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Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy Mar 2008Melanoma is a tumour that is usually resistant to systemic therapy. Since it has been considered to be a highly immunogenic tumour, it has become an excellent target for... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Melanoma is a tumour that is usually resistant to systemic therapy. Since it has been considered to be a highly immunogenic tumour, it has become an excellent target for the active specific immunotherapy. Vaccine therapy represents a novel approach to the treatment of melanoma.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate different vaccines tested in stage III and/or IV melanoma patients.
METHODS
Systematic review of the published evidence on vaccine therapy in melanoma.
RESULTS
Melanoma vaccines can be classified into six groups: whole-cell vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, peptide vaccines, ganglioside vaccines, DNA vaccines and viral vectors. The main characteristics of these vaccines including their advantages and disadvantages and the results from conducted trials are presented. Clinical responses to melanoma vaccines are still poor and currently there is no melanoma vaccine with a proven efficacy.
CONCLUSION
Vaccine therapy still remains an experimental therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma. Further research is required although a future therapy for advanced melanoma is probably a multimodal approach including vaccines, adjuvants and negative co-stimulatory blockade.
Topics: Animals; Cancer Vaccines; Humans; Immunotherapy, Active; Melanoma; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 18294102
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.3.315 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2021The ocular surface is a gateway that contacts the outside and receives stimulation from the outside. The corneal innate immune system is composed of many types of cells,...
The ocular surface is a gateway that contacts the outside and receives stimulation from the outside. The corneal innate immune system is composed of many types of cells, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, mucin, and lysozyme. Neutrophil infiltration and degranulation occur on the ocular surface. Degranulation, neutrophil extracellular traps formation, called NETosis, and autophagy in neutrophils are involved in the pathogenesis of ocular surface diseases. It is necessary to understand the role of neutrophils on the ocular surface. Furthermore, there is a need for research on therapeutic agents targeting neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular trap formation for ocular surface diseases.
Topics: Cell Degranulation; Cornea; Extracellular Traps; Eye Diseases; Humans; Neutrophil Infiltration; Neutrophils
PubMed: 34638724
DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910386 -
Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive...Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disorder of dendritic cell proliferation that typically involves bone. It can be diagnostically challenging when LCH presents...
PURPOSE
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disorder of dendritic cell proliferation that typically involves bone. It can be diagnostically challenging when LCH presents without bony involvement, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment. In this study, the periocular manifestations of LCH in cases where the underlying orbital bones are not involved are described through a systematic review.
METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was performed to capture all cases of LCH that involved the periocular region but not the underlying orbital bones. These included LCH cases that involved the periocular skin, the ocular surface, and the orbital tissue. The authors also highlight an additional case where LCH presented with periocular edema and multifocal, nodular conjunctival lesions.
RESULT
This review illustrates that LCH rarely presents with periocular infiltration without orbital bone involvement. In these atypical cases, LCH can present as an eyelid mass, a chalazion-like lesion, generalized periocular swelling, ocular surface lesions, or infiltration of any orbital structure. Ocular surface LCH has a higher rate of recurrence than other periocular LCH. Orbital LCH can involve any tissue including extraocular muscles, the lacrimal gland, or indistinct areas within the orbit.
CONCLUSIONS
LCH is a clinicopathologic diagnosis. Although most cases involve the bone, any soft tissue can be involved. Biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis of this heterogeneous disease.
Topics: Biopsy; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Orbit
PubMed: 33315841
DOI: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000001906 -
Critical Reviews in Oncology/hematology Nov 2013Dendritic cell tumors are extremely rare and current knowledge on these tumors is limited. The characteristics of three dendritic cell sarcoma subtypes and their optimal... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Dendritic cell tumors are extremely rare and current knowledge on these tumors is limited. The characteristics of three dendritic cell sarcoma subtypes and their optimal treatment approaches are not fully clarified. We aimed to make a systematic review of the literature and enrich the current data with five new cases. Pooled analysis of 462 reported cases revealed that the tumor had no age, gender or racial predilection. Our analysis suggests that the young age, advanced stage, intraabdominal involvement and unfavorable histological features (i.e. large tumor size, absence of lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, coagulative necrosis, high mitotic count) may predict poor prognosis. Subtypes of this tumor have different clinical behaviors with interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma being the most aggressive form. In general, surgery is the most effective treatment modality and adjuvant radiotherapy has no significant effect on overall survival of patients. The role of chemotherapy for the management of advanced disease is controversial.
Topics: Adult; Dendritic Cells; Female; Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Sarcoma; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Burden
PubMed: 23755890
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.05.006 -
PloS One 2019TIM-family proteins are expressed on different immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, type 1 and 2 T helper (Th) cells. Therefore, they have the ability to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
TIM-family proteins are expressed on different immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, type 1 and 2 T helper (Th) cells. Therefore, they have the ability to contribute to the various intracellular signals and immune responses, importantly the regulation of Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation, which plays a remarked role in fight against inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Association of TIM family gene polymorphisms with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been frequently investigated. The findings however are not entirely consistent. Therefore, we carried out the present meta-analysis to examine the association between RA and the following TIM family gene polymorphisms: rs41297579, rs1036199, rs10515746, and rs7700944.
