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Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 2018Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important parasitic disease which is endemic in different parts of Iran; and domestic and wild canines are principal reservoir hosts of...
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important parasitic disease which is endemic in different parts of Iran; and domestic and wild canines are principal reservoir hosts of the disease. The objective of this study was to review the spatial distribution of canine VL (CVL) caused by Leishmania infantum in domestic and wild canines in different geographical areas of Iran. An extensive literature search was conducted in different international and national databases, including Cochrane, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Iran Medex to find articles with the words "visceral leishmaniasis in Iran" in their titles and "canine visceral leishmaniasis in Iran" or "feline visceral leishmaniasis in Iran" or "accidental reservoir hosts of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran" in their subtitles, irrespective of the type and duration of study. Screening of the irrelevant articles from total 36,342, yielded 61 eligible articles. More than 93% of the studies were carried out on domestic dogs (Canis familiaris, n = 57) and the remaining were on other carnivores such as wild canines including foxes (Vulpes vulpes, n = 4), jackals (C. aureus, n = 6) and wolves (C. lupus, n = 6); while studies on domestic cats (Felis catus, n = 3) as well as desert rodents (n = 2) were rare. The average rate of L. infantum infections reported among domestic dogs using direct agglutination test (DAT) in Iran was 12.5%. The highest prevalence rate (14%) was reported from the northwest regions of the country where VL is endemic. The review indicates that CVL is endemic in various parts of Iran and domestic dogs are the main and potential reservoir hosts of the disease. Other carnivores, such as domestic cats and some species of desert rodents (Cricetulus migratorius, Mesocricetus auratus and Meriones persicus) seem to be playing a role in the maintenance of transmission cycle of L. infantum in the endemic areas of the disease.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Cat Diseases; Cats; DNA, Protozoan; Disease Reservoirs; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Foxes; Geography; Iran; Leishmania infantum; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Male; Spatial Analysis; Wolves; Zoonoses
PubMed: 30618442
DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.249125 -
Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases... Jun 2013Urban Norway and black rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus) are the source of a number of pathogens responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality in... (Review)
Review
Urban Norway and black rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus) are the source of a number of pathogens responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality in cities around the world. These pathogens include zoonotic bacteria (Leptospira interrogans, Yersina pestis, Rickettsia typhi, Bartonella spp., Streptobacillus moniliformis), viruses (Seoul hantavirus), and parasites (Angiostrongylus cantonensis). A more complete understanding of the ecology of these pathogens in people and rats is critical for determining the public health risks associated with urban rats and for developing strategies to monitor and mitigate those risks. Although the ecology of rat-associated zoonoses is complex, due to the multiple ways in which rats, people, pathogens, vectors, and the environment may interact, common determinants of human disease can still be identified. This review summarizes the ecology of zoonoses associated with urban rats with a view to identifying similarities, critical differences, and avenues for further study.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Cities; Disease Reservoirs; Ecology; Humans; Male; Parasitic Diseases; Public Health; Rats; Risk Factors; Rodent Diseases; Virus Diseases; Zoonoses
PubMed: 23590323
DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1195 -
Journal of Dentistry Dec 2020People with Cystic Fibrosis (PWCF) may be presumed to be at lower risk of periodontal disease due to long term antibiotic use but this has not been comprehensively... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
People with Cystic Fibrosis (PWCF) may be presumed to be at lower risk of periodontal disease due to long term antibiotic use but this has not been comprehensively investigated. The oral hygiene and periodontal status of PWCF in comparison to the general population is not well established. The objective of this systematic review was to critically evaluate the literature on periodontal and oral hygiene status in PWCF to see if this group are at increased risk of periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis).
DATA SOURCES
5 databases were searched: Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science.
STUDY SELECTION
The search resulted in 614 publications from databases with one more publication identified by searching bibliographies. 13 studies were included in the qualitative analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
The majority of studies showed better oral hygiene, with lower levels of gingivitis and plaque among people with Cystic Fibrosis (PWCF) than controls. Interestingly, despite this, many studies showed that PWCF had higher levels of dental calculus. Three studies found there was no difference in Oral Hygiene between PWCF and controls. One study found that PWCF aged between 6 and 9.5 years had increased levels of clinical gingivitis, and one study showed that PWCF with gingivitis had more bleeding on probing than people without CF. The vast majority of PWCF examined were children- only five studies included people over 18 years, and only one looked exclusively at adults. There is a need for further study into the periodontal health of PWCF- particularly those over the age of 18.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
There are currently no guidelines referring to oral care in PWCF. Studies have suggested that the oral cavity acts as a reservoir of bacteria which may colonise the lungs. If PWCF are at increased risk of periodontal disease, they should attend for regular screenings to facilitate early detection.
