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Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira... 2013To analyze the validity of methods to assess body fat in children and adolescents using a systematic review. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the validity of methods to assess body fat in children and adolescents using a systematic review.
METHODS
The search was conducted by two independent researchers using the MEDLINE, BioMed Central, SciELO and LILACS electronic databases. For inclusion, the articles should be written in English or Portuguese, and must have used multi-compartment models as the criterion measure of the model, with body fat measurement of whole body in non-athlete children and adolescents.
RESULTS
A preliminary search resulted in 832 studies. After all selection steps were performed, 12 articles were included. The selected studies were published between 1997 and 2010, whose samples consisted of children and adolescents with levels of relative body fat ranging from 20.7% to 41.4%. The methods used were: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (58.3%), isotope dilution (41.6%), skinfold thickness (33.3%), hydrostatic weighing (25%), bioelectrical impedance analysis (25%), air displacement plethysmography (16.6%), and total body electrical conductivity (8.3%).
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the analysis of the studies, isotope dilution and air displacement plethysmography methods were the most reliable, despite the limited number of studies. As for clinical use or for population-based studies, the equation of Slaughter et al. (1998), which uses the triceps and subscapular skinfolds thickness, showed the best results for assessment of body fat in this population.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adolescent; Anthropometry; Body Fat Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Electric Conductivity; Electric Impedance; Humans; Models, Biological; Plethysmography; Reproducibility of Results; Skinfold Thickness; Young Adult
PubMed: 24119380
DOI: 10.1016/j.ramb.2013.03.006 -
British Journal of Sports Medicine Aug 2002This systematic review examines and compares the bone mineral changes in children and adolescents, as measured by dual energy x ray absorptiometry, reported in exercise... (Review)
Review
This systematic review examines and compares the bone mineral changes in children and adolescents, as measured by dual energy x ray absorptiometry, reported in exercise intervention studies. The effects of hormonal factors and growth on bone mineral change during puberty are examined, and the possibility of a critical period during which bone is especially adaptable to exercise is discussed.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adolescent; Anthropometry; Bone Density; Bone Development; Calcification, Physiologic; Child; Exercise; Humans; Puberty; Weight-Bearing
PubMed: 12145113
DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.36.4.250 -
Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) Jul 2021To summarise the existing evidence regarding the body fat of small or large for gestation subjects, evaluated from birth up to 18 years of age. (Review)
Review
AIM
To summarise the existing evidence regarding the body fat of small or large for gestation subjects, evaluated from birth up to 18 years of age.
METHODS
The PRISMA guidelines were adopted for the current systematic review, including studies having evaluated body fat with bioelectrical impedance analysis, air displacement plethysmography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or magnetic resonance imaging.
RESULTS
A total of 31 studies was included. The balance of evidence suggests that small for gestation infants have decreased fat mass at birth; postnatally they experience increased adiposity. In the long term, however, the evidence is inconclusive, since some studies suggest that foetal-restricted children with increased catch-up growth are at increased risk of fat accumulation, whereas other studies suggest a neutral or even negative association. Large for gestation infants have increased fat mass at birth, but in the long term, they have a lower body fat ratio, especially when they develop a catch-down growth.
CONCLUSION
Some studies suggested that foetal-restricted children with increased catch-up growth are at increased risk of later adiposity, while other studies suggested a neutral or negative association. Given that the evidence is inconclusive, further studies are warranted. Large for gestation subjects have lower body fat when they develop catch-down growth.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Birth Weight; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Child; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Obesity
PubMed: 33682216
DOI: 10.1111/apa.15834 -
Epilepsia May 2019We present a systematic review of the literature regarding types and anatomic distribution of fractures in association with generalized convulsive status epilepticus...
OBJECTIVE
We present a systematic review of the literature regarding types and anatomic distribution of fractures in association with generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) and convulsive seizures in adult patients accompanied by an illustrative case of a patient with GCSE and diffuse postictal pain from underlying bone fractures.
METHODS
The library search engines PubMed and EMBASE were screened systematically using predefined search terms. All identified articles written in English were screened for eligibility by two reviewers. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines were followed.
