevention program targeting sexual violence and delivered to adolescents aged 10 to 19 years.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to identify studies. The quality of individual studies was assessed with the Revised Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool. A random-effects model was used to pool odds ratios (ORs). Exploratory subgroup and metaregression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between moderators and effect sizes.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Primary outcomes were perpetration of sexual violence, experience of sexual violence, and a composite measure of any perpetration or experience of sexual violence.
RESULTS
Data were analyzed from 20 trials involving 37 294 adolescents. Compared with control conditions, prevention programs were associated with a significant reduction in the perpetration (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73-0.95; P = .005) and experience (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78-0.98; P = .02) of sexual violence, as well as a 13% significant reduction of any sexual violence (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78-0.97; P = .009). Exploratory analyses of the combination of program setting and participant age indicated that programs that were delivered in school settings and targeted at adolescents aged 15 to 19 years yielded significantly larger effect sizes (Cochran Q = 4.8; P = .03) compared with programs that were either delivered outside of a school setting or targeted younger adolescents. Quality assessment of trials revealed concerns of risk of bias across several included studies.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this meta-analysis, evidence suggested that prevention programs were associated with reducing adolescent sexual violence, especially when implemented at school with older adolescents. However, there is need for additional high-quality research. Prevention of adolescent sexual violence remains understudied compared with other similarly important public health prevention targets.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Sex Offenses; Schools; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 36346627
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.40895 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2023Despite an increasing number of studies examining the impact of parental incarceration on children's well-being, there are few comprehensive reviews that collect this... (Review)
Review
Despite an increasing number of studies examining the impact of parental incarceration on children's well-being, there are few comprehensive reviews that collect this information, and even fewer from a developmental perspective. This study aims to clarify the effects of parental incarceration on children's well-being and development, as well as the moderating and mediating factors from a developmental perspective. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, selecting 61 studies of children from early childhood to adolescence. The results show differences in the current evidence regarding the effects of parental incarceration on children depending on the developmental stage, with the most evidence in the 7-11-year-old stage. Being male appears as a risk moderator factor while the mental health of the caregiver and their relationship with the child appears as a mediating variable, especially from 7 to 18 years old. These results reveal the impact of parental incarceration based on children's age, providing a basis for developing protective and intervention measures.
Topics: Child; Adolescent; Humans; Male; Child, Preschool; Female; Prisoners; Risk Factors; Mental Health
PubMed: 36833841
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043143 -
Behavioural Neurology 2023Risk of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors greatly increases during adolescence, and rates have risen dramatically over the past two decades. However, few risk... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Risk of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors greatly increases during adolescence, and rates have risen dramatically over the past two decades. However, few risk factors or biomarkers predictive of suicidal ideation or attempted suicide have been identified in adolescents. Neuroimaging correlates hold potential for early identification of adolescents at increased risk of suicidality and risk stratification for those at high risk of suicide attempt.
METHODS
In this systematic review, we evaluated neural regions and networks associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in adolescents derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. A total of 28 articles were included in this review.
RESULTS
After descriptively synthesizing the literature, we propose the Emotional paiN and social Disconnect (END) model of adolescent suicidality and present two key neural circuits: (1) the emotional/mental pain circuit and (2) the social disconnect/distortion circuit. In the END model, the emotional pain circuit-consisting of the cerebellum, amygdala, and hippocampus-shows similar aberrations in adolescents with suicidal ideation as in those with a history of a suicide attempt (but to a smaller degree). The social disconnect circuit is unique to adolescent suicide attempters and includes the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the temporal gyri, and the connections between them.
CONCLUSION
Our proposed END brain model of suicidal behavior in youth, if confirmed by future prospective studies, can have implications for clinical goals of early detection, risk stratification, and intervention development. Treatments that target emotional pain and social disconnect may be ideal interventions for reducing suicidality in adolescents.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Suicidal Ideation; Prospective Studies; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Risk Factors; Amygdala; Pain
PubMed: 37786433
DOI: 10.1155/2023/7254574 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023Socioeconomic status affects individuals' health behaviors and contributes to a complex relationship between health and development. Due to this complexity, the...
