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Journal of Parkinson's Disease 2018Cognitive dysfunction is one of the most prevalent non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), often experienced as more debilitating for patients and caregivers...
BACKGROUND
Cognitive dysfunction is one of the most prevalent non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), often experienced as more debilitating for patients and caregivers than motor problems. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the course of cognitive decline and the identification of valid progression markers for Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) is essential.
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review summarizes the current state of knowledge on cognitive decline over time by reporting effect sizes of cognitive changes in neuropsychological tests.
METHODS
1368 studies were identified by a PubMed database search and 25 studies by additionally scanning previous literature. After screening all records, including 69 full-text article reviews, 12 longitudinal studies on the progression of cognitive decline in PD met our criteria (e.g., sample size ≥50 patients).
RESULTS
Only a few studies monitored cognitive decline over a longer period (>4 years). Most studies focused on the evaluation of change in global cognitive state by use of the Mini-Mental State Examination, whereas the use of neuropsychological tests was highly heterogenic among studies. Only one study evaluated patients' cognitive performance in all specified domains (executive function, attention & working memory, memory, language, and visual-spatial function) allowing for diagnosis of cognitive impairment according to consensus guidelines. Medium to strong effect sizes could only be observed in studies with follow-up intervals of four years or longer.
CONCLUSIONS
The results emphasize the need for the assessment of larger PD cohorts over longer periods of follow-up with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery.
Topics: Attention; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Disease Progression; Executive Function; Humans; Language; Memory, Short-Term; Neuropsychological Tests; Parkinson Disease
PubMed: 29914040
DOI: 10.3233/JPD-181306 -
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Jun 2024In recent decades, a growing body of evidence has confirmed the existence of rhythmic fluctuations in attention, but the effect of inter-individual variations in these...
In recent decades, a growing body of evidence has confirmed the existence of rhythmic fluctuations in attention, but the effect of inter-individual variations in these attentional rhythms has yet to be investigated. The aim of this review is to identify trends in the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) literature that could be indicative of between-subject differences in rhythmic attention. A narrative review of the rhythmic attention and electrophysiological ADHD research literature was conducted, and the commonly-reported difference in slow-wave power between ADHD subjects and controls was found to have the most relevance to an understanding of rhythmic attention. A systematic review of the literature examining electrophysiological power differences in ADHD was then conducted to identify studies with conditions similar to those utilised in the rhythmic attention research literature. Fifteen relevant studies were identified and reviewed. The most consistent finding in the studies reviewed was for no spectral power differences between ADHD subjects and controls. However, the strongest trend in the studies reporting power differences was for higher power in the delta and theta frequency bands and lower power in the alpha band. In the context of rhythmic attention, this trend is suggestive of a slowing in the frequency and/or increase in the amplitude of the attentional oscillation in a subgroup of ADHD subjects. It is suggested that this characteristic electrophysiological modulation could be indicative of a global slowing of the attentional rhythm and/or an increase in the rhythmic recruitment of neurons in frontal attention networks in individuals with ADHD.
Topics: Humans; Attention; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Electroencephalography; Periodicity
PubMed: 38198019
DOI: 10.1007/s10484-023-09618-x -
BMC Psychiatry Jul 2017This study aimed to analyze the association between Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Internet addiction (IA). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to analyze the association between Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Internet addiction (IA).
METHODS
A systematic literature search was performed in four online databases in total including CENTRAL, EMBASE, PubMed and PsychINFO. Observational studies (case-control, cross-sectional and cohort studies) measuring the correlation between IA and ADHD were screened for eligibility. Two independent reviewers screened each article according to the predetermined inclusion criteria. A total of 15 studies (2 cohort studies and 13 cross-sectional studies) met our inclusion criteria and were included in the quantitative synthesis. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software.
RESULTS
A moderate association between IA and ADHD was found. Individuals with IA were associated with more severe symptoms of ADHD, including the combined total symptom score, inattention score and hyperactivity/impulsivity score. Males were associated with IA, whereas there was no significant correlation between age and IA.
