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Medicine and Science in Sports and... Dec 2022High-intensity interval training and sprint interval training significantly increase maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ), which enhances endurance performance and health... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
High-intensity interval training and sprint interval training significantly increase maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ), which enhances endurance performance and health status. Whether this response is due to increases in central cardiovascular function (cardiac output (CO) and blood volume) or peripheral factors is unknown.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training (referred to as intense interval training) on changes in central cardiovascular function.
METHODS
We performed a systematic search of eight databases for studies denoting increases in V̇O 2max in which CO, stroke volume (SV), blood volume, plasma volume, end-diastolic/systolic volume, or hematocrit were measured.
RESULTS
Forty-five studies were included in this analysis, comprising 946 men and women of various health status (age and V̇O 2max , 20-76 yr and 13-61 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ) who performed 6-96 sessions of interval training. Results showed an increase in V̇O 2max with intense interval training that was classified as a large effect ( d = 0.83). SV ( d = 0.69), and CO ( d = 0.49) had moderate effect sizes in response to intense interval training. Of 27 studies in which CO was measured, 77% exhibited significant increases in resting CO or that obtained during exercise. Similarly, 93% of studies revealed significant increases in SV in response to intense interval training. Effect sizes for these outcomes were larger for clinical versus healthy populations. Plasma volume, blood volume, and hematocrit had small effect sizes after training ( d = 0.06-0.14).
CONCLUSIONS
Increases in V̇O 2max demonstrated with intense interval training are attendant with increases in central O 2 delivery with little contribution from changes in hematocrit, blood volume, or plasma volume.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Oxygen Consumption; Stroke Volume; Cardiac Output; Exercise; Diastole
PubMed: 35881924
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002993 -
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious... 2017The current increment of invasive fungal infections and the availability of new broad-spectrum antifungal agents has increased the use of these agents by non-expert... (Review)
Review
The current increment of invasive fungal infections and the availability of new broad-spectrum antifungal agents has increased the use of these agents by non-expert practitioners, without an impact on mortality. To improve efficacy while minimizing prescription errors and to reduce the high monetary cost to the health systems, the principles of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) are necessary. A systematic review of the PD of antifungals agents was performed aiming at the practicing physician without expertise in this field. The initial section of this review focuses on the general concepts of antimicrobial PD. In vitro studies, fungal susceptibility and antifungal serum concentrations are related with different doses and dosing schedules, determining the PD indices and the magnitude required to obtain a specific outcome. Herein the PD of the most used antifungal drug classes in Latin America (polyenes, azoles, and echinocandins) is discussed.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Area Under Curve; Aspergillosis; Azoles; Candidiasis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Echinocandins; Humans; Latin America; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polyenes; Triazoles
PubMed: 27821250
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.09.009 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Nov 2016The precise role of age-related muscle anabolic resistance in the progression of sarcopenia and functional decline in older individuals is unclear. The present aim was... (Review)
Review
The precise role of age-related muscle anabolic resistance in the progression of sarcopenia and functional decline in older individuals is unclear. The present aim was to assess whether the muscle protein synthesis (MPS) response to acute exercise (endurance or resistance) and/or amino acid-based nutrition is attenuated in older compared with young individuals. A systematic review was conducted on studies that directly examined the influence of age on the MPS response to exercise and/or amino acid-based nutrition. Each study arm was synthesized and reported as providing sufficient or insufficient "evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance". Subsequently, three models were established to compare age-related differences in the MPS response to 1) exercise alone, 2) amino acid-based nutrition alone, or 3) the combination of exercise and amino acid-based nutrition. Following exercise alone, 8 of the 17 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance, while in response to amino acid-based nutrition alone, 8 of the 21 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance. When exercise and amino acid-based nutrition were combined, only 2 of the 10 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance. Our results highlight that optimization of exercise and amino acid-based nutrition is sufficient to induce a comparable MPS response between young and older individuals. However, the exercise volume completed and/or the amino acid/protein dose and leucine content must exceed a certain threshold to stimulate equivalent MPS rates in young and older adults, below which age-related muscle anabolic resistance may become apparent.