Socioeconomic status affects individuals' health behaviors and contributes to a complex relationship between health and development. Due to this complexity, the relationship between SES and health behaviors is not yet fully understood. This literature review, therefore, aims to assess the association between socioeconomic status and health behaviors in childhood and adolescence. Preferred Reporting for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis protocol guidelines were used to conduct a systematic literature review. The electronic online databases EBSCO Host, PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct were utilized to systematically search published articles. The Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appeal tool was used to assess the quality of included studies. Eligibility criteria such as study context, study participants, study setting, outcome measures, and key findings were used to identify relevant literature that measured the association between socioeconomic status and health behaviors. Out of 2,391 studies, only 46 met the final eligibility criteria and were assessed in this study. Our review found that children and adolescents with low socioeconomic status face an elevated risk of unhealthy behaviors (e.g., early initiation of smoking, high-energy-dense food, low physical activity, and involvement in drug abuse), in contrast to their counterparts. Conversely, children and adolescents from higher socioeconomic backgrounds exhibit a higher prevalence of health-promoting behaviors, such as increased consumption of fruit and vegetables, dairy products, regular breakfast, adherence to a nutritious diet, and engagement in an active lifestyle. The findings of this study underscore the necessity of implementing specific intervention measures aimed at providing assistance to families from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds to mitigate the substantial disparities in health behavior outcomes in children and adolescents.
Topics: Humans; Child; Adolescent; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Health Behavior; Social Class; Diet
PubMed: 37915814
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1228632 -
Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy Jul 2022This study aimed to review evidence on the associations between childhood emotional, physical and sexual abuse; neglect and bullying and early maladaptive schemas, as... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This study aimed to review evidence on the associations between childhood emotional, physical and sexual abuse; neglect and bullying and early maladaptive schemas, as measured in adolescence. PubMed, PsycInfo and CINAHL were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies reporting original quantitative data on the association between early maladaptive schemas or schema domains (e.g., Disconnection and Rejection) and childhood emotional, physical and sexual abuse; neglect and bullying, measured in individuals aged up to 18 years. Meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the magnitude of the associations between schemas and childhood experiences. Twelve studies were included: Seven explored schemas, and five examined schema domains. Most studies had somewhat representative samples that were adequate in size, and all used validated measures of schemas or schema domains. Three studies explored emotional neglect, two each for emotional abuse, physical abuse and peer problems, one explored family violence and one adolescent stressors. Meta-analyses indicated small to medium pooled associations between emotional abuse and Emotional Deprivation, r = .33 (95% CI [.19, .46]) and Subjugation, r = .32 (95% CI [.14,.47]) and emotional neglect and Mistrust Abuse, r = .41 (95% CI [.32, .49]), Abandonment, r = .25 (95% CI [.22, .28]), Social Isolation r = .23 (95% CI [.10, .35]) and Failure, r = .35 (95% CI [.26, .44]). Associations between childhood abuse and neglect experiences and schemas were evident in adolescents. There were limited data on some adverse experiences including sexual abuse and neglect. The evidence thus far suggests that maladaptive schemas are related to experiences of childhood emotional abuse and neglect and are evident before adulthood.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bullying; Child; Child Abuse; Emotions; Humans
PubMed: 35060262
DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2712 -
The Australian and New Zealand Journal... Oct 2015Depression has been identified as a priority disorder among children and adolescents. While numerous reviews have examined the individual and family factors that... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Depression has been identified as a priority disorder among children and adolescents. While numerous reviews have examined the individual and family factors that contribute to child and adolescent depressive symptoms, less is known about community-level risk and protective factors. The aim of this study was to complete a systematic review to identify community risk and protective factors for depression in school-aged children (4-18 years).
METHOD
The review adopted the procedures recommended by the Cochrane Non-Randomised Studies Methods Working Group and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify both observational and intervention study designs in both peer-reviewed and non-peer reviewed publications.