CONCLUSIONS
IA was positively associated with ADHD among adolescents and young adults. Clinicians and parents should pay more attention to the symptoms of ADHD in individuals with IA, and the monitoring of Internet use of patients suffering from ADHD is also necessary. Longitudinal studies controlling for baseline mental health are needed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Attention; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Behavior, Addictive; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Impulsive Behavior; Internet; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Young Adult
PubMed: 28724403
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1408-x -
Appetite Aug 2020Attentional bias to food stimuli may contribute to the etiology and/or maintenance of overweight and obesity. We conducted a literature review and meta-analysis per the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Attentional bias to food stimuli may contribute to the etiology and/or maintenance of overweight and obesity. We conducted a literature review and meta-analysis per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify the effect size associated with attentional bias to palatable food in persons with overweight/obesity across the age spectrum. Included studies measured attentional bias to food stimuli using two reaction-time tasks (dot-probe, emotional Stroop), eye-tracking methodology, and/or event-related potentials. Meta-analysis showed that persons with overweight/obesity did not differ from persons with a healthy weight on any of the following: automatic and maintained attention to food stimuli measured by the dot-probe task (Hedge's g = -0.355, 95% CI = -0.383, 0.486; and Hedge's g = 0.006, 95% CI = -0.187, 0.199); attentional bias to food stimuli measured by the emotional Stroop task (Hedge's g = 0.184, 95% CI = -0.283, 0.651); and attentional bias to food images on gaze-direction and gaze-duration bias eye-tracking metrics (Hedge's g = 0.317, 95% CI = -0.096, 0.729; and Hedge's g = 0.056, 95% CI = -0.296, 0.407). Systematic review of preliminary event-related potentials research suggested automatic, but not maintained, attention to food images in persons with overweight/obesity. Limitations of past attentional bias research in overweight/obesity, such as poor reliability of measures and lack of consideration of moderators, such as binge eating and degree of overweight/obesity, preclude the ability to draw firm conclusions. We recommend implementation of empirically based methods for improving psychometric properties of attentional bias measures and examination of potential moderators so that the field can understand whether attentional bias to food is truly greater in overweight/obesity.
Topics: Attentional Bias; Food; Humans; Obesity; Overweight; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 32298701
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104710 -
Psychophysiology Dec 2022The C1 event-related potential (ERP) captures the earliest stage of feedforward processing in the primary visual cortex (V1). An ongoing debate is whether top-down... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The C1 event-related potential (ERP) captures the earliest stage of feedforward processing in the primary visual cortex (V1). An ongoing debate is whether top-down selective attention can modulate the C1. One side of the debate pointed out that null findings appear to outnumber positive findings; thus, selective attention does not seem to influence the C1. However, this suggestion is not based on a valid approach to summarizing evidence across studies. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the effects of selective attention on the C1, involving 47 experiments and 794 subjects in total. Despite heterogeneity across studies, results suggested that attention has a moderate effect on the C1 (Cohen's = 0.33, p < .0001); that is, C1 amplitude is larger for visual stimuli that are attended than unattended. These results suggest that C1 is affected by top-down selective attention.
Topics: Humans; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception; Photic Stimulation; Electroencephalography; Brain Mapping; Attention; Evoked Potentials
PubMed: 35751845
DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14123 -
Journal of Clinical Psychology Oct 2016The Attention Training Technique (ATT; Wells, 1990) is a brief metacognitive treatment strategy aimed at remediating self-focused processing and increasing attention... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
The Attention Training Technique (ATT; Wells, 1990) is a brief metacognitive treatment strategy aimed at remediating self-focused processing and increasing attention flexibility in psychological disorder.
METHOD
We systematically reviewed and examined the efficacy of ATT in clinical and nonclinical samples. Scientific databases were searched from 1990 to 2014 and 10 studies (total N = 295) met inclusion criteria. Single-case data were meta-analyzed using the improvement rate difference, and standardized between and within-group effect sizes (ESs) were examined across 4 analogue randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
RESULTS
Single-case outcomes indicated that ATT yields large ES estimates (pooled ES range: 0.74-1.00) for anxiety and depressive disorders. Standardized ESs across the RCTs indicated that ATT yields greater treatment gains than reference groups across majority outcomes (adjusted Cohen's d range: 0.40-1.23).
CONCLUSIONS
These preliminary results suggest ATT may be effective in treating anxiety and depressive disorders and help remediate some symptoms of schizophrenia. Although a limited number of studies with small sample sizes warrants caution of interpretation, ATT appears promising and future studies will benefit from adequately powered RCTs.
Topics: Attention; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Humans; Mental Disorders; Metacognition; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27129094
DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22312 -
Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology :... Mar 2022The Attention Network Test (ANT) is a well-established measure of efficiency for the alerting, orienting, and executive attentional networks. However, its novel...
BACKGROUND
The Attention Network Test (ANT) is a well-established measure of efficiency for the alerting, orienting, and executive attentional networks. However, its novel application in Parkinson disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD) research more broadly has yet to be evaluated systematically.
OBJECTIVE
To compare and consolidate the outcomes of studies reporting use of the ANT in PD and LBD groups and to identify the methodological considerations for the conduct of such studies.
