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World Neurosurgery Feb 2016The three-dimensional (3D) endoscope is a novel tool that provides stereoscopic vision and may allow for improved dexterity and safety during surgical resection of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The three-dimensional (3D) endoscope is a novel tool that provides stereoscopic vision and may allow for improved dexterity and safety during surgical resection of ventral skull base lesions. We describe here the cumulative experience available in the neurosurgical literature.
METHODS
A PubMed literature review was performed to identify and analyze all studies pertaining to 3D endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery.
RESULTS
We identified 26 articles: 14 clinical articles, 5 simulated environment studies, 5 human cadaveric studies, and 2 expert opinions. In all the clinical studies, 262 patients were treated for the following 257 pathologies listed in the articles: 190 suprasellar/parasellar lesions (73.9%), 41 ventral skull base lesions (16.0%), 19 sinonasal pathologies (7.4%), and 7 cerebrospinal fluid leak repairs (2.7%). Complication rates, operative time, length of hospital stay, and extent of tumor resection were equivalent between two-dimensional (2D) and 3D endoscopy. However, all studies reported that subjective depth perception and spatial orientation were markedly improved with 3D technology. In 3 studies (11.5%), it was concluded that there was no clinically significant surgical benefit in switching from 2D to 3D endoscopy. All cadaveric studies and expert opinions concluded that 3D endoscopy improved the identification of key anatomical structures and was superior to 2D endoscopy. Simulated environment studies demonstrated that 3D endoscopy improved speed and accuracy of endonasal tasks, more so in novice surgeons.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that 3D endoscopy provides improved surgical dexterity by affording the surgeon with depth perception when manipulating tissue and maneuvering the endoscope in the endonasal corridor.
Topics: Endoscopy; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Skull Base; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26463398
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.10.004 -
Clinical Rehabilitation Mar 2008To provide a systematic review of factors associated with subsequent hip fracture among individuals who have fractured a hip. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To provide a systematic review of factors associated with subsequent hip fracture among individuals who have fractured a hip.
DATA SOURCES
We searched Ageline, CINAHL, EMBASE and MEDLINE, from database inceptions to the week of 5 June 2006.
REVIEW METHODS
Studies were selected if they provided information regarding risk of subsequent hip fracture among individuals who had fractured a hip. Study quality was assessed using the Jadad criteria for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and a simple scale based on the MOOSE criteria for cohort studies.
RESULTS
Four RCTs and seven cohort studies were identified. Older age, cognitive impairment and lower bone mass appear to increase the risk of subsequent fracture, as did impaired depth perception, impaired mobility, previous falls, dizziness and poor or fair self-perceived health. Pharmacologic treatment for osteoporosis decreased the risk of subsequent fracture. Use of hip protectors by community-dwelling seniors did not appear to protect against a second fracture.
CONCLUSION
A number of easily observed risk factors may help identify those individuals at higher risk for subsequent fracture.
Topics: Age Factors; Bone Density; Cognition Disorders; Hip Fractures; Humans; Recurrence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 18057086
DOI: 10.1177/0269215507081573 -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2019We aimed to determine how research regarding farmers' personalities and attitudes as risk factors is reported (methodological approaches to assessing, extracting, and...
Invited review: Examining farmers' personalities and attitudes as possible risk factors for dairy cattle health, welfare, productivity, and farm management: A systematic scoping review.
We aimed to determine how research regarding farmers' personalities and attitudes as risk factors is reported (methodological approaches to assessing, extracting, and processing data and analyzing risk factors) and to explore evidence for the effect of farmers' attitudes and personalities on dairy cattle health, welfare, productivity, and management. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of studies on personality and attitude as risk factors for dairy cattle health, welfare, productivity, and farm management. Database searches captured 1,144 records, and 38 were finally included in the review. Thirty-three manuscripts assessed farmers' attitudes, 1 assessed their personalities, and 4 assessed both as risk factors. These potential risk factors were checked for relationships with more than 50 different outcome variables regarding farm management (17 manuscripts), animal health (13 manuscripts), animal productivity (11 manuscripts), and animal welfare (4 manuscripts). The approaches to assessing risk factors and processing and interpreting data varied greatly; thus, drawing conclusions regarding the effects of attitude and personality as risk factors is impeded because manuscripts are difficult to compare. Our findings highlight the need for harmonization of attitudes and personality assessments in future research. Furthermore, researchers should carefully consider which depth of detail to apply when planning and evaluating related research. Nevertheless, results highlight the importance of the effect of personality and attitude on outcomes. Farmers' personality and attitudes are associated with dairy cattle health, welfare, productivity, and management. In general, attitudes indicating higher degrees of technical knowledge, affection with problems, perceived responsibility, perception of control of a situation, a better human-animal relationship, or a positive evaluation of the benefits of management decisions tended to affect outcomes in a beneficial way. "Agreeableness" and "conscientiousness" were shown to promote better farm performance, whereas "neuroticism" had a negative effect. Therefore, further research on attitude and personality and their consideration by professionals and decision-makers within the dairy sector and politics is strongly recommended. This might provide the chance to better understand the needs of dairy farmers and therefore develop tailored advice and support strategies to improve both satisfactory and constructive cooperation.
