-
PloS One 2023Smartphone use while driving (SUWD) is a major cause of accidents and fatal crashes. This serious problem is still too little understood to be solved. Therefore, the...
Smartphone use while driving (SUWD) is a major cause of accidents and fatal crashes. This serious problem is still too little understood to be solved. Therefore, the current research aimed to contribute to a better understanding of SUWD by examining factors that have received little or no attention in this context: problematic smartphone use (PSU), fear of missing out (FOMO), and Dark Triad. In the first step, we conducted a systematic literature review to map the current state of research on these factors. In the second step, we conducted a cross-sectional study and collected data from 989 German car drivers. A clear majority (61%) admitted to using the smartphone while driving at least occasionally. Further, the results showed that FOMO is positively linked to PSU and that both are positively associated with SUWD. Additionally, we found that Dark Triad traits are relevant predictors of SUWD and other problematic driving behaviors--in particular, psychopathy is associated with committed traffic offenses. Thus, results indicate that PSU, FOMO, and Dark Triad are relevant factors to explain SUWD. We hope to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of this dangerous phenomenon with these findings.
Topics: Humans; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Smartphone; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fear; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 37104387
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284984 -
Lancet (London, England) Feb 2002About 9 million people are imprisoned worldwide, but the number with serious mental disorders (psychosis, major depression, and antisocial personality disorder) is... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
About 9 million people are imprisoned worldwide, but the number with serious mental disorders (psychosis, major depression, and antisocial personality disorder) is unknown. We did a systematic review of surveys on such disorders in general prison populations in western countries.
METHODS
We searched for psychiatric surveys that were based on interviews of unselected prison populations and included diagnoses of psychotic illnesses or major depression within the previous 6 months, or a history of any personality disorder. We did computer-assisted searches, scanned reference lists, searched journals, and corresponded with authors. We determined prevalence rates of serious mental disorders, sex, type of prisoner (detainee or sentenced inmate), and other characteristics.
FINDINGS
62 surveys from 12 countries included 22790 prisoners (mean age 29 years, 18530 [81%] men, 2568 [26%] of 9776 were violent offenders). 3.7% of men (95% CI 3.3--4.1) had psychotic illnesses, 10% (9--11) major depression, and 65% (61--68) a personality disorder, including 47% (46--48) with antisocial personality disorder. 4.0% of women (3.2--5.1) had psychotic illnesses, 12% (11--14) major depression, and 42% (38--45) a personality disorder, including 21% (19--23) with antisocial personality disorder. Although there was substantial heterogeneity among studies (especially for antisocial personality disorder), only a small proportion was explained by differences in prevalence rates between detainees and sentenced inmates. Prisoners were several times more likely to have psychosis and major depression, and about ten times more likely to have antisocial personality disorder, than the general population.
INTERPRETATION
Worldwide, several million prisoners probably have serious mental disorders, but how well prison services are addressing these problems is not known.
Topics: Adult; Depressive Disorder; Female; Global Health; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Prevalence; Prisoners
PubMed: 11867106
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07740-1 -
Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria 2012Cocaine consumption can induce transient psychotic symptoms expressed as paranoia or hallucinations. This work reviews that evidence and tries to obtain data regarding... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Cocaine consumption can induce transient psychotic symptoms expressed as paranoia or hallucinations. This work reviews that evidence and tries to obtain data regarding frequency of psychotic symptoms or cocaine induced psychosis (CIP), risks or associated factors.
METHOD
Systematic review of studies found in PubMed database published until January 2011 where cocaine induced paranoia was present.
RESULTS
Cocaine induced paranoia has a particular clinical presentation. It needs to be clearly identified due to its harmful consequences. The prevalence is between 12% in clinical studies and 100% in experimental studies. The following are considered potential risk factors: age of first use and length, amount of substance, route of administration, body mass index, genetic factors, personal vulnerability and comorbidity with AXIS I (psychosis, ADHD) and AXIS II disorders (antisocial personality disorder).
CONCLUSIONS
It is needed to research with larger samples of cocaine users of different countries and contexts, in order to identify and detail what variables are closely related in the development of cocaine induced paranoia, so the population at risk can be treated earlier.
Topics: Cocaine-Related Disorders; Humans; Prevalence; Psychotic Disorders; Risk Factors
PubMed: 22851479
DOI: No ID Found -
Trauma, Violence & Abuse Jan 2004Violent acts are sometimes committed by people who do not normally appear violent or aggressive. This simple observation and others have led some to speculate about a... (Review)
Review
Violent acts are sometimes committed by people who do not normally appear violent or aggressive. This simple observation and others have led some to speculate about a relationship between dissociation and violence. However, no systematic review of the literature has so far been published. To address this gap, studies assessing the prevalence of dissociation among violent individuals, and violence among highly dissociative persons, are reviewed. Possible links between dissociation and violent behavior are explored. It is concluded that dissociation predicts violence in a wide range of populations and may be crucial to an understanding of violent behavior. There is a clear need, however, for large scale, well-designed studies using reliable structured instruments in a number of areas reviewed. Recommendations for clinical applications include the routine screening of offenders for dissociative disorders and adequate consideration of dissociation and dissociative disorders in the development and implementation of violence treatment and prevention programs.