METHOD
We performed a systematic literature search for articles exploring attention in PD and LBD groups using the ANT. We excluded articles on the basis of irrelevant scope, non-English, and groups other than PD and LBD. Once the full text articles were identified, we extracted the data and assessed the studies' quality.
RESULTS
The final sample included 16 articles ranging from low to moderate quality. Behavioral findings suggested a general slowing of responses yet preserved accuracy from the PD group compared with controls. Overall, the evidence was inconclusive regarding the state of the alerting network in the PD and LBD groups, mostly supportive of an intact orienting network, and strongly suggestive of an impaired executive network. Differences in sample stratification, patient symptomatology, and dopaminergic medication levels were identified as influential factors in the attentional results across studies.
CONCLUSION
Although sparse, the existing evidence indicates that the ANT is a viable option for measuring attention in PD; it can also be harnessed to explore the impact of symptoms and medications on attentional networks in PD and LBD groups.
Topics: Humans; Lewy Body Disease; Parkinson Disease
PubMed: 35239595
DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000292 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Mar 2017Over the last decades, the hypothesis has been raised that an atopic response could lead to the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Over the last decades, the hypothesis has been raised that an atopic response could lead to the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study systematically reviews the observational cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that assessed the association between atopic disorders including asthma, atopic eczema, allergic rhinitis, and ADHD in children and adolescents. For longitudinal studies, a weighted Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio of these associations was estimated. The majority of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies reported a statistically significant positive association. The meta-analysis of longitudinal studies revealed an overall weighted odds ratio for asthma of 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-1.44), 1.32 (95% CI 1.20-1.45) for atopic eczema, and 1.52 (95% CI 1.43-1.63) for allergic rhinitis. Heterogeneity of study data was low (I: 0%, p=0.46 and p=0.64, respectively) for both studies examining asthma and eczema but substantial for rhinitis studies (I: 82%, p=0.004). This current systematic review provides strong evidence that ADHD is associated with atopic diseases and that individuals have a 30% to 50% greater chance of developing ADHD compared to controls.
Topics: Attention; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dermatitis, Atopic; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28111269
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.011 -
Physiology & Behavior Apr 2019The aims of this paper are to conduct: 1) a systematic review of the effects of mastication on sustained attention, and 2) a meta-analysis of the effects of mastication... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The aims of this paper are to conduct: 1) a systematic review of the effects of mastication on sustained attention, and 2) a meta-analysis of the effects of mastication on the performance of participants undertaking cognitive tests. Papers were obtained from MEDLINE and PsycInfo using a systematic approach incorporating defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twenty-one papers linking mastication and sustained attention were reviewed. Meta-analysis detected a weak, but statistically significant, improvement in levels of sustained attention when chewing with low between-study heterogeneity (mean Cohen's d = -0.1479 standard deviations, 95% CI [-0.2913, -0.0045], p = 0.043 & I = 0.00%), and a tendency for feelings of alertness to decrease less during cognitive demanding tasks when chewing (mean Cohen's d = 0.3797 standard deviations, 95% CI [-0.0053, 0.7647], p = 0.052 &I = 70.94%). To better understand the effects of mastication on sustained attention and alertness, further research is required which refines existing protocols, eliminates confounding effects such as gum formulation and constituents, and investigates the effects of contiguity, rate, and intensity of chewing.
Topics: Adult; Attention; Humans; Mastication
PubMed: 30611764
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.01.003 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.... Jan 2021Prior knowledge and long-term memory can guide our attention to facilitate search for and detection of subtle targets embedded in a complex scene. A number of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Prior knowledge and long-term memory can guide our attention to facilitate search for and detection of subtle targets embedded in a complex scene. A number of neuropsychological and experimental studies have investigated this effect, yet results in the field remain mixed, as there is a lack of consensus regarding the neural correlates thought to support memory-guided attention. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify a common set of brain structures involved in memory-guided attention. Statistical analyses were computed on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that presented participants with a task that required them to detect a target or a change embedded in repeated and novel complex visual displays. After a systematic search, 10 fMRI studies met the selection criteria and were included in the analysis. The results yielded four significant clusters. Activity in right inferior parietal (Brodmann area [BA] 9) and right superior parietal (BA 7) lobes suggests involvement of a fronto-parietal attention network, while activity in left mid-cingulate cortex (BA 23) and right middle frontal gyrus (BA 10) suggests involvement of a fronto-parietal control network. These findings are consistent with the notion that fronto-parietal circuits are important for interfacing retrieved memories with attentional systems to guide search. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Memory Psychology > Learning Psychology > Attention.
Topics: Attention; Brain; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Memory; Nerve Net; Parietal Lobe
PubMed: 33099860
DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1546