Topics: Animal Welfare; Animals; Attitude; Cattle; Dairying; Decision Making; Efficiency; Farmers; Farms; Health Status; Humans; Perception; Personality; Risk Factors
PubMed: 30852027
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15037 -
European Journal of Physical and... Apr 2022The analgesic action of localized vibration (LV), which is used in rehabilitation medicine to treat various clinical conditions, is usually attributed to spinal gate...
INTRODUCTION
The analgesic action of localized vibration (LV), which is used in rehabilitation medicine to treat various clinical conditions, is usually attributed to spinal gate control, but is actually more complex. The aim of this review is: 1) to provide neurophysiological insights into the mechanisms underlying the ways in which afferent activity set up by LV induces analgesia through interactions with the nociceptive system throughout the nervous system; 2) to give a broader vision of the different effects induced by LV, some of them still related to basic science speculation.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
The Medline, EMBASE, AMED, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science and ROAD databases were searched for animal and human neurophysiological and neurohormonal studies related to the direct effects of LV on nociceptive transmission and pain perception and were supplemented by published books and theses.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
The spinal gate control mechanism through Aβ-fibers activation seems to be the most effective antinociceptive system activated by LV at frequencies between 100 and 250 Hz (high-frequency LV [HF-LV]) when applied in the same segment as the pain. A gating effect can be obtained also when it is applied contralaterally to the painful site or to adjacent dermatomes. Kinesthetic illusions of movement induced by HF-LV may induce a stronger analgesic effect. Activation of C-mechanoreceptors induced by a massage-like LV of low frequency and low intensity may interfere with pain through the activation of the limbic system. This action does not involve any gating mechanism. Frequency is more important than intensity as different frequencies induce activity in different cortical and cerebellar areas; these activations may be related to plastic cortical changes tentatively reversing pain-related maladaptive disorganization. Distraction/shift of attention or cortisol-mediated stress-induced analgesia are not involved in LV analgesic action in humans for both LF and HF. The release of opioidergic neuropeptides (analgesia not reversed by naloxone) as well as a reduction in substance P in the CSF does not seem to play a major role in the HF-LV action. Decrease in calcitonin and TRPV1 expression in the trigeminal ganglia in animals has been induced by HF-LV but the role of LF-LV is not completely deciphered. Both high and low LV induce the release of oxytocin, which may induce antinociceptive responses in animals and contribute to controlling pain in humans.
CONCLUSIONS
Although many aspects of LV-induced pain alleviation deserve more in-depth basic and translational studies, there are sound neurophysiological reasons for using LV in the therapeutic armamentarium of pain control. Laboratory animal and human data indicate that LV relieves pain not only by acting on the spinal gate, but also at higher levels of the nervous system.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Humans; Pain; Pain Management; Spine; Vibration
PubMed: 35102735
DOI: 10.23736/S1973-9087.22.07415-9 -
Biotechnology and Bioengineering Jun 2024The extensive use of chemical pesticides has significantly boosted agricultural food crop yields. Nevertheless, their excessive and unregulated application has resulted... (Review)
Review
The extensive use of chemical pesticides has significantly boosted agricultural food crop yields. Nevertheless, their excessive and unregulated application has resulted in food contamination and pollution in environmental, aquatic, and agricultural ecosystems. Consequently, the on-site monitoring of pesticide residues in agricultural practices is paramount to safeguard global food and conservational safety. Traditional pesticide detection methods are cumbersome and ill-suited for on-site pesticide finding. The systematic review provides an in-depth analysis of the current status and perspectives of nanobiosensors (NBS) for pesticide detection in the agricultural arena. Furthermore, the study encompasses the fundamental principles of NBS, the various transduction mechanisms employed, and their incorporation into on-site detection platforms. Conversely, the assortment of transduction mechanisms, including optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric tactics, is deliberated in detail, emphasizing its advantages and limitations in pesticide perception. Incorporating NBS into on-site detection platforms confirms a vital feature of their pertinence. The evaluation reflects the integration of NBS into lab-on-a-chip systems, handheld devices, and wireless sensor networks, permitting real-time monitoring and data-driven decision-making in agronomic settings. The potential for robotics and automation in pesticide detection is also scrutinized, highlighting their role in improving competence and accuracy. Finally, this systematic review provides a complete understanding of the current landscape of NBS for on-site pesticide sensing. Consequently, we anticipate that this review offers valuable insights that could form the foundation for creating innovative NBS applicable in various fields such as materials science, nanoscience, food technology and environmental science.
