-
British Journal of Sports Medicine Apr 2023Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are classified in clinical practice as being at low- or high-risk for complication based on the injury location. However, this dichotomous... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are classified in clinical practice as being at low- or high-risk for complication based on the injury location. However, this dichotomous approach has not been sufficiently validated. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the prognostic role of injury location on return-to-sport (RTS) and treatment complications after BSI of the lower extremity and pelvis.
DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL and Google Scholar databases were searched from database inception to December 2021.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES
Peer-reviewed studies that reported site-specific RTS of BSIs in athletes.
RESULTS
Seventy-six studies reporting on 2974 BSIs were included. Sixteen studies compared multiple injury sites, and most of these studies (n=11) described the anatomical site of injury as being prognostic for RTS or the rate of treatment complication. Pooled data revealed the longest time to RTS for BSIs of the tarsal navicular (127 days; 95% CI 102 to 151 days) and femoral neck (107 days; 95% CI 79 to 135 days) and shortest duration of time for BSIs of the posteromedial tibial shaft (44 days, 95% CI 27 to 61 days) and fibula (56 days; 95% CI 13 to 100 days). Overall, more than 90% of athletes successfully returned to sport. Treatment complication rate was highest in BSIs of the femoral neck, tarsal navicular, anterior tibial shaft and fifth metatarsal; and lowest in the fibula, pubic bone and posteromedial tibial shaft.
CONCLUSION
This systematic review supports that the anatomical site of BSIs influences RTS timelines and the risk of complication. BSIs of the femoral neck, anterior tibial shaft and tarsal navicular are associated with increased rates of complications and more challenging RTS.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42021232351.
Topics: Humans; Return to Sport; Sports; Athletes; Prognosis
PubMed: 36720584
DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106328 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International Sep 2021Metatarsal fractures are among the most common foot and ankle injuries, with an annual incidence of 6.7 per 100 000 persons. Approximately 30% of metatarsal fractures...
BACKGROUND
Metatarsal fractures are among the most common foot and ankle injuries, with an annual incidence of 6.7 per 100 000 persons. Approximately 30% of metatarsal fractures affect the base of the fifth metatarsal bone. Nevertheless, no evidence-based treatment recommendations are available to date.
METHODS
The three fracture localizations according to Lawrence and Botte (zone I, proximal to the intermetatarsal joint between the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones; zone II, in the area of the joint; zone III, at the distal end of the joint) are analyzed on the basis of a systematic literature search. Studies were included that compared the treatment of two types of fracture in the same manner, or that compared two different treatments for a single type of fracture.
RESULTS
Nine studies compared different treatments of zone I fractures. Two of these were randomized controlled trials (RCTs); in one RCT, patients given functional therapy returned to work much sooner than those treated with immobilization (11 vs. 28 days; p = 0.001), with otherwise similar outcomes. The non-randomized studies revealed a faster return to full function (33 vs. 46 days; p<0.05) with early functional therapy, and similar outcomes for immobilization and surgery. One RCT that compared functional therapy with immobilization for zone II fractures revealed no statistically significant difference. Five studies compared fractures in zones I and II that were treated in the same manner, revealing similar outcomes. One RCT compared surgery and immobilization for zone III fractures: surgery led to statistically significant improvement of the outcome in all of the measured parameters.
CONCLUSION
Fractures in zones I and II should be treated with early functional therapy. There seems to be no reason to consider zone I and II fractures as two separate entities, as the outcomes in the two groups are similar. In contrast, fractures in zone III should primarily be treated surgically.
