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Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 2016There is extensive evidence for positive effects of sleep on motor learning in young individuals; however, the effects of sleep on motor learning in people with stroke... (Review)
Review
There is extensive evidence for positive effects of sleep on motor learning in young individuals; however, the effects of sleep on motor learning in people with stroke and in healthy older individuals are not well understood. The aim of this systematic review was to quantify the association between sleep and procedural memory performance - a marker for motor learning - in healthy older people and people with stroke. After searches in PubMed, Medline and Embase fourteen studies, including 44 subjects after stroke and 339 healthy older participants were included. Overall, sleep was found to enhance motor performance in people after stroke in comparison to an equivalent time of wakefulness. In addition, although evidence is limited, sleep only enhanced motor performance in people after stroke and not in age-matched healthy older adults. In older adults the effect of a sleep intervention did - in general - not differ from equivalent periods of wakefulness. Tasks with whole hand or whole body movements could show significant changes. The results suggest a delayed retention effect after longer breaks including sleep, hinting towards a changed learning strategy as a result of aging. Current evidence for sleep dependent learning in people after stroke is promising, however sparse.
Topics: Aging; Humans; Learning; Memory; Psychomotor Performance; Sleep; Stroke
PubMed: 26835597
DOI: 10.3233/RNN-150521 -
European Review of Aging and Physical... 2017Upper extremity motor performance declines with increasing age. However, older adults need to maintain, learn new and relearn known motor tasks. Research with young... (Review)
Review
Upper extremity motor performance declines with increasing age. However, older adults need to maintain, learn new and relearn known motor tasks. Research with young adults indicated that regular and acute physical activity might facilitate motor performance and motor learning processes. Therefore, this review aimed to examine the association between chronic physical activity and acute bouts of exercise on motor performance and motor learning in upper extremity motor tasks in older adults. Literature was searched via Cochrane library, PubMED, PsycINFO and Scopus and 27 studies met all inclusion criteria. All studies dealt with the influence of chronic physical activity on motor performance or motor learning, no appropriate study examining the influence of an acute bout of exercise in older adults was found. Results concerning the association of chronic physical activity and motor performance are mixed and seem to be influenced by the study design, kind of exercise, motor task, and exercise intensity. Regarding motor learning, a high physical activity or cardiovascular fitness level seems to boost the initial phase of motor learning; results differ with respect to motor retention. Overall, (motor-coordinative) intervention studies seem to be more promising than cross-sectional studies.
PubMed: 28919929
DOI: 10.1186/s11556-017-0181-7 -
Journal of Biomedical Informatics Feb 2022Temporal electronic health records (EHRs) contain a wealth of information for secondary uses, such as clinical events prediction and chronic disease management. However,... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Temporal electronic health records (EHRs) contain a wealth of information for secondary uses, such as clinical events prediction and chronic disease management. However, challenges exist for temporal data representation. We therefore sought to identify these challenges and evaluate novel methodologies for addressing them through a systematic examination of deep learning solutions.
METHODS
We searched five databases (PubMed, Embase, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEE] Xplore Digital Library, the Association for Computing Machinery [ACM] Digital Library, and Web of Science) complemented with hand-searching in several prestigious computer science conference proceedings. We sought articles that reported deep learning methodologies on temporal data representation in structured EHR data from January 1, 2010, to August 30, 2020. We summarized and analyzed the selected articles from three perspectives: nature of time series, methodology, and model implementation.
RESULTS
We included 98 articles related to temporal data representation using deep learning. Four major challenges were identified, including data irregularity, heterogeneity, sparsity, and model opacity. We then studied how deep learning techniques were applied to address these challenges. Finally, we discuss some open challenges arising from deep learning.
CONCLUSION
Temporal EHR data present several major challenges for clinical prediction modeling and data utilization. To some extent, current deep learning solutions can address these challenges. Future studies may consider designing comprehensive and integrated solutions. Moreover, researchers should incorporate clinical domain knowledge into study designs and enhance model interpretability to facilitate clinical implementation.
