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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023The overall prevalence of spp., a group of important zoonotic pathogens, in the global dairy herds and the risk of cross-species transmission between humans and dairy...
INTRODUCTION
The overall prevalence of spp., a group of important zoonotic pathogens, in the global dairy herds and the risk of cross-species transmission between humans and dairy cows remain to be clarified. This systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence of spp. in milk samples from dairy cows with mastitis worldwide and to assess the factors influencing the prevalence of these strains.
METHODS
Qualified studies published from 2007 to 2021 were retrieved from ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PubMed, WanFang Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and VIP Chinese Journal Database. Calculations of prevalence and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed for all the studies using the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation (PFT).
RESULTS
A total of 79,852 milk samples from 55 manuscripts were examined in this meta-analysis, and 2,478 samples were found to be positive for spp. The pooled prevalence estimates worldwide were 7.95% (95% CI: 6.07%-10.06%), with significant heterogeneity ( = 98.8%, = 0). The sampling period of 2013-2020 had a higher ( < 0.05) Klebsiella-positive proportion of milk samples (12.16%, 95% CI: 8.08%-16.90%) than that of 2007-2012 (3.85%, 95% CI: 2.67%-5.21%), indicating that bovine mastitis caused by Klebsiella may become increasingly prevalent. The risk factors for the high prevalence of Klebsiella in milk samples mainly included: economic development level (developing countries; 11.76%, 95% CI: 8.25%-15.77%), mastitis type (CM; 11.99%, 95% CI: 8.62%-15.79%), and population density (>500 per sq km; 10.28%, 95% CI: 2.73%-21.58%). Additionally, a bivariate meta-regression analysis revealed that the multidrug-resistance (MDR) rate of the epidemic strains was also closely related to economic development level ( = 78.87%) and population density ( = 87.51%).
DISCUSSION
Due to the potential risk of cross-species transmission between humans and cows, the prevalence of mastitis milk-derived Klebsiella and its high MDR rate need to be monitored, especially in developing countries with high population densities.
PubMed: 37035815
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1143257 -
BMC Veterinary Research Aug 2023Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is one of the most economically important diseases affecting the dairy industry. The SCM does not cause visible changes in the udder or... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is one of the most economically important diseases affecting the dairy industry. The SCM does not cause visible changes in the udder or physical changes of the milk as compared to clinical mastitis, and a clear overview of the prevalence and risk factors in the different regions of Africa is still lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of SCM and assess the associated risk factors and dominant bacterial pathogens among cattle in Africa.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We gathered and systematically reviewed literature concerning SCM, published in English from January 2010 through December 2020 in two databases (PubMed and Web of Science), and meta-analysis was conducted using the 'meta' and 'metafor' packages in the R statistical software.
RESULTS
A total of 258 studies were retrieved and at the end of the screening, 82 full-texts were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of SCM was reported in 11 countries in five regions of Africa, and the random-effects model showed that the weighted pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) was 48.2% (95% CI: 43.6-52.8%). Heterogeneity was high and statistically significant as I (proportion of observed variation) was 98.1% (95% CI: 98.0-98.3%), τ (true between-study variance) was 0.0433 (95% CI: 0.0322-0.0611), and the Cochran Q statistic was 4362.8 (p < 0.0001). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses showed that East Africa had significantly (p = 0.0092) the highest PPE of SCM (67.7%, 95% CI: 55.7-78.7) followed by West Africa (50.5%, 95%CI: 31.4-69.5), and the lowest was in North Africa (40.3%, 95%: 32.2-48.6). Other significant moderators for SCM were age (p < 0.0001), breed (p = 0.0002), lactation stage (p = 0.019) and parity (p = 0.0008) of cattle. Staphylococcus species (prevalence 43.7%) were the most predominant pathogens, followed by Streptococcus (18.2%) and Escherichia species (9.5%).
CONCLUSION
The present study showed a high variation of SCM prevalence in various parts of Africa, although there is a need for more data in some regions. The reported prevalence is a clear sign of inappropriate management practices among cattle herds and an indicator of the threat that SCM poses to the dairy industry. The information about the predisposing factors may guide effective management and control strategies to reduce transmission of the disease.
Topics: Pregnancy; Animals; Cattle; Female; Staphylococcal Infections; Prevalence; Mastitis, Bovine; Lactation; Milk; Risk Factors; Africa; Dairying; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37573335
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03673-6 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jan 2023Mastitis, the most frequent disease in dairy cattle. Resistance to mastitis is a complex, polygenic trait controlled by several genes, each with small effects....