RESULTS
The screening of 3145 articles revealed 39 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Among all fractures, bilateral posterior fracture-dislocations of the shoulders were reported most frequently (33%), followed by thoracic and lumbar vertebral compression fractures (29%), skull and jaw fractures (8%), and bilateral femoral neck fractures (6%). Risk factors for seizure-related fractures are seizure severity, duration of epilepsy, the use of antiseizure drugs known to decrease bone density, and a family history of fractures. Based on these findings, a three-step screening procedure is proposed to uncover fractures in the postictal state. All studies were retrospective without standardized screening methods for seizure-associated fractures resulting in a very low level of evidence and a high risk of bias.
SIGNIFICANCE
Posterior fracture-dislocations of the shoulders, thoracic and lumbar vertebral compression, fractures of the skull and jaw, and bilateral femoral neck fractures are most frequently reported. Preventive measures including bone densitometry, calcium/vitamin D supplementation, and bisphosphonate therapy should be reinforced in epilepsy patients at risk of osteoporosis. As long as the effect of standardized screening of fractures is not investigated, it is too early to integrate such a screening into treatment guidelines. In the meantime, clinicians are urged to heighten awareness regarding seizure-associated fractures, especially in patients with postictal pain, as symptoms can be unspecific and misinterpretation may impede rehabilitation.
Topics: Bone Density Conservation Agents; Delayed Diagnosis; Fracture Dislocation; Fractures, Bone; Fractures, Compression; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Musculoskeletal Pain; Observational Studies as Topic; Osteoporosis; Risk; Seizures; Shoulder Fractures; Shoulder Pain; Spinal Fractures; Status Epilepticus; Thoracic Vertebrae; Vitamin D
PubMed: 31021422
DOI: 10.1111/epi.14738 -
PloS One 2023The aim of this review was to summarise the methods used to predict and assess maturity status and timing in adolescent, male, academy soccer players. A systematic... (Review)
Review
The aim of this review was to summarise the methods used to predict and assess maturity status and timing in adolescent, male, academy soccer players. A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Medline and SPORTDiscus. Only experimental studies including male, academy players aged U9-U18 years registered with a professional soccer club were included. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using guidelines from the Framework of Potential Biases. Fifteen studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Studies were mainly conducted in European countries (n = 12). In total, 4,707 players were recruited across all 15 studies, with an age range of 8-18 years. Five studies were longitudinal, two studies were mixed-method designs and eight studies were cross-sectional. Due to high heterogeneity within the studies, a meta-analysis was not performed. Our findings provided no equivalent estimations of adult height, skeletal age, or age at PHV. Discrepancies were evident between actual and predicted adult height and age at PHV. The Bayley-Pinneau [1952], Tanner-Whitehouse 2 [1983] and Khamis-Roche [1994] methods produced estimates of adult height within 1cm of actual adult height. For age at PHV, both Moore [2015] equations produced the closest estimates to actual age at PHV, and the Fransen [2018] equation correlated highly with actual age at PHV (>90%), even when the period between chronological age and age at PHV was large. Medical imaging techniques (e.g., Magnetic Resonance Imaging, X-Ray, Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry) demonstrated high intra/inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.83-0.98) for skeletal maturity assessments. The poor concordance between invasive and non-invasive methods, is a warning to practitioners to not use these methods interchangeably for assessing maturational status and timing in academy soccer players. Further research with improved study designs is required to validate these results and improve our understanding of these methods when applied in this target population.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Adult; Male; Aged; Child; Reproducibility of Results; Soccer; Research Design; Absorptiometry, Photon; Academies and Institutes
PubMed: 37682962
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286768 -
Maternal and Child Health Journal Jul 2015To conduct a systematic literature review to identify studies that used indirect methods to assess body fat in healthy children. A systematic review was conducted... (Review)
Review