PubMed: 38853643
DOI: 10.1002/bit.28764 -
Patient Education and Counseling Nov 2023Risk communication (RC), as part of shared decision making, is challenging with people with limited health literacy (LHL). We aim to provide an overview of strategies to... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Risk communication (RC), as part of shared decision making, is challenging with people with limited health literacy (LHL). We aim to provide an overview of strategies to communicate benefits and harms of diagnostic and treatment options to this group.
METHODS
We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cinahl and PsycInfo. We included 28 studies on RC in informed/shared decision making without restriction to a health setting or condition and using a broad conceptualization of health literacy. Two researchers independently selected studies and one researcher performed data extraction. We descriptively compared findings for people with LHL towards recommendations for RC.
RESULTS
Health literacy levels varied in the included studies. Most studies used experimental designs, primarily on visual RC. Findings show verbal RC alone should be avoided. Framing of risk information influences risk perception (less risky when positively framed, riskier when negatively framed). Most studies recommended the use of icon arrays. Graph literacy should be considered when using visual RC.
CONCLUSIONS
The limited available evidence suggests that recommended RC strategies seem mainly to be valid for people with LHL, but more research is required.
PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
More qualitative research involving people with LHL is needed to gain further in-depth insights into optimal RC strategies.
PROTOCOL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO ID 275022.
Topics: Humans; Health Literacy; Decision Making, Shared; Qualitative Research; Communication; Patients; Decision Making
PubMed: 37619376
DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2023.107944 -
Journal of Clinical Nursing Mar 2024This scoping review aims to provide an overview of patients and caregivers perceptions of hospital-at-home (HaH) services. (Review)
Review
AIM
This scoping review aims to provide an overview of patients and caregivers perceptions of hospital-at-home (HaH) services.
BACKGROUND
HaH services provide patients with hospital-level care at home and are central to integrated healthcare systems. Despite favourable data from individual studies in the literature, in-depth analysis from patient and caregivers perspectives is lacking. This understanding is essential for the dissemination and scaling of HaH services.
DESIGN
The scoping review was performed using the PRISMA-ScR checklist and PAGER framework for the findings report and research recommendations.
METHOD
Literature from PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, CINAHL, Cochrane and Mednar databases were searched. Relevant studies published between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2022 were identified. The conceptual model of the development of patient perceptions of quality was used for data extraction and tabulation.
RESULTS
The review included 24 articles. Expectation attributions were identified as needs, types of service, hospitalisation experiences, family care preferences, social-demographics and coping skills. From patient's and caregiver's perspectives, HaH was safe, effective and viewed positively. Perceived concerns/barriers and enablers/facilitators were associated with individual, caregiver and system factors, but demonstrated an overall satisfaction in the HaH service.
CONCLUSION
HaH provides an excellent service according to patients' and caregivers' perceptions. However, gaps in care were identified such as prioritising patient-centred care, along with improved multidisciplinary continuity of care and future studies should incorporate these into their research of HaH.
RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Patients' and caregivers' HaH needs should be embedded in the design, development and implementation of HaH services.
PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION
Not applicable for the study design of this scoping review.
Topics: Humans; Caregivers; Hospitalization; Patients; Research Design; Hospitals
PubMed: 37817557
DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16906 -
Research in Social & Administrative... Apr 2020Antineoplastic medicines affect the patients' physical and psychosocial well-being posing challenges for patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals. However,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Antineoplastic medicines affect the patients' physical and psychosocial well-being posing challenges for patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals. However, little is known about the patients' lived experience with medicines (PLEM) for antineoplastic treatment. It is the lived experience that gives meaning to each individual's perception of a particular phenomenon which is influenced by internal and external factors relevant to the individual.
OBJECTIVES
To critically appraise, synthesise and present the available evidence of patients' lived experience with antineoplastic medicines prescribed for the management of malignant solid tumours.
METHOD
A systematic literature search was conducted in six electronic databases for articles published in English with no date restrictions. The search terms were related to beliefs, practice and burden in relation to patient, antineoplastic medicines, tumours and lived experience. Study selection, quality assessment and data extraction were performed independently by 2 reviewers. Research findings were analysed using narrative and meta-synthesis approaches.