Topics: Ankle Injuries; Foot Injuries; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 34789369
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0231 -
Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical... May 2017Bone plates for osteosynthesis are subject to biomechanical testing for safety and regulatory purposes. International standards applicable for those devices are designed... (Review)
Review
Bone plates for osteosynthesis are subject to biomechanical testing for safety and regulatory purposes. International standards applicable for those devices are designed for bone plates used in the surgical fixation of the skeletal system but not necessarily for all device variants available. We intend to summarize the test methods and parameters presented in the literature to evaluate bone plates in a clinical environment, especially for modern anatomically shaped implants. We conducted a systematic review on published biomechanical studies for lower and upper extremities (clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpal, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsal). The search process led to the identification of 159 relevant articles containing 330 individual tests, which were analyzed concerning various test criteria including test methods and parameters per bone segment for static and dynamic loading tests, as well as number of cycles, chosen bone model and outcome variables. The biomechanical literature for bone plates is diverse, inconsistent and heterogeneous. Test methods are not commonly applied per bone plate location and test parameters are not uniformly specified and displayed. They vary in particular for bending and torsion tests as well as for the number of loading cycles for dynamic testing. Outcome variables are not commonly applied nor defined. Consequently this paper is the first in a planned chronological series of three to identify the need (this publication), to develop a systematic procedural approach (2. publication) and to apply the process exemplary on a bone plate sample (3. publication).
Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone Plates; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Humans; Materials Testing
PubMed: 27171385
DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2015-0219 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Mar 2009Bunions are prominent and often inflamed metatarsal heads and overlying bursae, usually associated with hallux valgus where the great toe moves towards the second toe.... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Bunions are prominent and often inflamed metatarsal heads and overlying bursae, usually associated with hallux valgus where the great toe moves towards the second toe. Hallux valgus is found in at least 2% of children aged 9-10 years, and almost half of adults, with greater prevalence in women.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of conservative treatments, surgery, and postoperative care for bunions? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to May 2008 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 21 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: arthrodesis (Lapidus procedure); bone fixation (absorbable pin fixation, screw fixation plus early weight-bearing, standard fixation, suture fixation plus delayed weight-bearing, percutaneous Kirschner-wire fixation); chevron osteotomy plus adductor tenotomy; distal metatarsal osteotomy; early weight-bearing; Keller's arthroplasty; Keller-Lelievre arthroplasty; night splints; orthoses (including antipronatory orthoses in children); phalangeal (Akin) osteotomy plus distal chevron osteotomy; proximal osteotomy, and slipper casts.
Topics: Follow-Up Studies; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Orthotic Devices; Osteotomy; Weight-Bearing
PubMed: 19445756
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Exercise... 2023To evaluate the effectiveness of footwear, foot orthoses and training-related strategies to prevent lower extremity bone stress injury (BSI). (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness of footwear, foot orthoses and training-related strategies to prevent lower extremity bone stress injury (BSI).
DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
DATA SOURCES
Four bibliographic databases (from inception until November 2021): Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the risk of developing a BSI when using particular footwear, foot orthoses or training-related strategies such as muscle strengthening, stretching, and mechanical loading exercises.
RESULTS
Eleven studies were included in this systematic review. When wearing foot orthoses, the risk ratio of developing a BSI on any lower extremity bone is 0.47 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.87; = 0.02). When doing pre-exercise dynamic stretching, the risk ratio of suffering a tibial BSI is 1.06 (95% CI 0.67 to 1.68; = 0.79). No meta-analyses could be performed for footwear or training-related strategies. The quality of evidence for all these results is low considering the high risk of bias in each study, the low number of studies and the low number of cases in each study.
CONCLUSION
This systematic review reveals the lack of high-quality studies in BSI prevention. Based on studies at high risk of bias, foot orthoses could potentially help prevent BSIs in the military setting. It is still unknown whether footwear and training-related strategies have any benefits. It is crucial to further investigate potential BSI prevention strategies in women and athletes. Research is also needed to assess the influence of running shoes and loading management on BSI incidence.