Topics: Adult; Child; Cystic Fibrosis; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Middle Aged; Oral Health; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 33129998
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103509 -
Infectious Disease Reports Oct 2023'Query' (Q) fever is a neglected but emerging or re-emerging zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium (C.) . Several host species are considered or speculated to be the... (Review)
Review
'Query' (Q) fever is a neglected but emerging or re-emerging zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium (C.) . Several host species are considered or speculated to be the primary reservoir hosts for human infection. In the past, several research groups in Nigeria have evaluated the prevalence of in various vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Currently, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the epidemiology of the pathogen in Nigeria with limited or no attention to control and prevention programs. Therefore, this review was undertaken to comprehend the current situation of infection in human, domestic and peri-domestic animals, and some tick species in Nigeria since 1960 with the aim to help identify future research priorities for the country. A comprehensive literature search was performed using the PRISMA guidelines on five scientific databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, AJOL, Science Direct, and Scopus for articles published from Nigeria dealing with the screening of blood, milk, or tick DNA for evidence of using any standard diagnostic approach. Of the 33 published articles subjected to full-text evaluation, more than 48% of the articles met the inclusion criteria and were thus included in this review. We observed different ranges of prevalence for antibodies from four vertebrate hosts including cattle (2.5-23.5%), sheep (3.8-12.0%), goats (3.1-10.9%), and humans (12.0-61.3%). Additionally, the use of molecular diagnostics revealed that the DNA of has been amplified in eight tick species including () , , , , , , , and Two rodent's species ( and ) in Nigeria were documented to show evidence of the bacterium with the detection of the DNA of in these two mammals. In conclusion, this review has provided more insight on the prevalence of and its associated host/vector in Nigeria. Domestic animals, peri-domestic animals, and ticks species harbor and could be a source of human infections. Due to the paucity of studies from southern Nigeria, we recommend that research groups with interest on vector-borne diseases need to consider more epidemiological studies in the future on prevalence in diverse hosts to help unravel their distribution and vector potentials in Nigeria as a whole.
PubMed: 37888137
DOI: 10.3390/idr15050056 -
Microorganisms Jul 2023Control and treatment programs (CDTI) have been set up nationally in all endemic countries to overcome the impact of onchocerciasis on the affected populations. However,... (Review)
Review
Control and treatment programs (CDTI) have been set up nationally in all endemic countries to overcome the impact of onchocerciasis on the affected populations. However, Gabon must still succeed in setting up real onchocerciasis control programs. Here, various database articles have been used to provide the scientific community with a summary document showing the mapping of this disease in Gabon. The articles dealing with onchocerciasis, animal reservoirs, surveillance, and elimination were analyzed. Results showed that little research has been performed. Most studies are concentrated in one region (The area of Lastourville). In addition, we observed that the distribution of the disease varies significantly across the country. Indeed, specific environments present a hyper-endemicity of the disease, while others are meso and hypo-endemic. So, we found some departments with a prevalence ranging from 0% to over 20%; within them, villages had infection levels comprising 10% to 60%, indicating potential hotspots. Vectors activities were studied in some areas. This paper showed the challenges encountered in the country to eliminate this disease. One solution is a deeper understanding of the disease's bioecology to establish effective health policies to eliminate onchocerciasis in Gabon effectively.
PubMed: 37630506
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081946 -
Parasites & Vectors Jan 2022Strongyloides stercoralis, a soil-transmitted helminth, occurs in humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats and wild canids. The zoonotic potential between these hosts is... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Strongyloides stercoralis, a soil-transmitted helminth, occurs in humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats and wild canids. The zoonotic potential between these hosts is not well understood with data available on prevalence primarily focused on humans. To increase knowledge on prevalence, this review and meta-analysis was performed to estimate the global status of S. stercoralis infections in dogs.
METHODS
Following the PRISMA guidelines, online literature published prior to November 2020 was obtained from multiple databases (Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar). Prevalence was calculated on a global and country level, by country income and climate, and in stray/animal shelter dogs versus owned dogs. Statistical analyses were conducted using R-software (version 3.6.1).