Topics: Deep Learning; Electronic Health Records; PubMed
PubMed: 34974189
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103980 -
The Clinical Journal of Pain Aug 2023Chronic pain is a major health problem given its high prevalence and its multiple consequences on the physical and psychological functioning of patients. It is therefore...
OBJECTIVES
Chronic pain is a major health problem given its high prevalence and its multiple consequences on the physical and psychological functioning of patients. It is therefore important to determine the relationship between these consequences and pain management strategies such as activity pacing. This review aimed to examine the association between activity pacing and the level of negative emotions in chronic pain. A second objective was to explore sex differences in this association.
METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Three independent reviewers used a combination of keywords within four databases to include studies examining the link between pacing and negative emotions in chronic pain.
RESULTS
Pacing was associated with less negative emotions when measured using multidimensional tools, distinguishing it from avoidance, and highlighting the major components of pacing, such as maintaining a constant activity or conserving energy. Data did not allow examination of sex differences.
DISCUSSION
Pacing is multidimensional and consists of various strategies of pain management which are not equally associated with negative emotions. It is important to use measures reflecting this conception to strengthen knowledges about the role of pacing in the development of negative emotions.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Chronic Pain; Motor Activity; Pain Management; Avoidance Learning; Emotions
PubMed: 37154604
DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000001128 -
Schizophrenia Research Oct 2017The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that impaired brain development is a cause of the illness. Early motor developmental milestones, such as... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that impaired brain development is a cause of the illness. Early motor developmental milestones, such as learning to walk, are predictors of later schizophrenia but studies have not been systematically reviewed. The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to explore the association between early motor developmental milestones and the risk of adult schizophrenia. In addition, we updated a systematic review on motor function and risk of schizophrenia. The PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus databases were searched for original research articles published up to July 2015. Motor milestones were measured between ages 0 and 13years. Random effect meta-analysis calculated effect estimates (Hedges' g) for the association between individual motor milestones and schizophrenia risk. An electronic database and selected articles reference list search identified 5990 articles after removing duplicates. Sixty-nine full text articles were assessed for eligibility of which six were included in the review. Five studies provided sufficient data for meta-analyses. The following motor milestones were significantly associated with adult schizophrenia risk: walking unsupported (g=0.46; 95% CI 0.27-0.64; p<0.001), standing unsupported (g=0.28; 0.16-0.40; p<0.001) and sitting unsupported (g=0.18; 0.05-0.31; p=0.007). Results for the milestones 'holding head up' and 'grabbing object' were not statistically significant. Delayed walking, sitting and standing unsupported were associated with adult onset schizophrenia. The findings emphasise the importance of timely achievement of these motor milestones in childhood and can contribute to the identification of individuals at risk of psychosis.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Developmental Disabilities; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Motor Skills; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 28131598
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.029 -
JAMA Network Open Dec 2023There is a gap in the evidence regarding nature-based interventions (NBIs) for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
IMPORTANCE
There is a gap in the evidence regarding nature-based interventions (NBIs) for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
OBJECTIVE
To systematically review and meta-analyze available evidence on the health-related outcomes in NBIs for children with ASD.
DATA SOURCES
The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane, Embase, Emcare, Education Resources Information Center, Global Health, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched from inception until May 2023. Google Scholar and references from included studies were searched for additional studies.
STUDY SELECTION
Included studies were randomized clinical trials (RCTs), controlled studies, and single-group before-and-after studies that reported health-related outcomes.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to synthesize the data. The findings of studies that were ineligible for meta-analysis were summarized according to the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWIM) reporting guidelines.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The outcomes of interest were health-related outcomes (ie, social functioning, behavioral functioning, emotional functioning, sensory functioning) and the self-reported well-being of children with ASD.