Topics: Age Factors; Aging; Amino Acids; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Exercise; Humans; Leucine; Muscle Proteins; Muscle, Skeletal; Protein Biosynthesis; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 27555299
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00213.2016 -
Microvascular Research Sep 2020Obesity is a chronic disease responsible for a high morbidity and mortality rate, with an increasing worldwide prevalence. Obesity is associated with immune responses...
INTRODUCTION
Obesity is a chronic disease responsible for a high morbidity and mortality rate, with an increasing worldwide prevalence. Obesity is associated with immune responses characterized by chronic systemic inflammation. This article focuses on the mechanisms that explain the proposed link between obesity-associated diseases and inflammation. Also, it describes the role of inflammatory molecules in obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities.
METHODS
More than 200 articles were selected and consulted by an online English search using various electronic search databases. Predefined key-words for the pathogenesis of obesity-induced inflammation and associated diseases, as well as the role of various inflammatory molecules, were used.
RESULTS
We have summarized the data of the articles consulted in this research and we have found that obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammation resulting from the change of adipose tissue (AT). The AT produces a variety of inflammatory molecules called adipocytokines that are involved in the onset of systemic low-grade inflammation which is the link between obesity and associated-chronic abnormalities; such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes, and some cancers. Also, we have searched all the inflammatory molecules involved in this pathogenesis and we have briefly described the role of 16 of them which are the most related to obesity-associated inflammation. The results have shown that there are inflammatory molecules that have a positive relationship with the pathogenesis of obesity-related diseases and others have a negative relationship with this pathogenesis.
CONCLUSION
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the development of various metabolic-abnormalities related to obesity. In this regard, the management of obesity may help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and other metabolic complications by inhibiting inflammatory mechanisms.
Topics: Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Obesity; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 32485192
DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104023 -
Autoimmunity Reviews Sep 2023Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory complex condition. Posttranslational modifications influence almost all aspects of normal cell biology and pathogenesis. The... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory complex condition. Posttranslational modifications influence almost all aspects of normal cell biology and pathogenesis. The aim of this systematic review was to collect all published evidence regarding posttranslational modifications in PsA, and the main outcome was to evaluate an association between disease outcomes and specific posttranslational modifications in PsA.
METHODS
A systematic electronic search was performed in Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, Virtual Health Library, and Embase databases. A total of 587 articles were identified; 59 were evaluated after removing duplicates and scanning, of which 47 were included. A descriptive analysis was conducted, with results grouped according to the type of posttranslational modification evaluated. The protocol was registered at the PROSPERO database.
RESULTS
Seven posttranslational modifications were identified: citrullination, carbamylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, methylation, and oxidative stress. Anti-citrullinated peptide and anti-carbamylated protein have been evaluated in rheumatoid arthritis. There is now information suggesting that these antibodies may be helpful in improving the diagnosis of PsA and that they may demonstrate a correlation with worse disease progression (erosions, polyarticular involvement, and poor treatment response). Glycosylation was associated with increased inflammation and phosphorylation products related to the expression of SIRT2 and pSTAT3 or the presence of Th17 and cytokine interleukin-22, suggesting a possible therapeutic target.
CONCLUSIONS
Posttranslational modifications often play a key role in modulating protein function in PsA and correlate with disease outcomes. Citrullination, carbamylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, methylation, and oxidative stress were identified as associated with diagnosis and prognosis.