RESULTS
A total of 21 studies met the inclusion criteria. Seventeen of the 18 community association studies and 2 of the 3 intervention studies reported one or more significant effects. Results indicated that community safety and community minority ethnicity and discrimination act as risk factors for depressive symptoms in school-aged children. Community disadvantage failed to achieve significance in meta-analytic results but findings suggest that the role of disadvantage may be influenced by other factors. Community connectedness was also not directly associated with depressive symptoms.
CONCLUSION
There is evidence that a number of potentially modifiable community-level risk and protective factors influence child and adolescent depressive symptoms suggesting the importance of continuing research and intervention efforts at the community-level.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Depression; Humans; Protective Factors; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26416916
DOI: 10.1177/0004867415603129 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Feb 2023Disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) represent a common motive for referral among youths. This meta-analysis aimed at estimating the efficacy of psychosocial... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
Disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) represent a common motive for referral among youths. This meta-analysis aimed at estimating the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for adolescents with DBDs.
METHOD
A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-compliant systematic review of MEDLINE/PubMED/PsycINFO/Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) administering psychosocial interventions to adolescents with DBD, published before April 5, 2020. From the initial set of 6,006 records, 17 RCTs involving 18 cohorts (16 publications) were subjected to a random-effect meta-analysis (involving sensitivity, subgroup, and meta-regression analyses). Primary and secondary outcomes were externalizing symptoms at RCT endpoint (ie, standardized mean difference [SMD]) and acceptability (drop-out odds ratio [OR]), respectively. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool.
RESULTS
A total of 17 RCTs, involving 1,954 adolescents, were included. The mean age was 14.09 (SD 1.33) years; 61% were male. The mean RCT duration was 12 weeks, with a mean follow-up of 8 (SD 3.98) months. Concern over risk of bias emerged in 12 studies, with high concern in 6. Psychosocial interventions had a large effect size at RCT endpoint (SMD = 0.98, 95% CI = -0.55 to -1.38, k = 18) and were acceptable (drop-out OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.62-2.70, k = 13). However, this beneficial effect did not persist at follow-up (SMD = -0.36, 95% CI = 0.06 to -0.78, k = 10). Family format was the most effective variable. No other clinically significant moderator was found.
CONCLUSION
Psychosocial interventions involving the families of DBD adolescents are effective and acceptable in the short term. Future studies should focus on strategies to achieve their long-term efficacy.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Humans; Male; Problem Behavior; Psychosocial Intervention; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome; Child Behavior Disorders
PubMed: 35551985
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.05.002 -
Journal of Psychiatric Research Feb 2022Pollution is harmful to human physical health and wellbeing. What is less well established is the relationship between adolescent mental health - a growing public health... (Review)
Review
Pollution is harmful to human physical health and wellbeing. What is less well established is the relationship between adolescent mental health - a growing public health concern - and pollution. In response, we systematically reviewed studies documenting associations between pollution and mental health in adolescents. We searched Africa Wide, Medline, PsycArticles, PsycInfo, PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection for studies published up to 10 April 2020 that investigated exposure to any pollutant and symptoms of anxiety; depression; disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders; neurodevelopmental disorders; psychosis; or substance abuse in 10-24-year-olds (i.e., adolescents as per expanded and more inclusive definition of adolescence). This identified 2291 records and we assessed 128 papers for inclusion. We used a narrative synthesis to coalesce the studies' findings. This review is registered on PROSPERO, CRD42020176664. Seventeen studies from Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and North America were included. Air and water pollution exposure was associated with elevated symptoms of depression, generalised anxiety, psychosis, and/or disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorder. Exposure to lead and solvents was associated with neurodevelopmental impairments. Most studies neglected factors that could have supported the mental health resilience of adolescents exposed to pollution. Notwithstanding the limited quality of most reviewed studies, results suggest that pollution exposure is a risk to adolescent mental health. High-quality research is urgently required, including the factors and processes that protect the mental health of pollution-exposed adolescents. Studies with adolescents living in low- and lower middle-income countries and the southern hemisphere must be prioritized.
Topics: Adolescent; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Conduct Disorder; Humans; Mental Health; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 34953306
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.012