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The British Journal of Nutrition Feb 2021Increasing evidence suggests that high consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is associated with an increase in non-communicable diseases, overweight and obesity.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Increasing evidence suggests that high consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is associated with an increase in non-communicable diseases, overweight and obesity. The present study systematically reviewed all observational studies that investigated the association between UPF consumption and health status. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar was conducted, and reference lists of included articles were checked. Only cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies were included. At the end of the selection process, twenty-three studies (ten cross-sectional and thirteen prospective cohort studies) were included in the systematic review. As regards the cross-sectional studies, the highest UPF consumption was associated with a significant increase in the risk of overweight/obesity (+39 %), high waist circumference (+39 %), low HDL-cholesterol levels (+102 %) and the metabolic syndrome (+79 %), while no significant associations with hypertension, hyperglycaemia or hypertriacylglycerolaemia were observed. For prospective cohort studies evaluating a total population of 183 491 participants followed for a period ranging from 3·5 to 19 years, highest UPF consumption was found to be associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality in five studies (risk ratio (RR) 1·25, 95 % CI 1·14, 1·37; P < 0·00001), increased risk of CVD in three studies (RR 1·29, 95 % CI 1·12, 1·48; P = 0·0003), cerebrovascular disease in two studies (RR 1·34, 95 % CI 1·07, 1·68; P = 0·01) and depression in two studies (RR 1·20, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·40; P = 0·02). In conclusion, increased UPF consumption was associated, although in a limited number of studies, with a worse cardiometabolic risk profile and a higher risk of CVD, cerebrovascular disease, depression and all-cause mortality.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Food Handling; Health Status; Humans
PubMed: 32792031
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114520002688 -
BMC Psychiatry Jun 2013Recent evidence suggests that diet modifies key biological factors associated with the development of depression; however, associations between diet quality and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Recent evidence suggests that diet modifies key biological factors associated with the development of depression; however, associations between diet quality and depression are not fully understood. We performed a systematic review to evaluate existing evidence regarding the association between diet quality and depression.
METHOD
A computer-aided literature search was conducted using Medline, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, January 1965 to October 2011, and a best-evidence analysis performed.
RESULTS
Twenty-five studies from nine countries met eligibility criteria. Our best-evidence analyses found limited evidence to support an association between traditional diets (Mediterranean or Norwegian diets) and depression. We also observed a conflicting level of evidence for associations between (i) a traditional Japanese diet and depression, (ii) a "healthy" diet and depression, (iii) a Western diet and depression, and (iv) individuals with depression and the likelihood of eating a less healthy diet.
CONCLUSION
To our knowledge, this is the first review to synthesize and critically analyze evidence regarding diet quality, dietary patterns and depression. Further studies are urgently required to elucidate whether a true causal association exists.
Topics: Adult; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Humans
PubMed: 23802679
DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-175 -
Clinical Gastroenterology and... Jun 2023The association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with dietary factors is well established but not thoroughly investigated. This systematic review and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND & AIMS
The association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with dietary factors is well established but not thoroughly investigated. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes available evidence regarding the effect of nutrition on the presence and severity of NAFLD.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted identifying studies published between January 1985 and May 2021. We included studies with a dietary assessment and anthropometry based on validated tools, performed by a qualified dietitian or a trained health professional. We examined differences between patients with NAFLD and healthy controls as well as patients with NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Risk of bias was assessed with the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool.
RESULTS
There were 60 eligible studies with 100,621 patients. The risk of bias was moderate for the majority of studies (41/60; 68%). According to meta-analyses, total caloric intake was higher in patients with NAFLD compared with controls (mean difference, 78.08; 95% confidence interval, 41.03-115.13). Macronutrient (protein, fat, and carbohydrate) consumption as proportion of total caloric intake and daily intake of fiber, caffeine and vitamins E, A, and C did not significantly differ between patients with NAFLD and controls. Soft drink consumption had a trend towards association with the presence of NAFLD. However, the odds ratio was 4.4 and the confidence intervals very wide. Finally, there was no significant difference in any comparison between patients with NAFLD and NASH, although the number of patients was relatively small. All meta-analyses had significant heterogeneity.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, despite high heterogeneity among studies, this meta-analysis demonstrated that higher caloric intake is positively associated with NAFLD, whereas diet composition in macronutrients was not associated with the presence or severity of the disease.