RESULTS
A total of 24 studies with 717 participants (mean age range, 5.3 to 17.8 years; 141 [21.9%] female) were included. A meta-analysis from 13 studies indicated a significant negative moderate association between NBIs and social communication (standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.59; 95% CI, -0.85 to -0.34). For behavioral functioning outcomes, NBIs showed a significant moderate association with reduced hyperactivity (SMD, -0.56; 95% CI, -0.86 to -0.26) and a small to moderate association with reduced irritability (SMD, -0.49; 95% CI, -0.79 to -0.19). For sensory functioning, NBIs were significantly associated with improved inattention and distractibility (SMD, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.60). Significant moderate associations were observed in sensory seeking (SMD, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.33 to 1.22; P < .001; I2 = 0%) and sensory sensitivity (SMD, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.12 to 1.00; P = .01; I2 = 0%). Heterogeneity of the intervention effects was not high, and I2 ranged from 0% to 67%.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggested an association of NBIs in group-based recreational therapy with experiential learning with positive short-term outcomes on sensory, social, and behavioral functioning for children with ASD. Future evidence using robust study design to aid the health and functional trajectories of children with ASD is recommended.
Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Child, Preschool; Adolescent; Male; Autistic Disorder; Emotions; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Behavior Therapy; Communication
PubMed: 38060224
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.46715 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021A significant amount of emotional labor takes place during teaching. Teaching is a multitasking profession that consists of both cognitive and emotional components, with... (Review)
Review
A significant amount of emotional labor takes place during teaching. Teaching is a multitasking profession that consists of both cognitive and emotional components, with teachers engaging in emotional labor on a daily basis as an instrumental part of achieving teaching goals and positive learning outcomes. The purpose of the present review was to explore the relationship between emotional labor and burnout in school settings. The review focused specifically on teachers from elementary and high schools, between January 2006 and August 2021, and 21 studies fit the inclusion criteria. Overall, the review of the literature supports the significant associations between burnout and emotional labor with the majority of results pointing to the consistent relationship between surface acting and burnout. However, the results regarding the association of deep acting and naturally felt emotions with burnout were mixed. There is considerable scope for improvement in our study of emotional labor in terms of the study designs we employ, the variables we study and our appreciation of the historical and cultural factors that moderate and mediate the relationship between emotional labor and burnout.
Topics: Burnout, Professional; Educational Personnel; Emotions; Faculty; Humans; Occupations; School Teachers; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 34886485
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312760 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022Environmental issues such as environmental pollutions and climate change are the impacts of globalization and become debatable issues among academics and industry key...
Environmental issues such as environmental pollutions and climate change are the impacts of globalization and become debatable issues among academics and industry key players. One of the environmental issues which is air pollution has been catching attention among industrialists, researchers, and communities around the world. However, it has always neglected until the impacts on human health become worse, and at times, irreversible. Human exposure to air pollutant such as particulate matters, sulfur dioxide, ozone and carbon monoxide contributed to adverse health hazards which result in respiratory diseases, cardiorespiratory diseases, cancers, and worst, can lead to death. This has led to a spike increase of hospitalization and emergency department visits especially at areas with worse pollution cases that seriously impacting human life and health. To address this alarming issue, a predictive model of air pollution is crucial in assessing the impacts of health due to air pollution. It is also critical in predicting the air quality index when assessing the risk contributed by air pollutant exposure. Hence, this systemic review explores the existing studies on anticipating air quality impact to human health using the advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI). From the extensive review, we highlighted research gaps in this field that are worth to inquire. Our study proposes to develop an AI-based integrated environmental and health impact assessment system using federated learning. This is specifically aims to identify the association of health impact and pollution based on socio-economic activities and predict the Air Quality Index (AQI) for impact assessment. The output of the system will be utilized for hospitals and healthcare services management and planning. The proposed solution is expected to accommodate the needs of the critical and prioritization of sensitive group of publics during pollution seasons. Our finding will bring positive impacts to the society in terms of improved healthcare services quality, environmental and health sustainability. The findings are beneficial to local authorities either in healthcare or environmental monitoring institutions especially in the developing countries.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Artificial Intelligence; Health Impact Assessment; Humans; Particulate Matter