To conduct a systematic literature review to identify studies that used indirect methods to assess body fat in healthy children. A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. We conducted a search in the MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar databases. Studies in healthy children aged 0-9 years were eligible for inclusion. Studies were kept or excluded from the review according to eligibility criteria defined a priori. Two independent reviewers conducted all steps in the study selection. Initially, 11,246 articles were retrieved, with 3,593 duplicates. After applying the eligibility criteria, 22 articles were selected for review. The methodology of each study was analyzed by each reviewer individually. The indirect methods used to assess body fat in children included dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (14 articles), air-displacement plethysmography (five articles), multicomponent models (two articles), and total body water (one article). Most studies reported absolute (in kilograms) or relative (percentage) body fat measures. Only seven studies reported the fat mass index (FMI) (kg/m(2)). DXA was the indirect method most frequently used to assess body fat in healthy children. FMI was seldom reported.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adipose Tissue; Body Composition; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Plethysmography
PubMed: 25636644
DOI: 10.1007/s10995-015-1666-5 -
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research :... Dec 2015Diet-induced weight loss has been suggested to be harmful to bone health. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (using a random-effects model) to quantify... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Diet-induced weight loss has been suggested to be harmful to bone health. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (using a random-effects model) to quantify the effect of diet-induced weight loss on bone. We included 41 publications involving overweight or obese but otherwise healthy adults who followed a dietary weight-loss intervention. The primary outcomes examined were changes from baseline in total hip, lumbar spine, and total body bone mineral density (BMD), as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Secondary outcomes were markers of bone turnover. Diet-induced weight loss was associated with significant decreases of 0.010 to 0.015 g/cm(2) in total hip BMD for interventions of 6, 12, or 24 (but not 3) months' duration (95% confidence intervals [CIs], -0.014 to -0.005, -0.021 to -0.008, and -0.024 to -0.000 g/cm(2), at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively). There was, however, no statistically significant effect of diet-induced weight loss on lumbar spine or whole-body BMD for interventions of 3 to 24 months' duration, except for a significant decrease in total body BMD (-0.011 g/cm(2); 95% CI, -0.018 to -0.003 g/cm(2)) after 6 months. Although no statistically significant changes occurred in serum concentrations of N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP), interventions of 2 or 3 months in duration (but not of 6, 12, or 24 months' duration) induced significant increases in serum concentrations of osteocalcin (0.26 nmol/L; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.39 nmol/L), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) (4.72 nmol/L; 95% CI, 2.12 to 7.30 nmol/L) or N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX) (3.70 nmol/L; 95% CI, 0.90 to 6.50 nmol/L bone collagen equivalents [BCEs]), indicating an early effect of diet-induced weight loss to promote bone breakdown. These data show that in overweight and obese individuals, a single diet-induced weight-loss intervention induces a small decrease in total hip BMD, but not lumbar spine BMD. This decrease is small in comparison to known metabolic benefits of losing excess weight.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adult; Aged; Bone Density; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Bone Remodeling; Bone and Bones; Clinical Trials as Topic; Collagen Type I; Diet, Reducing; Female; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Osteocalcin; Overweight; Peptides; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Weight Loss
PubMed: 26012544
DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2564 -
Diabetes Care Aug 2021There is substantial evidence that adults with type 1 diabetes have reduced bone mineral density (BMD); however, findings in youth are inconsistent. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
There is substantial evidence that adults with type 1 diabetes have reduced bone mineral density (BMD); however, findings in youth are inconsistent.
PURPOSE
To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of BMD in youth with type 1 diabetes using multiple modalities: DXA, peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and/or quantitative ultrasound (QUS).
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2020, limited to humans, without language restriction.
STUDY SELECTION
Inclusion criteria were as follows: cross-sectional or cohort studies that included BMD measured by DXA, pQCT, or QUS in youth (aged <20 years) with type 1 diabetes and matched control subjects.
DATA EXTRACTION
We collected data for total body, lumbar spine, and femoral BMD (DXA); tibia, radius, and lumbar spine (pQCT); and phalanx and calcaneum (QUS). Weighted mean difference (WMD) or standardized mean difference was estimated and meta-regression was performed with age, diabetes duration, and HbA as covariates.