METHODS
A systematic search of Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases was conducted through December 2018. Combined odds ratios (OR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated under different possible genetic models.
RESULTS
A total of eight case-control studies were included in the present meta-analysis. The results demonstrated significant association of RA with TIM-3 rs1036199 polymorphism under dominant (OR, 1.93, 95% CI, 1.43-2.61) and allelic models (OR, 1.74, 95% CI, 1.31-2.30). None of the other examined polymorphisms indicated significant association with RA.
CONCLUSIONS
The present meta-analysis revealed that the TIM-3 rs1036199 polymorphism might confer susceptibility to RA. Further studies are required to reassert our findings.
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Genetic Association Studies; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 30730912
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211146 -
Drugs 2007Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (CysLTs) are endogenous mediators of inflammation and play an important role in allergic airway disease by stimulating bronchoconstriction, mucus... (Review)
Review
Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (CysLTs) are endogenous mediators of inflammation and play an important role in allergic airway disease by stimulating bronchoconstriction, mucus production, mucosal oedema and inflammation, airway infiltration by eosinophils, and dendritic cell maturation that prepares for future allergic response. Montelukast inhibits these actions by blocking type 1 CysLT receptors found on immunocytes, smooth muscle and endothelium in the respiratory mucosa. Initially developed as a treatment for asthma, montelukast has more recently found use in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). We conducted a systematic review of studies that have evaluated montelukast in the treatment of seasonal AR (SAR) and perennial AR (PAR), with and without concomitant asthma. Primary consideration was given to large, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials in which AR endpoints were assessed and the use of concurrent treatments for AR was excluded. Eight such studies were found in the literature. The primary endpoint in these was daytime nasal symptom severity represented by a composite score derived from individual self-ratings of nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea, nasal pruritus and sneezing. Secondary endpoints have included these individual nasal symptom scores, additional scores for eye, ear and throat symptoms, the impact of rhinitis on quality of sleep, global evaluations of outcome by patients and physicians, and measures of the severity of concomitant asthma. A general outcome was that patients treated with montelukast had significantly greater improvements in their symptoms of SAR and PAR than did patients who were given a placebo. As monotherapy, montelukast exhibited efficacy similar to that of loratadine, but less than that of the intranasally administered corticosteroid fluticasone propionate. The use of montelukast in combination with antihistamines such as loratadine or cetirizine has generally resulted in greater efficacy than when these agents were used alone, and in some studies has produced results comparable with intranasally applied corticosteroids. In patients with AR comorbid with asthma, montelukast treatment has resulted in significant improvements in both, compared with placebo. Montelukast is well tolerated and has a favourable safety profile; adverse events have occurred at similar frequencies in patients taking either montelukast or placebo. Montelukast provides an effective and well tolerated oral treatment for allergic airway inflammation in patients with SAR or PAR without asthma, and in patients in whom AR is comorbid with asthma.
Topics: Acetates; Asthma; Child; Cyclopropanes; Drug Administration Schedule; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Leukotriene Antagonists; Placebo Effect; Quinolines; Receptors, Leukotriene; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal; Sulfides
PubMed: 17428106
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200767060-00005 -
Cells Dec 2021Chemical allergies are T cell-mediated diseases that often manifest in the skin as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). To prevent ACD on a public health scale and avoid...
BACKGROUND
Chemical allergies are T cell-mediated diseases that often manifest in the skin as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). To prevent ACD on a public health scale and avoid elicitation reactions at the individual patient level, predictive and diagnostic tests, respectively, are indispensable. Currently, there is no validated in vitro T cell assay available. The main bottlenecks concern the inefficient generation of T cell epitopes and the detection of rare antigen-specific T cells.
METHODS
Here, we systematically review original experimental research papers describing T cell activation to chemical skin sensitizers. We focus our search on studies published in the PubMed and Scopus databases on non-metallic allergens in the last 20 years.
RESULTS
We identified 37 papers, among them 32 (86%) describing antigen-specific human T cell activation to 31 different chemical allergens. The remaining studies measured the general effects of chemical allergens on T cell function (five studies, 14%). Most antigen-specific studies used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as antigen-presenting cells (APC, 75%) and interrogated the blood T cell pool (91%). Depending on the individual chemical properties, T cell epitopes were generated either by direct administration into the culture medium (72%), separate modification of autologous APC (29%) or by use of hapten-modified model proteins (13%). Read-outs were mainly based on proliferation (91%), often combined with cytokine secretion (53%). The analysis of T cell clones offers additional opportunities to elucidate the mechanisms of epitope formation and cross-reactivity (13%). The best researched allergen was -phenylenediamine (PPD, 12 studies, 38%). For this and some other allergens, stronger immune responses were observed in some allergic patients (15/31 chemicals, 48%), illustrating the in vivo relevance of the identified T cells while detection limits remain challenging in many cases.