PubMed: 35664109
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.851553 -
European Journal of Epidemiology Aug 2015Serum total osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, may regulate glucose metabolism and influence the risk of developing adverse metabolic outcomes. We conducted a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Serum total osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, may regulate glucose metabolism and influence the risk of developing adverse metabolic outcomes. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published observational evidence, to assess and quantify the associations of serum total osteocalcin with type 2 diabetes and intermediate metabolic phenotypes [e.g., metabolic syndrome (MetS)]. Relevant studies were identified in a literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and reference lists of relevant studies to May 2015. Mean differences and risk estimates (odds ratios or relative risks) with 95% CIs were aggregated using random-effects models. Fifty-two observational (38 cross-sectional, eight cohort, five case-control, and one both cross-sectional and cohort) studies with data on 46,998 non-overlapping participants were included. Baseline serum total osteocalcin levels were significantly lower in type 2 diabetes compared with non-type 2 diabetes and in MetS compared with non-MetS in pooled analysis of cross-sectional evidence. Pooled risk estimates (95% CIs) for type 2 diabetes in a comparison of extreme fourths of total osteocalcin levels were 0.23 (95% CI 0.12, 0.46) and 0.89 (95% CI 0.78, 1.01) for cross-sectional and cohort studies respectively. The corresponding estimate was 0.39 (0.27, 0.56) for MetS from cross-sectional evidence. In both cross-sectional and cohort studies, a unit increase in serum total osteocalcin levels was associated with a significant mean increase in HOMA-B and mean reduction in HbA1c; with significant mean reductions in fasting plasma glucose levels, HOMA-IR, and body mass index in only cross-sectional studies. Available evidence--mainly from cross-sectional studies, supports inverse associations of serum total osteocalcin with risk of adverse metabolic outcomes. Large-scale prospective studies are needed to establish whether serum total osteocalcin may be useful in the prevention of adverse metabolic outcomes such as type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Osteocalcin; Phenotype
PubMed: 26085114
DOI: 10.1007/s10654-015-0058-x -
BMJ Open Nov 2021To investigate the association between surgeon grade (trainee vs consultant) and implant survival following primary hip and knee replacement. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association between surgeon grade (trainee vs consultant) and implant survival following primary hip and knee replacement.
DESIGN
A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE and Embase from inception to 6 October 2021.
SETTING
Units performing primary hip and/or knee replacements since 1990.
PARTICIPANTS
Adult patients undergoing either a primary hip or knee replacement, predominantly for osteoarthritis.
INTERVENTION
Whether the surgeon recorded as performing the procedure was a trainee or not.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was net implant survival reported as a Kaplan-Meier survival estimate. The secondary outcome was crude revision rate. Both outcomes were reported according to surgeon grade.
RESULTS
Nine cohort studies capturing 4066 total hip replacements (THRs), 936 total knee replacements (TKRs) and 1357 unicompartmental knee replacements (UKRs) were included (5 THR studies, 2 TKR studies and 2 UKR studies). The pooled net implant survival estimates for THRs at 5 years were 97.9% (95% CI 96.6% to 99.2%) for trainees and 98.1% (95% CI 97.1% to 99.2%) for consultants. The relative risk of revision of THRs at 5 and 10 years was 0.88 (95% CI 0.46 to 1.70) and 0.68 (95% CI 0.37 to 1.26), respectively. For TKRs, the net implant survival estimates at 10 years were 96.2% (95% CI 94.0% to 98.4%) for trainees and 95.1% (95% CI 93.0% to 97.2%) for consultants. We report a narrative summary of UKR outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
There is no strong evidence in the existing literature that trainee surgeons have worse outcomes compared with consultants, in terms of the net survival or crude revision rate of hip and knee replacements at 5-10 years follow-up. These findings are limited by the quality of the existing published data and are applicable to countries with established orthopaedic training programmes.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42019150494.
Topics: Adult; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Humans; Knee Prosthesis; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Prosthesis Failure; Reoperation; Surgeons
PubMed: 34758989
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047882