RESULTS
The search retrieved 31,004 articles with only 10 studies satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. These studies were published between 2005 and 2016 in Europe (n = 6), America (n = 3) and Asia (n = 1). Nine themes were identified to contribute to the patients' lived experience with antineoplastic medicines. These were (a) influence from family members, healthcare professionals, media and culture, (b) general attitude towards medicine, (c) accepting medicine, (d) modifying or altering medicine regimen or dose, (e) medicine characteristics, (f) medicine routine, (g) medicine adverse events, (h) medicine and social burden and (i) healthcare associated medicine burden. Patients tend to undergo a continuous process of reinterpretations of their experience with medicines throughout their treatment journey.
CONCLUSION
The use of antineoplastic medicines has a profound effect on the patients' lives. Further longitudinal in-depth studies are required to provide deeper insight into PLEM and support patients in their treatment journey.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Europe; Family; Health Personnel; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 31311718
DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.06.020 -
Medical Education Mar 2021The features that contribute to the apparent effectiveness of three-dimensional visualisation technology [3DVT] in teaching anatomy are largely unknown. The aim of this... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
The features that contribute to the apparent effectiveness of three-dimensional visualisation technology [3DVT] in teaching anatomy are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of stereopsis in learning anatomy with 3DVT.
METHODS
The review was conducted and reported according to PRISMA Standards. Literature search of English articles was performed using EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL EBSCOhost, ERIC EBSCOhost, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases until November 2019. Study selection, data extraction and study appraisal were performed independently by two authors. Articles were assessed for methodological quality using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument and the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias. For quantitative analysis, studies were grouped based on relative between-intervention differences in instructional methods and type of control conditions.
RESULTS
A total of 3934 citations were obtained of which 67 underwent a full-text review. Ultimately, 13 randomised controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. When interactive, stereoscopic 3D models were compared to interactive, monoscopic 3D models within a single level of instructional design, for example isolating stereopsis as the only true manipulated element in the experimental design, an effect size [ES] of 0.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26-0.80; P < .00001) was found. In comparison with 2D images within multiple levels of instructional design, an effect size of 0.45 (95% CI 0.10-0.81; P < .002) was found. Stereopsis had no effect on learning when utilised with non-interactive 3D images (ES = -0.87, 95% CI -2.09-0.35; P = .16).
CONCLUSION
Stereopsis is an important distinguishing element of 3DVT that has a significant positive effect on acquisition of anatomical knowledge when utilised within an interactive 3D environment. A distinction between stereoscopic and monoscopic 3DVT is essential to make in anatomical education and research.
Topics: Depth Perception; Education, Medical; Humans; Learning; Technology
PubMed: 32790885
DOI: 10.1111/medu.14352 -
Neuropsychology Nov 2016Episodic future thinking is defined as the ability to mentally simulate a future event. Although episodic future thinking has been studied extensively in neuroscience,... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Episodic future thinking is defined as the ability to mentally simulate a future event. Although episodic future thinking has been studied extensively in neuroscience, this construct has not been explored in depth from the perspective of clinical neuropsychology. The aim of this critical narrative review is to assess the validity and clinical implications of episodic future thinking.
METHOD
A systematic review of episodic future thinking literature was conducted. PubMed and PsycInfo were searched through July 2015 for review and empirical articles with the following search terms: "episodic future thinking," "future mental simulation," "imagining the future," "imagining new experiences," "future mental time travel," "future autobiographical experience," and "prospection."
RESULTS
The review discusses evidence that episodic future thinking is important for adaptive functioning, which has implications for neurological populations. To determine the validity of episodic future thinking, the construct is evaluated with respect to related constructs, such as imagination, episodic memory, autobiographical memory, prospective memory, narrative construction, and working memory. Although it has been minimally investigated, there is evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for episodic future thinking. Research has not addressed the incremental validity of episodic future thinking. Practical considerations of episodic future thinking tasks and related constructs in a clinical neuropsychological setting are considered.
CONCLUSIONS
The utility of episodic future thinking is currently unknown due to the lack of research investigating the validity of episodic future thinking. Future work is discussed, which could determine whether episodic future thinking is an important missing piece in standard clinical neuropsychological assessment. (PsycINFO Database Record
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Brain; Brain Mapping; Cognition; Humans; Imagination; Male; Nerve Net; Neuroimaging; Neuropsychology; Thinking; Time Perception
PubMed: 26901169
DOI: 10.1037/neu0000274