INTERPRETATION
Our results illustrate current hardships and possible solutions to monitoring T cell responses to individual chemical skin sensitizers. The provided data can guide the further development of T cell assays to unfold their full predictive and diagnostic potential, including cross-reactivity assessments.
Topics: Allergens; Antigens; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; Skin; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 35011644
DOI: 10.3390/cells11010083 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Jun 2012Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the joints and bones. The n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid (ARA) is the... (Review)
Review
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the joints and bones. The n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid (ARA) is the precursor of inflammatory eicosanoids which are involved in RA. Some therapies used in RA target ARA metabolism. Marine n-3 PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) found in oily fish and fish oils decrease the ARA content of cells involved in immune responses and decrease the production of inflammatory eicosanoids from ARA. EPA gives rise to eicosanoid mediators that are less inflammatory than those produced from ARA and both EPA and DHA give rise to resolvins that are anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving, although little is known about these latter mediators in RA. Marine n-3 PUFAs can affect other aspects of immunity and inflammation relevant to RA, including dendritic cell and T cell function and production of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, although findings for these outcomes are not consistent. Fish oil has been shown to slow the development of arthritis in animal models and to reduce disease severity. A number of randomised controlled trials of marine n-3 PUFAs have been performed in patients with RA. A systematic review included 23 studies. Evidence is seen for a fairly consistent, but modest, benefit of marine n-3 PUFAs on joint swelling and pain, duration of morning stiffness, global assessments of pain and disease activity, and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Arachidonic Acid; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Diet; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fishes; Humans; Immunity; Immunologic Factors; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators
PubMed: 22591891
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512001560 -
Acta Tropica Jan 2018Dengue virus entry into a host is associated with a cell surface protein, DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin). A... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Dengue virus entry into a host is associated with a cell surface protein, DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin). A common CD209-336G/A (rs4804803) polymorphism in DC-SIGN may affect severity of dengue virus infection (DEN) and incidence of dengue fever (DF) or the more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). However, the reported associations of these two outcomes and CD-209 have been inconsistent, which prompted a meta-analysis to obtain more precise estimates.
METHODS
A literature search yielded seven case-control studies. We calculated pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals using standard genetic models. Outlier treatment examined sources of potential heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis was performed for ethnicity and age.
RESULTS
All significant outcomes for association indicating reduced risk were pegged at P=0.007-0.05. In the homozygous and recessive models, these were observed in the overall analysis (OR 0.52-0.55), and subgroups of South/Central Americans (OR 0.30-0.32) and school-age children (OR 0.44) in the DHF analysis as well as the codominant model among Asians in DF (OR 0.59). These significant outcomes are strengthened by their non-heterogeneity (P>0.10) and robustness of the effects. Most pooled effects in DF and DEN were variable.
CONCLUSIONS
The DC-SIGN -336G/A polymorphism significantly affects DHF and DF incidence with the effect more pronounced in certain analyzed patient subgroups.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Dengue; Dengue Virus; Female; Humans; Lectins, C-Type; Male; Odds Ratio; Polymorphism, Genetic; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Receptors, Cell Surface
PubMed: 29054571
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.017 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jan 2012Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Category B select agent and the cause of melioidosis. Research funding for vaccine development has largely considered protection within... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Category B select agent and the cause of melioidosis. Research funding for vaccine development has largely considered protection within the biothreat context, but the resulting vaccines could be applicable to populations who are at risk of naturally acquired melioidosis. Here, we discuss target populations for vaccination, consider the cost-benefit of different vaccination strategies and review potential vaccine candidates.
METHODS AND FINDINGS
Melioidosis is highly endemic in Thailand and northern Australia, where a biodefense vaccine might be adopted for public health purposes. A cost-effectiveness analysis model was developed, which showed that a vaccine could be a cost-effective intervention in Thailand, particularly if used in high-risk populations such as diabetics. Cost-effectiveness was observed in a model in which only partial immunity was assumed. The review systematically summarized all melioidosis vaccine candidates and studies in animal models that had evaluated their protectiveness. Possible candidates included live attenuated, whole cell killed, sub-unit, plasmid DNA and dendritic cell vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines were not considered favorably because of possible reversion to virulence and hypothetical risk of latent infection, while the other candidates need further development and evaluation. Melioidosis is acquired by skin inoculation, inhalation and ingestion, but routes of animal inoculation in most published studies to date do not reflect all of this. We found a lack of studies using diabetic models, which will be central to any evaluation of a melioidosis vaccine for natural infection since diabetes is the most important risk factor.
CONCLUSION
Vaccines could represent one strand of a public health initiative to reduce the global incidence of melioidosis.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Bacterial Vaccines; Biological Warfare Agents; Bioterrorism; Burkholderia pseudomallei; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Melioidosis; Public Health; Thailand
PubMed: 22303489
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001488