Mastitis, the most frequent disease in dairy cattle. Resistance to mastitis is a complex, polygenic trait controlled by several genes, each with small effects. Genome-wide association studies have been widely used to identify genomic variants associated with complex traits, including resistance to mastitis, to elucidate the underlying genetic architecture of the trait. However, no systematic review and gene prioritization analysis have been conducted to date on GWAS results for resistance to mastitis in dairy cattle. Hence, the objective was to perform a systematic review and gene prioritization analysis of GWAS studies to identify potential functional candidate genes associated with resistance to mastitis-related traits in dairy cattle. Four electronic databases were searched from inception to December 2020, supplemented with multiple sources of gray literature, to identify eligible articles. Annotation for genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL), and QTL enrichment analysis were conducted using GALLO. Gene prioritization analysis was performed by a guilty-by-association approach using GUILDify and ToppGene. From 52 articles included within this systematic review, 30 articles were used for further functional analyses. Gene and QTL annotation resulted in 9,125 and 43,646 unique genes and QTL, respectively, from 39 studies. In general, overlapping of genes across studies was very low (mean ± SD = 0.02% ± 0.07%). Most annotated genes were associated with somatic cell count-related traits and the Holstein breed. Within all annotated genes, 74 genes were shared among Holstein, Jersey, and Ayrshire breeds. Approximately 7.5% of annotated QTL were related to QTL class "health." Within the health QTL class, 2.6 and 2.2% of QTL were associated with clinical mastitis and somatic cell count-related traits. Enrichment analysis of QTL demonstrated that many enriched QTL were associated with somatic cell score located in Bos taurus autosomes 5, 6, 16, and 20. The prioritization analysis resulted in 427 significant genes after multiple test correction (false discovery rate of 5%) from 26 studies. Most prioritized genes were located in Bos taurus autosomes 19 and 7, and most top-ranked genes were from the cytokine superfamily (e.g., chemokines, interleukins, transforming growth factors, and tumor necrosis factor genes). Although most prioritized genes (397) were associated with somatic cell count-related traits, only 54 genes were associated with clinical mastitis-related traits. Twenty-four genes (ABCC9, ACHE, ADCYAP1, ARC, BCL2L1, CDKN1A, EPO, GABBR2, GDNF, GNRHR, IKBKE, JAG1, KCNJ8, KCNQ1, LIFR, MC3R, MYOZ3, NFKB1, OSMR, PPP3CA, PRLR, SHARPIN, SLC1A3, and TNFRSF25) were reported for both somatic cell count and clinical mastitis-related traits. Prioritized genes were mainly associated with immune response, regulation of secretion, locomotion, cell proliferation, and development. In conclusion, this study provided a fine-mapping of previously identified genomic regions associated with resistance to mastitis and identified key functional candidate genes for resistance to mastitis, which can be used to develop enhanced genomic strategies to combat mastitis by increasing mastitis resistance through genetic selection.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Genome-Wide Association Study; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Quantitative Trait Loci; Mastitis, Bovine; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 36333139
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21923 -
Research in Veterinary Science Nov 2023Streptococcus uberis is one of the most common pathogens associated with bovine mastitis, commonly treated with antimicrobials (AM), favoring the appearance of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Streptococcus uberis is one of the most common pathogens associated with bovine mastitis, commonly treated with antimicrobials (AM), favoring the appearance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The objective of this work was to determine the proportion of phenotypic AMR among S. uberis isolated worldwide from bovine intramammary infections between the years 1983-2022, and to assess the variables associated by means of a systematic review and metanalysis. Sixty articles were eligible for quantitative review. Ninety-four independent studies were obtained. The antimicrobials evaluated in more S. uberis strains were penicillin (21,987 strains), oxacillin (21,727 strains), erythromycin (20,013 strains), and ampicillin (19,354 strains). Most of the studies included in this meta-analysis were from Europe (44), followed by America (25), Africa (10), Asia (10), and Oceania (5). Among the included articles, 22 were published from 1983 to 2006, 23 from 2007 to 2012, 25 from 2013 to 2015, and the remaining 24 after 2016. Penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline were the antimicrobials with >25 studies. Therefore, the following analyses were performed only for these antimicrobials, presenting a high heterogeneity index (I). The variability observed for penicillin and tetracycline was only explained, partially, by continent of origin. The variability observed for erythromycin was not explained by any of the potential explanatory variables included in this study. The S. uberis proportion of resistance to antimicrobials is highly variable and probably influenced by many factors other than those studied in this meta-analysis, where it was not possible to inform a unique average proportion of resistance.