Topics: Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Diet; Energy Intake
PubMed: 34838723
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.11.026 -
Maturitas May 2022Diet has been suggested to play a role in determining the age at natural menopause; however, the evidence is inconsistent. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Diet has been suggested to play a role in determining the age at natural menopause; however, the evidence is inconsistent.
OBJECTIVE
We systematically reviewed and evaluated published research about associations between diet and onset of natural menopause (ONM).
METHODS
We searched 6 databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar) through January 21,2021 to identify prospective studies assessing the association between diet and ONM. Two independent reviewers extracted data using a predesigned data-collection form. Pooled hazard risks (HRs) were calculated using random effect models.
RESULTS
Of the 6,137 eligible references we reviewed, we included 15 articles in our final analysis. Those 15 articles included 91,554 women out of 298,413 who experienced natural menopause during follow-up. Overall, there were 89 food groups investigated, 38 macronutrients and micronutrients, and 6 dietary patterns. Among the food groups, higher intake of green and yellow vegetables was associated with earlier age of ONM, while high intakes of some dairy products, such as low-fat, skimmed milk, and low intake of alcohol were associated with a later onset. We observed no consistent association between macronutrient and micronutrient intake and ONM. Our results suggests that a vegetarian diet could be associated with early ONM; we did not observe any other consistent effect from other dietary patterns. Limitations included the number of studies, lack of replication studies and the research being of an observational nature; most studies (11/15) were at medium risk of bias.
CONCLUSION
Although some food items were associated with ONM, the overall evidence about associations between diet and ONM remains controversial. Prospero id: CRD42021232087.
Topics: Dairy Products; Diet; Female; Humans; Menopause; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 35337609
DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.12.008 -
Molecular Psychiatry Jul 2019With depression being the psychiatric disorder incurring the largest societal costs in developed countries, there is a need to gather evidence on the role of nutrition... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
With depression being the psychiatric disorder incurring the largest societal costs in developed countries, there is a need to gather evidence on the role of nutrition in depression, to help develop recommendations and guide future psychiatric health care. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the link between diet quality, measured using a range of predefined indices, and depressive outcomes. Medline, Embase and PsychInfo were searched up to 31 May 2018 for studies that examined adherence to a healthy diet in relation to depressive symptoms or clinical depression. Where possible, estimates were pooled using random effect meta-analysis with stratification by observational study design and dietary score. A total of 20 longitudinal and 21 cross-sectional studies were included. These studies utilized an array of dietary measures, including: different measures of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and Alternative HEI (AHEI), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, and the Dietary Inflammatory Index. The most compelling evidence was found for the Mediterranean diet and incident depression, with a combined relative risk estimate of highest vs. lowest adherence category from four longitudinal studies of 0.67 (95% CI 0.55-0.82). A lower Dietary Inflammatory Index was also associated with lower depression incidence in four longitudinal studies (relative risk 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63-0.92). There were fewer longitudinal studies using other indices, but they and cross-sectional evidence also suggest an inverse association between healthy diet and depression (e.g., relative risk 0.65; 95% CI 0.50-0.84 for HEI/AHEI). To conclude, adhering to a healthy diet, in particular a traditional Mediterranean diet, or avoiding a pro-inflammatory diet appears to confer some protection against depression in observational studies. This provides a reasonable evidence base to assess the role of dietary interventions to prevent depression. This systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews under the number CRD42017080579.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Diet; Diet Therapy; Diet, Mediterranean; Female; Health Status; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrients; Risk Factors
PubMed: 30254236
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0237-8 -
Nutrition & Dietetics: the Journal of... Feb 2020Negative body image increases the risk of engaging in unhealthy dieting and disordered eating patterns. This review evaluated the impact of habitual social media...
AIM
Negative body image increases the risk of engaging in unhealthy dieting and disordered eating patterns. This review evaluated the impact of habitual social media engagement or exposure to image-related content on body image and food choices in healthy young adults (18-30 years).