DATA SYNTHESIS
We identified 1,300 nonduplicate studies; 46 met the inclusion criteria, including 2,617 case and 3,851 control subjects. Mean ± SD age was 12.6 ± 2.3 years. Youth with type 1 diabetes had lower BMD: total body (WMD -0.04 g/cm, 95% CI -0.06 to -0.02; = 0.0006), lumbar spine (-0.02 g/cm, -0.03 to -0.0; = 0.01), femur (-0.04 g/cm, -0.05 to -0.03; < 0.00001), tibial trabecular (-11.32 g/cm, -17.33 to -5.30; = 0.0002), radial trabecular (-0.91 g/cm, -1.55 to -0.27; = 0.005); phalangeal (-0.32 g/cm, -0.38 to -0.25; < 0.00001), and calcaneal (standardized mean difference -0.69 g/cm, -1.11 to -0.26; = 0.001). With use of meta-regression, total body BMD was associated with older age (coefficient -0.0063, -0.0095 to -0.0031; = 0.002) but not with longer diabetes duration or HbA.
LIMITATIONS
Meta-analysis was limited by the small number of studies with use of QUS and pQCT and by lack of use of BMD scores in all studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Bone development is abnormal in youth with type 1 diabetes, assessed by multiple modalities. Routine assessment of BMD should be considered in all youth with type 1 diabetes.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bone Density; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Humans; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 34285100
DOI: 10.2337/dc20-3128 -
Osteoporosis International : a Journal... Dec 2010This systematic literature review comprised 16 studies. The association of birth weight with bone parameters was much more evident for bone mineral content (BMC) rather... (Review)
Review
SUMMARY
This systematic literature review comprised 16 studies. The association of birth weight with bone parameters was much more evident for bone mineral content (BMC) rather than bone mineral density (BMD). This is an important finding since a reduction in BMC is strongly associated with an increased risk of fractures.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review of studies that have investigated the association between birth weight (BW) and adult bone mass.
METHODS
The search included English language articles, indexed in MEDLINE, using the key words: ("birth size" OR "birth weight" OR birthweight) AND (osteoporosis OR "bone mass" OR "bone density" OR "bone mineral density" OR "bone mineral content" OR "bone area"). A methodological quality appraisal of the reviewed studies was performed.
RESULTS
Sixteen articles were reviewed. Eleven of 13 studies that measured BMC verified a positive effect of BW on this parameter, and nine even after adjustment for adult body size. Among the ten studies that found an unadjusted association between BW and BMD, two reported that the significance remained after adjustment for current body size. Interaction between prenatal and postnatal variables on the determination of adult bone mass was only tested by two studies. The results must be interpreted with caution due to the existence of few papers on the issue, as well as heterogeneous sample characteristics, investigated bone sites, and implemented analysis procedures. The aspects of methodological quality that frequently fail are as follows: representativeness of the planned and actually measured sample as well as proper adjustment for confounding.
CONCLUSION
Based on the amount of accumulated evidence, it is probable that BW have a positive association with adult BMC rather than BMD, which is an important finding for clinical and public health policies since a reduction in BMC is strongly associated with an increased fracture risk.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Birth Weight; Bone Density; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoporosis; Research Design; Young Adult
PubMed: 20419292
DOI: 10.1007/s00198-010-1236-z -
British Journal of Sports Medicine Jan 2006Seventy five articles on the effect of oral contraceptives and other hormone replacement on bone density in premenopausal and perimenopausal women were reviewed. The... (Review)
Review
Seventy five articles on the effect of oral contraceptives and other hormone replacement on bone density in premenopausal and perimenopausal women were reviewed. The evidence was appraised using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine levels of evidence. There is good evidence for a positive effect of oral contraceptives on bone density in perimenopausal women, and fair evidence for a positive effect in "hypothalamic" oligo/amenorrhoeic premenopausal women. There is limited evidence for a positive effect in healthy and anorexic premenopausal women. In hypothalamic oligo/amenorrhoeic women, baseline bone density has been shown to be significantly lower than that in healthy controls, therefore the decision to treat is clinically more important. The ideal formulation(s) and duration of treatment remain to be determined by further longitudinal and prospective randomised controlled trials in larger subject populations.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adolescent; Adult; Amenorrhea; Anorexia Nervosa; Bone Density; Contraceptives, Oral; Exercise; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Middle Aged; Perimenopause; Premenopause; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sports
PubMed: 16371485
DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2005.020065