Topics: Humans; Arthritis, Psoriatic; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Citrullination; Glycosylation; Arthritis, Rheumatoid
PubMed: 37487969
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103393 -
Journal of Assisted Reproduction and... Jun 2023The storage and release of calcium ions (Ca2 +) in oocyte maturation and fertilization are particularly noteworthy features of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER... (Review)
Review
The storage and release of calcium ions (Ca2 +) in oocyte maturation and fertilization are particularly noteworthy features of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER is the largest organelle in the cell composed of rough ER, smooth ER, and nuclear envelope, and is the main site of protein synthesis, transport and folding, and lipid and steroid synthesis. An appropriate calcium signaling response can initiate oocyte development and embryogenesis, and the ER is the central link that initiates calcium signaling. The transition from immature oocytes to zygotes also requires many coordinated organelle reorganizations and changes. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to generalize information on the function, structure, interaction with other organelles, and spatiotemporal localization of the ER in mammalian oocytes. Mechanisms related to maintaining ER homeostasis have been extensively studied in recent years. Resolving ER stress through the unfolded protein response (UPR) is one of them. We combined the clinical problems caused by the ER in in vitro maturation (IVM), and the mechanisms of ER have been identified by single-cell RNA-seq. This article systematically reviews the functions of ER and provides a reference for assisted reproductive technology (ART) research.
Topics: Animals; Oocytes; Unfolded Protein Response; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Oogenesis; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Mammals
PubMed: 37171741
DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02782-3 -
The International Journal of Behavioral... Sep 2011Accumulating evidence suggests that, independent of physical activity levels, sedentary behaviours are associated with increased risk of cardio-metabolic disease,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Accumulating evidence suggests that, independent of physical activity levels, sedentary behaviours are associated with increased risk of cardio-metabolic disease, all-cause mortality, and a variety of physiological and psychological problems. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to determine the relationship between sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth aged 5-17 years. Online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO), personal libraries and government documents were searched for relevant studies examining time spent engaging in sedentary behaviours and six specific health indicators (body composition, fitness, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, self-esteem, pro-social behaviour and academic achievement). 232 studies including 983,840 participants met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Television (TV) watching was the most common measure of sedentary behaviour and body composition was the most common outcome measure. Qualitative analysis of all studies revealed a dose-response relation between increased sedentary behaviour and unfavourable health outcomes. Watching TV for more than 2 hours per day was associated with unfavourable body composition, decreased fitness, lowered scores for self-esteem and pro-social behaviour and decreased academic achievement. Meta-analysis was completed for randomized controlled studies that aimed to reduce sedentary time and reported change in body mass index (BMI) as their primary outcome. In this regard, a meta-analysis revealed an overall significant effect of -0.81 (95% CI of -1.44 to -0.17, p = 0.01) indicating an overall decrease in mean BMI associated with the interventions. There is a large body of evidence from all study designs which suggests that decreasing any type of sedentary time is associated with lower health risk in youth aged 5-17 years. In particular, the evidence suggests that daily TV viewing in excess of 2 hours is associated with reduced physical and psychosocial health, and that lowering sedentary time leads to reductions in BMI.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Child Behavior; Educational Status; Health Behavior; Health Status; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Metabolic Syndrome; Mortality; Obesity; Physical Fitness; Qualitative Research; Risk Factors; Sedentary Behavior; Self Concept; Television
PubMed: 21936895
DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-98 -
European Journal of Pharmacology Sep 2021Oxidative stress is a contributing factor to many chronic diseases. It has been investigated that zinc (Zn) may enhance the antioxidant defense. The current... (Review)
Review Meta-Analysis
Clinical efficacy of zinc supplementation in improving antioxidant defense system: A comprehensive systematic review and time-response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
Oxidative stress is a contributing factor to many chronic diseases. It has been investigated that zinc (Zn) may enhance the antioxidant defense. The current dose-response and time-response meta-analysis aims to determine the efficacy of Zn supplementation in improving antioxidant defense. Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched systematically up to December 30, 2020. Meta-analysis was performed on human controlled clinical trials using random effects method. To find any source of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis and meta-regression were performed. Trim and fill analysis was used for adjusting the publication bias. To find any non-linear relationship between variables and effect size, dose-response and time-response analyses were performed. Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used for evaluating the quality assessment. A total of 23 controlled clinical trials were analyzed. The range of Zn supplementation duration in various studies was within 4-24 weeks. Zn supplementation did not have beneficial effects on glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (SMD = -0.34 U/g; 95% CI: -0.93, 0.25; P = 0.258). There were significant increasing effects of Zn supplementation on glutathione (GSH) (SMD = 1.28 μmol/l; 95% CI: 0.42, 2.14; P = 0.003) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels (SMD = 1.39 mmol/l; 95% CI: 0.44, 2.35; P = 0.004). Zn had ameliorative effects on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity after elimination of publication bias (SMD: 0.84 U/g; 95% CI: 0.12, 1.56, P < 0.05). Zn could also elevate GSH and TAC levels, plus SOD activity after modifying the publication bias. Finally, Zn had no significant effect on GPx activity.