METHODS
A systematic search of six databases of observational literature published 2005-2019, was conducted (PROSPERO Registration No. CRD42016036588). Inclusion criteria were: studies reporting social media engagement (posting, liking, commenting) or exposure to image-related content in healthy young adults. Outcomes were: body image (satisfaction or dissatisfaction) and food choices (healthy eating, dieting/restricting, overeating/binging). Two authors independently screened, coded and evaluated studies for methodological quality.
RESULTS
Thirty studies were identified (n = 11 125 participants). Quantitative analysis (n = 26) identified social media engagement or exposure to image-related content was associated with higher body dissatisfaction, dieting/restricting food, overeating, and choosing healthy foods. Qualitative analysis (n = 4) identified five themes: (i) social media encourages comparison between users, (ii) comparisons heighten feelings about the body, (iii) young adults modify their appearance to portray a perceived ideal image, (iv) young adults are aware of social media's impact on body image and food choices, however, (v) external validation via social media is pursued. Most studies (n = 17) controlled for some confounding variables (age, gender, BMI, ethnicity).
CONCLUSIONS
Social media engagement or exposure to image-related content may negatively impact body image and food choice in some healthy young adults. Health professionals designing social media campaigns for young adults should consider image-related content, to not heighten body dissatisfaction.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Image; Body Mass Index; Choice Behavior; Databases, Factual; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Diet, Reducing; Female; Food Preferences; Humans; Hyperphagia; Male; Observational Studies as Topic; Social Media; Young Adult
PubMed: 31583837
DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12581 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2022(1) Background: Recently, studies have emerged to explore the effects of concurrent training (CT) with a low-carb, high-fat ketogenic diet (LCHF) on body composition and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The Effects of Concurrent Training Combined with Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition and Aerobic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
(1) Background: Recently, studies have emerged to explore the effects of concurrent training (CT) with a low-carb, high-fat ketogenic diet (LCHF) on body composition and aerobic performance and observed its benefits. However, a large variance in the study design and observations is presented, which needs to be comprehensively assessed. We here thus completed a systematic review and meta-analysis to characterize the effects of the intervention combining CT and LCHF on body composition and aerobic capacity in people with training experience as compared to that combining CT and other dietary strategies. (2) Methods: A search strategy based on the PICOS principle was used to find literature in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Sport-discuss, and Medline. The quality and risk of bias in the studies were independently assessed by two researchers. (3) Result: Eight studies consisting of 170 participants were included in this work. The pooled results showed no significant effects of CT with LCHF on lean mass (SMD = -0.08, 95% CI -0.44 to 0.3, = 0.69), body fat percentage (SMD = -0.29, 95% CI -0.66 to 0.08, = 0.13), body mass (SMD = -0.21, 95% CI -0.53 to 0.11, = 0.2), VO (SMD = -0.01, 95% CI -0.4 to 0.37, = 0.95), and time (or distance) to complete the aerobic tests (SMD = -0.02, 95% CI -0.41 to 0.37, = 0.1). Subgroup analyses also showed that the training background of participants (i.e., recreationally trained participants or professionally trained participants) and intervention duration (e.g., > or ≤six weeks) did not significantly affect the results. (4) Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis provide evidence that compared to other dietary strategies, using LCHF with CT cannot induce greater benefits for lean mass, body fat percentage, body mass, VO, and aerobic performance in trained participants.