Topics: Female; Animals; Cattle; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Streptococcal Infections; Mastitis, Bovine; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Infective Agents; Erythromycin; Tetracycline; Penicillins; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37844492
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105032 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2021In this study, the major mastitis pathogen prevalence in the cattle and buffalo of the world was estimated by a meta-analysis. (S) species, (St) species, and (Ec)...
In this study, the major mastitis pathogen prevalence in the cattle and buffalo of the world was estimated by a meta-analysis. (S) species, (St) species, and (Ec) prevalence studies reported during 1979-2019 were collected using online databases, and offline resources. A meta-analysis of these data was done with the meta package in R-Software. The was the major mastitis pathogen, mostly causing subclinical mastitis, Ec causing clinical mastitis and St causing subclinical and clinical mastitis. The pooled prevalence estimates of S, St, and Ec were 28%, 12%, and 11% in the world from 156, 129, and 92 studies, respectively. The S, St, and Ec prevalences were high in Latin America (51%), Oceania (25%), and Oceania (28%), respectively. Higher S, St, and Ec prevalences were observed by molecular methods, signifying high sensitivity and usefulness for future studies. Among bacterial species, (25%) followed by coagulase-negative species (20%), (11%), (9%), (9%) were the important pathogens present in the milk of the world. We hypothesize that there is a urgent need to reduce mastitis pathogen prevalence by ensuring scientific farm management practices, proper feeding, therapeutic interventions to augment profits in dairying, and improving animal and human health.
PubMed: 33946571
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050545 -
Veterinary Microbiology Mar 2011Bovine mastitis is the main cause of economic loss in milk production worldwide and Staphylococcus aureus is the agent most frequently associated with the disease. The... (Review)
Review
Bovine mastitis is the main cause of economic loss in milk production worldwide and Staphylococcus aureus is the agent most frequently associated with the disease. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of vaccines for bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus and suggest the immunotherapeutic protocols that have achieved the best and/or most promising results. An electronic search was made of the PubMed and Web of Science databases in November 2009. Only studies that tested vaccines in vivo in cows were included. The experimental design, methodological quality, type of vaccine and results of the studies were analyzed. Twenty-four papers were selected for this review. In general, bacterin-toxoid vaccines, vaccines of DNA-recombinant protein and recombinant protein alone were investigated in the studies selected. This systematic review suggests that vaccines that employ new technologies (DNA and/or recombinant protein vaccines) and some long-standing bacterins have achieved good results, which supports their use in the prevention and control of bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus. However, methodological differences and in some cases, a lack of more severe scientific criteria (such as double blind protocols) hinder the assessment of the effectiveness of these vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Cattle; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Recombinant Proteins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Vaccines; Vaccines, Synthetic
PubMed: 21115309
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.003 -
Journal of Dairy Science Oct 2017The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to identify and assess evidence and knowledge gaps in published observational studies that have... (Review)
Review
The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to identify and assess evidence and knowledge gaps in published observational studies that have investigated the relationship between mastitis and pregnancy loss (PL) in dairy cows. PubMed and ScienceDirect were used to search pertinent peer-reviewed research reports of interest. Screening of research reports was conducted at 3 levels: titles, abstracts, and full-text articles. The search identified 651 records for initial screening. The final screening process identified 8 qualified articles for review after removing 10 duplicate records, 582 titles, 31 abstracts, and 20 full-text articles. Two studies produced strong epidemiologic evidence indicating that (1) exposure to clinical mastitis during early gestation (first 45 d of gestation) is associated with subsequent PL during the following 90 d; and (2) subclinical mastitis 1 to 30 d before artificial insemination (AI) is associated with subsequent PL at 35 to 41 d of gestation. An additional study showed that exposure to clinical mastitis during early lactation in combination with low body condition can increase the risk of PL in dairy cows; however, the interaction effect between clinical mastitis and low body condition on PL was considered weak. Four other studies produced inconclusive evidence indicating that mastitis is a predisposing factor for PL in dairy cows, as the exposure risk period for mastitis overlapped with the follow-up period for diagnosis of PL in dairy cows. Finally, one study failed to identify a relationship between mastitis and PL in dairy cows. Further research is needed to (1) support the hypothesis that mastitis in combination with low body condition score (or other exposure factors) can increase the risk of PL, (2) compare the effect of clinical versus subclinical mastitis on PL, (3) compare the effect of mastitis before breeding and during gestation on PL, and (4) compare the effect of mastitis on PL in dairy cows during different lactations.