Topics: Antioxidants; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Malondialdehyde; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 34102185
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174243 -
Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 2016Patients with COPD suffer from lower-limb muscle dysfunction characterized by lower muscle oxidative capacity and muscle mass. Exercise-based training is expected to... (Review)
Review
Patients with COPD suffer from lower-limb muscle dysfunction characterized by lower muscle oxidative capacity and muscle mass. Exercise-based training is expected to attenuate lower-limb intramuscular characteristics, but a detailed systematic approach to review the available evidence has not been performed yet. PUBMED and PEDro databases were searched. Twenty-five studies that implemented an exercise-based training program (aerobic and/or resistance training, high intensity interval training, electrical or magnetic stimulation) and reported muscle biopsy data of patients with COPD were critically appraised. The coverage of results includes changes in muscle structure, muscle protein turnover regulation, mitochondrial enzyme activity, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and inflammation after exercise-based training interventions. Study design and training modalities varied among studies, which partly explains the observed heterogeneous response in muscle characteristics. Gaps in the current knowledge are identified and recommendations for future research are made to enhance our knowledge on exercise training effects in patients with COPD.
Topics: Exercise Therapy; Humans; Muscle Proteins; Muscle, Skeletal; Oxidative Stress; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26901573
DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2016.1157472 -
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Oct 2023Major depression (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are linked to immune activation, increased oxidative stress, and lower antioxidant defenses. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Major depression (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are linked to immune activation, increased oxidative stress, and lower antioxidant defenses.
OBJECTIVES
To systematically review and meta-analyze all data concerning biomarkers of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), lipid-associated antioxidants, lipid peroxidation products, and autoimmune responses to oxidatively modified lipid epitopes in MDD and BD.
METHODS
Databases including PubMed, Google scholar and SciFinder were searched to identify eligible studies from inception to January 10th, 2023. Guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed.
RESULTS
The current meta-analysis included 176 studies (60 BD and 116 MDD) and examined 34,051 participants, namely 17,094 with affective disorders and 16,957 healthy controls. Patients with MDD and BD showed a) significantly decreased RCT (mainly lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and paraoxonase 1); b) lowered lipid soluble vitamins (including vitamin A, D, and coenzyme Q10); c) increased lipid peroxidation and aldehyde formation, mainly increased malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal, peroxides, and 8-isoprostanes; and d) Immunoglobulin (Ig)G responses to oxidized low-density lipoprotein and IgM responses to MDA. The ratio of all lipid peroxidation biomarkers/all lipid-associated antioxidant defenses was significantly increased in MDD (standardized mean difference or SMD = 0.433; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.312; 0.554) and BD (SMD = 0.653; CI: 0.501-0.806). This ratio was significantly greater in BD than MDD (p = 0.027).
CONCLUSION
In MDD/BD, lowered RCT, a key antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathway, may drive increased lipid peroxidation, aldehyde formation, and autoimmune responses to oxidative specific epitopes, which all together cause increased immune-inflammatory responses and neuro-affective toxicity.
Topics: Humans; Bipolar Disorder; Lipid Peroxidation; Depression; Antioxidants; Depressive Disorder, Major; Aldehydes; Biomarkers; Cholesterol; Lipids
PubMed: 37557967
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.08.007