RESULTS
From 9428 articles, 61 met the inclusion criteria. The estimated pooled global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs was 6% (95% CI 3-9%). Infection was found to be the most prevalent in low-income countries with pooled prevalence of 22% (95% CI 10-36%). The highest pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs was related to regions with average temperature of 10-20 °C (6%; 95% CI 3-11%), an annual rainfall of 1001-1500 mm (9%; 95% CI 4-15%) and humidity of 40-75% (8%; 95% CI 4-13%). Prevalence was higher in stray and shelter dogs (11%; 95% CI 1-26%) than in owned dogs (3%; 95% CI 1-7%).
CONCLUSIONS
As with S. stercoralis in humans, higher prevalence in dogs is found in subtropical and tropical regions and lower-income countries, locations which also can have high dog populations. While this study presents the first estimated global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs, it is potentially an underestimation with 15 of 61 studies relying on diagnostic methods of lower sensitivity and a paucity of data from most locations. Standardized protocols (e.g. quantity of feces and number of samples for a Baermann) in future studies could improve reliability of results. More prevalence studies and raising veterinary awareness of S. stercoralis are needed for a One Health approach to protect humans and dogs from the impact of the infection.
Topics: Animals; Disease Reservoirs; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Global Health; Humans; Prevalence; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis; Zoonoses
PubMed: 35012614
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05135-0 -
Viruses Mar 2022During HIV/SIV infection, the upregulation of immune checkpoint (IC) markers, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4... (Review)
Review
During HIV/SIV infection, the upregulation of immune checkpoint (IC) markers, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3), CD160, 2B4 (CD244), and V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), can lead to chronic T cell exhaustion. These ICs play predominant roles in regulating the progression of HIV/SIV infection by mediating T cell responses as well as enriching latent viral reservoirs. It has been demonstrated that enhanced expression of ICs on CD4 and CD8 T cells could inhibit cell proliferation and cytokine production. Overexpression of ICs on CD4 T cells could also format and prolong HIV/SIV persistence. IC blockers have shown promising clinical results in HIV therapy, implying that targeting ICs may optimize antiretroviral therapy in the context of HIV suppression. Here, we systematically review the expression profile, biological regulation, and therapeutic efficacy of targeted immune checkpoints in HIV/SIV infection.
Topics: Animals; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Disease Progression; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Lymphocyte Activation; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
PubMed: 35336991
DOI: 10.3390/v14030581 -
Parasitology Research Feb 2020We performed a systematic review of the literature published since 1900 about leishmaniasis a neglected vector-borne disease, focused on environmental and social risk...
We performed a systematic review of the literature published since 1900 about leishmaniasis a neglected vector-borne disease, focused on environmental and social risk factors for visceral (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) to better understand their impact on the incidence of disease. The search terms were "leishmaniasis" AND "risk factors" using Google Scholar, PudMed, and Scielo. We reviewed 177 articles, 95 studies for VL, 75 for CL, and 7 on both forms. We identified 14 categories of risk factors which were divided into three groups: socioeconomic (7), environmental (5), and climate (2) variables. Socioeconomic factors were also associated with disease incidence in vulnerable human populations of arid and tropical developing regions. Environmental and climate factors showed significant associations with the incidence of VL and CL in all the studies that considered them. Proximity to natural vegetation remnants increased disease risk in both the New and Old World while the climate conditions favorable for disease transmission differed among regions. We propose a common conceptual framework for both clinical forms that highlights networks of interaction among risk factors. In both clinical forms, the interplay of these factors played a major role in disease incidence. Although there are similarities in environmental and socioeconomic conditions that mediate the transmission cycle of tropical, arid, and Mediterranean regions, the behavior of vector and reservoirs in each region is different. Special attention should be given to the possibility of vector adaptation to urban environments in developing countries where populations with low socioeconomic status are particularly vulnerable to the disease.