Topics: Aggression; Amnesia; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Crime; Criminal Psychology; Dissociative Disorders; Humans; Mental Disorders; Personality Disorders; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Sex Offenses; Violence
PubMed: 15006295
DOI: 10.1177/1524838003259321 -
Development and Psychopathology Feb 2014It is unclear whether the concepts and findings of the underlying neurobiology of adult psychopathy apply to youths as well. If so, a life span approach to treatment... (Review)
Review
It is unclear whether the concepts and findings of the underlying neurobiology of adult psychopathy apply to youths as well. If so, a life span approach to treatment should be taken. Because youths' brains are still developing, interventions at an early age may be far more effective in the long run. The aim of this systematic review is to examine whether the neurocognitive and neurobiological factors that underlie juvenile psychopathy, and specifically callous-unemotional (CU) traits, are similar to those underlying adult psychopathy. The results show that youths with CU traits show lower levels of prosocial reasoning, lower emotional responsivity, and decreased harm avoidance. Brain imaging studies in youths with CU traits are still rare. Available studies suggest specific neural correlates, such as a reduced response of the amygdala and a weaker functional connectivity between the amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings are largely in line with existing theories of adult psychopathy, such as the dual-hormone serotonergic hypothesis and the integrated emotions systems theory. We recommend that future studies investigate the role of oxytocin, invest in the study of neural mechanisms, and study the precursors, risk factors, and correlates of CU traits in early infancy and in longitudinal designs.
Topics: Adolescent; Amygdala; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Brain; Cognition; Conduct Disorder; Emotions; Fear; Functional Neuroimaging; Humans; Young Adult
PubMed: 24073742
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579413000527 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Dec 2023The CNV is analyzed in tasks related to EEG studies, often with participants presenting psychopathic personality traits. A systematic search of the literature was... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The CNV is analyzed in tasks related to EEG studies, often with participants presenting psychopathic personality traits. A systematic search of the literature was conducted, to solve some inconsistencies regarding CNV amplitude modulation by psychopathy. Nine studies (N = 317) were retrieved for analysis. Three meta-analyses were run - CNV, iCNV, tCNV. A qualitative analysis - reporting CNV amplitudes modulated by psychopathy dimensional features - was also featured. Overall effects for CNV and iCNV were not significant. Larger tCNV amplitudes were found in participants reporting higher psychopathy traits, g = -0.58, 95% CI [- 0.94, - 0.22]. These findings were surprising when confronted with previous assumptions in the literature, especially considering that no significant heterogeneity between studies was found. Neither of the studies' characteristics was a significant moderator. Findings require the need to discuss key differences between adaptive/(mal)adjustment patterns in participants presenting psychopathic traits. Future studies dissociating iCNV and tCNV modulation by psychopathy, especially in community samples and through a dimensional lens, could help to better understand the construct of psychopathy.
Topics: Humans; Contingent Negative Variation; Antisocial Personality Disorder
PubMed: 37977277
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105469 -
JAMA Psychiatry Apr 2024Several factors may place people with mental health disorders, including substance use disorders, at increased risk of experiencing homelessness and experiencing...
IMPORTANCE
Several factors may place people with mental health disorders, including substance use disorders, at increased risk of experiencing homelessness and experiencing homelessness may also increase the risk of developing mental health disorders. Meta-analyses examining the prevalence of mental health disorders among people experiencing homelessness globally are lacking.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the current and lifetime prevalence of mental health disorders among people experiencing homelessness and identify associated factors.
DATA SOURCES
A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and AMED) was conducted from inception to May 1, 2021.
STUDY SELECTION
Studies investigating the prevalence of mental health disorders among people experiencing homelessness aged 18 years and older were included.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Data extraction was completed using standardized forms in Covidence. All extracted data were reviewed for accuracy by consensus between 2 independent reviewers. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the prevalence (with 95% CIs) of mental health disorders in people experiencing homelessness. Subgroup analyses were performed by sex, study year, age group, region, risk of bias, and measurement method. Meta-regression was conducted to examine the association between mental health disorders and age, risk of bias, and study year.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Current and lifetime prevalence of mental health disorders among people experiencing homelessness.
RESULTS
A total of 7729 citations were retrieved, with 291 undergoing full-text review and 85 included in the final review (N = 48 414 participants, 11 154 [23%] female and 37 260 [77%] male). The current prevalence of mental health disorders among people experiencing homelessness was 67% (95% CI, 55-77), and the lifetime prevalence was 77% (95% CI, 61-88). Male individuals exhibited a significantly higher lifetime prevalence of mental health disorders (86%; 95% CI, 74-92) compared to female individuals (69%; 95% CI, 48-84). The prevalence of several specific disorders were estimated, including any substance use disorder (44%), antisocial personality disorder (26%), major depression (19%), schizophrenia (7%), and bipolar disorder (8%).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The findings demonstrate that most people experiencing homelessness have mental health disorders, with higher prevalences than those observed in general community samples. Specific interventions are needed to support the mental health needs of this population, including close coordination of mental health, social, and housing services and policies to support people experiencing homelessness with mental disorders.