PubMed: 37649463
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery :... 2018Fractures of the metatarsals account for 35% of all foot fractures. Conservative management of fractures proximal to the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction of the fifth... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
Fractures of the metatarsals account for 35% of all foot fractures. Conservative management of fractures proximal to the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction of the fifth metatarsal bone (pseudo-Jones) is protected weightbearing. The methods of protected weightbearing include a short-leg cast and splint (boot cast, Jones bandage, and elastic bandage). However, no consensus has yet been reached regarding which method is most suitable. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the outcomes of a short-leg cast and splint for pseudo-Jones metatarsal fractures. We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases up to October 29, 2016. Five of 104 studies (3 comparative studies and 2 randomized controlled trials; n = 246 patients) were eligible. Of the studies, 3, 5, and 4 were included in pooling of early (within 1 month) and last follow-up foot function scale scores and fracture nonunion, respectively. The unstandardized mean difference of early (within 1 month) and last follow-up foot scores for the short leg cast were -14.58 (95% confidence interval [CI] -24.12 to -5.04) and -3.89 (95% CI -6.30 to -1.49), significantly lower than the scores for the splint (bandage or boot support) for pseudo-Jones fracture of the fifth metatarsal bone. The risk of nonunion of the fifth metatarsal bone fracture of the patients who were treated with short leg cast method was insignificantly greater at 1.57 times (95% CI 0.29 to 8.49) that compared with the splint. The treatment of fracture of the pseudo-Jones fifth metatarsal bone with a splint (boot or bandage) resulted in foot function scale scores better than those with short leg cast treatment and a lower nonunion rate.
Topics: Casts, Surgical; Fracture Fixation; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Splints; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30149851
DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2018.03.018 -
The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery :... 2010Scarf osteotomy of the first ray combined with Weil distal oblique shortening osteotomies of the lateral rays has recently been proposed for the treatment of global... (Review)
Review
Scarf osteotomy of the first ray combined with Weil distal oblique shortening osteotomies of the lateral rays has recently been proposed for the treatment of global rheumatoid forefoot deformities because of the perceived benefit of sparing the metatarsal-phalangeal joints. Furthermore, it has been proposed that undergoing this form of global forefoot reconstruction is reliable based on specific preoperative and intraoperative techniques used to realign the individual rays. Finally, it has been proposed that performing global forefoot reconstruction in the rheumatoid patient population can be safely performed and does not prevent the ability to perform revision surgery. The author undertook a systematic review of electronic databases and other relevant sources to identify material relating to Scarf osteotomy of the first ray combined with Weil distal oblique shortening osteotomies of the lateral rays for the treatment of global rheumatoid forefoot deformities. Information from peer-reviewed journals, as well as from non-peer-reviewed publications, abstracts and posters, textbooks, and unpublished works, was also considered. In an effort to procure the highest quality studies available, studies were eligible for inclusion only if they involved patients undergoing Scarf osteotomy of the first ray combined with Weil distal oblique shortening osteotomies of the lateral rays, evaluated patients at mean follow-up of 12-months or longer duration, commented on the reliability of metatarsal realignment, and included details of complications, as well as the incidence and severity of wound-healing complications. Two studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria involving only 8 patients (8 feet) with 1 patient undergoing surgical revision in the form of arthrodesis secondary to development of a septic first metatarsal-phalangeal joint. Partial incision dehiscence developed in 2 patients, 1 healed with local wound care and the other led to the septic first metatarsal-phalangeal joint mentioned previously. Finally, stress fracture of the third metatarsal and fourth metatarsals developed that healed without problems in one other patient. Rather than providing strong evidence for or against the use of Scarf osteotomy of the first ray combined with Weil distal oblique shortening osteotomies of the lateral rays for the treatment of global rheumatoid forefoot deformities, the results of this systematic review make clear the need for methodologically sound prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials that focus on the use of this form of surgical intervention.