Topics: Abortion, Veterinary; Animals; Cattle; Female; Insemination, Artificial; Lactation; Mastitis, Bovine; Observational Studies as Topic; Pregnancy
PubMed: 28780088
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12711 -
Aesthetic Surgery Journal Jun 2023Breast augmentation is a commonly performed cosmetic procedure. We set out to determine whether there was any effect on breastfeeding in females after breast implants.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Breast augmentation is a commonly performed cosmetic procedure. We set out to determine whether there was any effect on breastfeeding in females after breast implants. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current evidence on breastfeeding outcome and complications in females with breast augmentation. A systematic review was performed utilizing MEDLINE, EMBASE, and all evidence-based medicine reviews from their respective inception dates to November 7, 2022, to assess outcomes of breastfeeding in females with breast implants (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022357909). This review was in accordance with both the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Interventions and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Eleven studies (4 prospective and 7 retrospective) in total were included in the review. A total of 8197 out of 9965 (82.25%) patients were successfully able to breastfeed after breast implants. Of 5 studies that included a control group, 343,793 of 388,695 (88.45%) women without breast implants successfully breastfed. A meta-analysis of 5 comparative studies showed a significant reduction of breastfeeding in females with breast implants, n = 393,686, pooled odds ratio = 0.45 (95% CI, 0.38 to 0.53). Complications described included pain, mastitis, insufficient or excessive lactation, and nipple inversion. There may be impairment in ability to breastfeed for females who receive breast implants when compared with those without. Additional studies on the topic are needed to further clarify the relationship.
Topics: Female; Humans; Breast Feeding; Breast Implants; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Breast Diseases
PubMed: 36752943
DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjad027 -
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Apr 2010This article presents the first systematic review of the causes and factors associated with morbidity and mortality, on smallholder dairy farms in Eastern and Southern... (Review)
Review
This article presents the first systematic review of the causes and factors associated with morbidity and mortality, on smallholder dairy farms in Eastern and Southern Africa. It was conducted in August 2007. Primary studies on causes of morbidity and mortality on smallholder dairy farms in the region were identified, examined and descriptive information extracted. Electronic (CAB Abstracts, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science) and non-electronic databases were used to identify and retrieve the primary studies. The retrieval process included all types of study designs with no restriction on the year of publication and language. Mastitis, tick-borne diseases (TBDs), tick infestation and diarrhoea were among the most commonly documented causes of morbidity. TBDs, diarrhoea and trypanosomiasis were among the most commonly documented causes of mortality; however, a substantial number of mortalities with undiagnosed causes were also reported. Factors ranked as most negatively associated with mastitis were residual calf suckling and increased water availability on the farm while use of common udder towel was the factor most positively associated with mastitis. Zero-grazing was ranked as the factor most negatively associated with TBDs while age was most positively associated. More intervention studies are recommended in the region to better identify animal health constraints and their associated risk factors.
Topics: Africa, Eastern; Africa, Southern; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Population Density; Risk Factors; Tick-Borne Diseases
PubMed: 20149935
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.01.012 -
Research in Veterinary Science May 2021In the present study, subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) prevalence for various countries in the World were calculated by using online and offline... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
In the present study, subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) prevalence for various countries in the World were calculated by using online and offline databases. The SCM and CM prevalence studies reported during 1967-2019 were collected, reviewed, and a meta-analysis was done in R-Software. A total of 222 and 150 studies from the World and 103 and 37 studies from India on SCM and CM, respectively were included. The pooled prevalence of SCM and CM were 42% [Confidence Interval (CI) 38-45%, Prediction Interval (PI) 10-83%] and 15% [CI 12-19%, PI 1-81%] in the World respectively, 45% [CI 40-49%, PI 11-84%] and 18% [CI 14-23%, PI 3-60%] in India respectively. Continent-wise analysis indicated a higher prevalence of SCM in North America and CM in Europe and among the countries, a higher SCM prevalence in Uganda and CM in the United Kingdom was observed. Further, species-wise indicated a higher SCM and CM prevalence in buffaloes of the World than the cattle. Based on method-wise, SCM and CM prevalence were high in somatic cell count and clinical examination, respectively in the World. The SCM prevalence was higher than CM and indicated the importance of SCM in dairy cattle. This might result in low milk productivity in dairying and may set off losses to dairy farmers. Hence, there is an urgent need to reduce the SCM and CM prevalence by implementing scientific dairy management, good feeding practices, and timely therapeutic interventions for increasing the benefits from dairying to the farmers in the World.
Topics: Animals; Asymptomatic Infections; Buffaloes; Cattle; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dairying; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Pregnancy; Prevalence
PubMed: 33892366
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.021