Topics: Animals; Climate; Disease Vectors; Environment; Humans; Incidence; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 31897789
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06575-5 -
Le Infezioni in Medicina Dec 2017There are no meta-analyses specifically describing the prevalence of zoonotic and non-zoonotic genotypes of Giardia intestinalis in cats, which would be useful in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
There are no meta-analyses specifically describing the prevalence of zoonotic and non-zoonotic genotypes of Giardia intestinalis in cats, which would be useful in defining the importance of cats as a source of zoonotic transmission. We performed a systematic review of the literature in three databases (PubMed, Scopus and SciELO) to assess the proportion of cats that were infected with specific G. intestinalis genotypes. A meta-analysis using a random effects model was performed to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). A 2-tailed alpha level of 5% was used for hypothesis testing. Measures of heterogeneity, including Cochran's Q statistic, the I2 index, and the tau-squared test, were estimated and reported. Subgroup analyses were conducted by geographic area and animal origin, as well as coinfection. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel-plot. Up to November 1, 2015, the literature search yielded 780 articles, of which 29 studies were valid for analysis. The pooled prevalence rate was higher for genotype F (19 studies, n=368 cats) with 55.8% [95%CI (42.8%-68.7%), τ2=0.0463]. For genotype A (21 n=409) it was 38.7% [95%CI (29.0%-48.4%), τ2=0.0527], for genotype D (7, n=276) 8.9% [95%CI (2.1%-15.8%), τ2=0.0024], for genotype C (2, n=212) 3.1% [95%CI (2.5%-3.5%), τ2=0.0001], for genotype E (3, n=187) 2.9% [95%CI (0.0%-8.1%), τ2=0.0009], and for genotype B (4, n=230) it was 2.8% [95%CI (0.0%-5.7%), τ2=0.0002]. Genotypes A and B of G. intestinalis are present in a wide range of hosts, including humans and cats, whilst genotype E has been reported in bovines, ovines, caprine and porcine animals, as well as in dogs and cats; and genotype F is almost exclusive to cats. Thus genotypes A and B are the most important for zoonotic transmission. In this study, after genotype F (55.5%), genotype A yielded more than 38% in cats (95%CI 29-48). This has interesting possible implications in zoonotic transmission of giardiasis between cats and humans.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Disease Reservoirs; Genotype; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Prevalence; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29286011
DOI: No ID Found -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Dec 2021Improving our understanding of Mayaro virus (MAYV) ecology is critical to guide surveillance and risk assessment. We conducted a PRISMA-adherent systematic review of the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Improving our understanding of Mayaro virus (MAYV) ecology is critical to guide surveillance and risk assessment. We conducted a PRISMA-adherent systematic review of the published and grey literature to identify potential arthropod vectors and non-human animal reservoirs of MAYV. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, SciELO and grey-literature sources including PAHO databases and dissertation repositories. Studies were included if they assessed MAYV virological/immunological measured occurrence in field-caught, domestic, or sentinel animals or in field-caught arthropods. We conducted an animal seroprevalence meta-analysis using a random effects model. We compiled granular georeferenced maps of non-human MAYV occurrence and graded the quality of the studies using a customized framework. Overall, 57 studies were eligible out of 1523 screened, published between the years 1961 and 2020. Seventeen studies reported MAYV positivity in wild mammals, birds, or reptiles and five studies reported MAYV positivity in domestic animals. MAYV positivity was reported in 12 orders of wild-caught vertebrates, most frequently in the orders Charadriiformes and Primate. Sixteen studies detected MAYV in wild-caught mosquito genera including Haemagogus, Aedes, Culex, Psorophora, Coquillettidia, and Sabethes. Vertebrate animals or arthropods with MAYV were detected in Brazil, Panama, Peru, French Guiana, Colombia, Trinidad, Venezuela, Argentina, and Paraguay. Among non-human vertebrates, the Primate order had the highest pooled seroprevalence at 13.1% (95% CI: 4.3-25.1%). From the three most studied primate genera we found the highest seroprevalence was in Alouatta (32.2%, 95% CI: 0.0-79.2%), followed by Callithrix (17.8%, 95% CI: 8.6-28.5%), and Cebus/Sapajus (3.7%, 95% CI: 0.0-11.1%). We further found that MAYV occurs in a wide range of vectors beyond Haemagogus spp. The quality of evidence behind these findings was variable and prompts calls for standardization of reporting of arbovirus occurrence. These findings support further risk emergence prediction, guide field surveillance efforts, and prompt further in-vivo studies to better define the ecological drivers of MAYV maintenance and potential for emergence.
Topics: Alphavirus; Alphavirus Infections; Animals; Arthropod Vectors; Birds; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Mammals; Mosquito Vectors; Primates; Reptiles
PubMed: 34898602
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010016