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Foot Deformities, Acquired; Forefoot, Human; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Osteotomy
PubMed: 20421174
DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2010.02.023 -
The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery :... 2022The origin of fractures of the fifth metatarsus and Jones fracture is not clear. The goal of this study was to investigate the evidence of anatomical deformities such as... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The origin of fractures of the fifth metatarsus and Jones fracture is not clear. The goal of this study was to investigate the evidence of anatomical deformities such as metatarsus adductus, hindfoot varus, or pes cavus as risk factors for this pathology. A literature search of records related to the review question was performed screening PubMed/Medline, Embase and Cochrane library databases (last update: May 2020) according to PRISMA guidelines. A meta-analysis was performed using the mean difference of the assessed angles (in patients with the fractures vs controls) as outcome measure to summarize literature findings about metatarsus adductus angle (MAA) indicating forefoot adduction, calcaneal pitch angle (CP) indicating hindfoot cavus and varus deformity and Talo-1 metatarsus angle/Meary's angle (T1MA) for varus alignment. Eight studies were included in the qualitative analysis (296 patients), 5 in the quantitative synthesis (132 patients). The pooled mean difference of MAA between fracture versus control group on a per patient-based analysis was 4.62 (95% CI 1.31-7.92). Statistical heterogeneity among studies was detected (I-Square: 76.1%), likely due to different patient groups and low number of studies. The pooled mean differences of CP and T1MA among fracture group versus controls did not show statistical significance. Despite limited literature data, metatarsus adductus deformity seems to be correlated with higher risk of proximal metatarsal fractures and Jones fracture. A significant relationship between hindfoot varus or pes cavus and these fractures was not demonstrated. Further studies and trials are warranted to shed more lights on this topic.
Topics: Ankle Injuries; Foot Injuries; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Knee Injuries; Metatarsal Bones; Metatarsus Varus; Radiography; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Talipes Cavus
PubMed: 35039196
DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2021.11.002 -
The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery :... 2017Iselin's disease was first described in 1912. It is a condition affecting the tuberosity of the base of the fifth metatarsal. It has been described as a traction... (Review)
Review
Iselin's disease was first described in 1912. It is a condition affecting the tuberosity of the base of the fifth metatarsal. It has been described as a traction apophysitis predominately affecting adolescents, in particular those who partake in regular sporting activity. The condition is rarely reported and likely to remain undiagnosed, possibly mistaken for a fracture. The present report reviewed the available published data to highlight this condition as a differential diagnosis in patients with fifth metatarsal pain. Investigations, treatments and outcomes into this condition are described, to support the management and diagnosis of this condition.
Topics: Adolescent; Athletic Injuries; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Osteochondritis; Radiography; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Young Adult
PubMed: 28842092
DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2017.04.030 -
British Journal of Sports Medicine Mar 2015To compare surgical and conservative treatment for high-risk stress fractures of the anterior tibial cortex, navicular and proximal fifth metatarsal. (Review)
Review
AIM
To compare surgical and conservative treatment for high-risk stress fractures of the anterior tibial cortex, navicular and proximal fifth metatarsal.
METHODS
Systematic searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and PEDro were performed to identify relevant prospective and retrospective studies. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality. Main outcomes were return to sport and complication rate.
RESULTS
18 studies were included (2 anterior tibia (N=31), 8 navicular (N=200) and 8 fifth metatarsal (N=246)). For anterior tibial fracture, no studies on initial surgery were eligible. Conservative treatment resulted in high complication rates and few cases returned to sport. For navicular fracture, a weighted mean return to sport of 22 for conservative and 16 weeks for surgical treatment was found. Six weeks of non-weightbearing cast was mostly used as conservative treatment. Surgical procedures varied widely. For the fifth metatarsal fracture, weighted mean return to sport was 19 for conservative and 14 weeks for surgical treatment. Surgery consisted of intramedullary screw fixation or tension band wiring. For conservative methods, insufficient details were reported. Overall, there was a high risk of bias; sample sizes were small and GRADE level of evidence was low.
CONCLUSIONS
Strong conclusions for surgical or conservative therapy for these high-risk stress fractures cannot be drawn; quality of evidence is low and subjected to a high risk of bias. However, there are unsatisfying outcomes of conservative therapy in the anterior tibia. The role of initial surgery is unknown. For the navicular, surgery provided an earlier return to sport; and when treated conservatively, weightbearing should be avoided. For the fifth metatarsal, surgery provided the best results. Treatment decision-making would greatly benefit from further prospective research.
STUDY REGISTRATION NUMBER
PROSPERO database of systematic reviews: CRD42013004201.
Topics: Adult; Female; Fractures, Stress; Humans; Male; Metatarsal Bones; Selection Bias; Tarsal Bones; Tibial Fractures; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 25138980
DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093246