Topics: Body Composition; Carbohydrates; Diet, High-Fat; Diet, Ketogenic; Exercise Tolerance; Humans
PubMed: 36141816
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811542 -
Nutrients Mar 2023The purpose of this study was to summarize the evidence from epidemiological studies concerning associations between diet and the effectiveness of treatment for lung... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this study was to summarize the evidence from epidemiological studies concerning associations between diet and the effectiveness of treatment for lung cancer. For this review, a literature search has been conducted in the EMBASE and PubMed databases, including papers published between 1977 and June 2022. The term "lung cancer" was used in conjunction with "diet". Footnotes from the selected papers were also analyzed. The present study is in line with the recommendations included in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The review included studies involving adults, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort and observational studies. In total, 863 papers were found, with duplicates excluded. Ultimately, 20 papers were reviewed. The present systematic review indicates that vitamin A, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), vitamin E, selenium, and zinc-as antioxidants-can strengthen the body's antioxidant barrier. Furthermore, preoperative immunonutrition may not only improve perioperative nutritional status following induction chemoradiotherapy in lung cancer surgery patients but also reduce the severity of postoperative complications. Similarly, a protein supply may exert a beneficial effect on human health by increasing average body weight and muscle mass. Omega-3 fatty acid content in the diet and the consumption of their main source, fish, may have some regulatory effect on inflammation in patients with lung cancer treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In addition, -3 fatty acids inhibit tumor cell proliferation and may reduce the toxicity of chemotherapy. Increased energy and protein intake are strongly associated with improved quality of life, functional outcomes, hand grip strength, symptoms, and performance in patients with lung cancer. The use of a supportive diet should be the standard of care, alongside pharmaceutical therapy, in treatment for patients with lung cancer.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Humans; Diet; Antioxidants; Vitamins; Ascorbic Acid; Lung Neoplasms; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Lung
PubMed: 36986207
DOI: 10.3390/nu15061477 -
Nutrients Jan 2018Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome and is recognized as the ultimate pathway of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies using nutritional strategies based on dietary... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome and is recognized as the ultimate pathway of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies using nutritional strategies based on dietary patterns have proved to be effective for the prevention and treatment of CVD. Although there are studies that support the protective effect of these diets, their effects on the prevention of HF are not clear yet.
METHODS
We searched the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases for studies that examined dietary patterns, such as dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH diet), paleolithic, vegetarian, low-carb and low-fat diets and prevention of HF. No limitations were used during the search in the databases.
RESULTS
A total of 1119 studies were identified, 14 met the inclusion criteria. Studies regarding the Mediterranean, DASH, vegetarian, and Paleolithic diets were found. The Mediterranean and DASH diets showed a protective effect on the incidence of HF and/or worsening of cardiac function parameters, with a significant difference in relation to patients who did not adhere to these dietary patterns.
CONCLUSIONS
It is observed that the adoption of Mediterranean or DASH-type dietary patterns may contribute to the prevention of HF, but these results need to be analyzed with caution due to the low quality of evidence.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Diet, Healthy; Diet, Mediterranean; Diet, Paleolithic; Diet, Vegetarian; Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension; Feeding Behavior; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Nutritive Value; Primary Prevention; Protective Factors; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29320401
DOI: 10.3390/nu10010058 -
International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2021(1) Background: The purpose of the current meta-analysis was to investigate any positive or negative effects of ketogenic diets in athletes and provide an assessment of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
(1) Background: The purpose of the current meta-analysis was to investigate any positive or negative effects of ketogenic diets in athletes and provide an assessment of the size of these effects. (2) Methods: Databases were used to select relevant studies up to January 2021 regarding the effects of ketogenic diets in athletes. Inclusion criteria were as follows: data before and after ketogenic diet use, being randomized controlled trials and presenting ketogenic diets and assessments of ketone status. Study subjects were required to be professional athletes. Review studies, pilot studies, and studies in which non-athletes were included were excluded from this meta-analysis. The outcome effect sizes in these selected studies were calculated by using the standardized mean difference statistic. (3) Results: Eight studies were selected for this meta-analysis. Athletes who consumed the ketogenic diet had reduced body fat percentages, respiratory exchange rates, and increased total cholesterol compared to athletes who did not consume this diet. However, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, heart rate, HDL cholesterol, glucose level, and insulin level were unaffected by the diet. (4) Conclusions: Ketogenic diets had a beneficial effect by decreasing body fat percentage, but athletes with high total cholesterol level need to be monitored when instituting a ketogenic diet. Our study sample size was limited; therefore, additional studies may be needed to confirm the current findings. Further studies need to be conducted on changes in LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Athletes; Cholesterol, HDL; Diet; Diet, Ketogenic; Humans
PubMed: 33809153
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062912