PubMed: 38630486
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0426 -
Clinical Psychology Review Dec 2011Women and girls' engagement in antisocial behavior represents a psychological issue of great concern given the radiating impact that women's antisociality can have on... (Review)
Review
Women and girls' engagement in antisocial behavior represents a psychological issue of great concern given the radiating impact that women's antisociality can have on individuals, families, and communities. Despite its importance and relevance for psychological science, this topic has received limited attention to date and no systematic review of risk factors exists. The present paper aims to systematically review the empirical literature informing risk factors relevant to women's antisocial behavior, with a focus on adolescence and adulthood. Primary aims are to 1) review empirical literatures on risk factors for female antisocial behavior across multiple levels of influence (e.g., person-level characteristics, risky family factors, and gender-salient contexts) and fields of study (e.g., psychology, sociology); 2) evaluate the relevance of each factor for female antisocial behavior; and 3) incorporate an analysis of how gender at both the individual and ecological levels shapes pathways to antisocial behavior in women and girls. We conclude that women's antisocial behavior is best-understood as being influenced by person-level or individual vulnerabilities, risky family factors, and exposure to gender-salient interpersonal contexts, and underscore the importance of examining women's antisocial behavior through an expanded lens that views gender as an individual level attribute as well as a social category that organizes the social context in ways that may promote engagement in antisocial behavior. Based on the present systematic review, an integrative pathway model is proposed toward the goal of synthesizing current knowledge and generating testable hypotheses for future research.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Adult; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Models, Psychological; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Young Adult
PubMed: 22001339
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.002 -
PloS One 2023Thigmotaxis is an innate predator avoidance behaviour of rodents. To gain insight into how injury and disease models, and analgesic drug treatments affect thigmotaxis,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Thigmotaxis is an innate predator avoidance behaviour of rodents. To gain insight into how injury and disease models, and analgesic drug treatments affect thigmotaxis, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that assessed thigmotaxis in the open field test. Systematic searches were conducted of 3 databases in October 2020, March and August 2022. Study design characteristics and experimental data were extracted and analysed using a random-effects meta-analysis. We also assessed the correlation between thigmotaxis and stimulus-evoked limb withdrawal. This review included the meta-analysis of 165 studies We report thigmotaxis was increased in injury and disease models associated with persistent pain and this increase was attenuated by analgesic drug treatments in both rat and mouse experiments. Its usefulness, however, may be limited in certain injury and disease models because our analysis suggested that thigmotaxis may be associated with the locomotor function. We also conducted subgroup analyses and meta-regression, but our findings on sources of heterogeneity are inconclusive because analyses were limited by insufficient available data. It was difficult to assess internal validity because reporting of methodological quality measures was poor, therefore, the studies have an unclear risk of bias. The correlation between time in the centre (type of a thigmotactic metric) and types of stimulus-evoked limb withdrawal was inconsistent. Therefore, stimulus-evoked and ethologically relevant behavioural paradigms should be viewed as two separate entities as they are conceptually and methodologically different from each other.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Mice; Rodentia; Open Field Test; Pain; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Databases, Factual
PubMed: 37682863
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290382 -
The American Journal of Drug and... Sep 2021While males are more likely diagnosed with cannabis use disorder (CUD), females are more susceptible to developing and maintaining CUD. Yet, for both sexes, CUD is... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
While males are more likely diagnosed with cannabis use disorder (CUD), females are more susceptible to developing and maintaining CUD. Yet, for both sexes, CUD is associated with high rates of comorbid mental illness (MI).
OBJECTIVES
To identify and compare sex differences in the prevalence of comorbid CUD amongst individuals with/without MIs.
METHODS
This systematic review generated pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from 37 studies (including clinical trials, cohort, and case-control studies) among individuals with and without MIs, quantifying sex differences in rates of comorbid CUD. A meta-analysis was also completed.
RESULTS
In the CUD-only group, males were twice as likely to have CUD than females (OR = 2.0, CI = 1.9-2.1). Among MIs, males were more likely than females to have CUD comorbid with schizophrenia (OR ~2.6, CI = 2.5-2.7) and other psychotic, mood, and substance use disorders (1> OR <2.2, CI = 0.7-2.6). The reverse association (females > males) was observed for anxiety disorders and antisocial personality disorder (OR = 0.8, CI = 0.7-1.0). Among females, MIs increased the likelihood of having CUD, except for psychotic disorders and depression. A meta-analysis was inconclusive due to high heterogeneity across studies. Thus, comparisons across MI groups were not possible.
CONCLUSION
While males are more likely to be diagnosed with CUD, there are important sex differences in the prevalence of CUD across MI diagnoses that should be taken into account when approaching CUD prevention and determining treatment efficacy.
Topics: Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Mental Disorders; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Sex Distribution; Sex Factors
PubMed: 34280058
DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2021.1946071