-
Infectious Diseases Now May 2021To describe the epidemiological, clinical, microbiological, and therapeutic features and outcomes of Rothia infective endocarditis (RIE) and extracardiac infections...
OBJECTIVE
To describe the epidemiological, clinical, microbiological, and therapeutic features and outcomes of Rothia infective endocarditis (RIE) and extracardiac infections (ECRI).
METHODS
We performed a systematic literature review of published cases of RIE and ECRI.
RESULTS
After inclusion of a personal case report, 51 cases of RIE and 215 cases of ECRI were reported. Compared with ECRI patients, RIE patients were significantly more often males (80% versus 59%), intravenous drug users (IVDU) (20% versus 3%), immunocompetent (76% versus 31%), and infected with R. dentocariosa (55% versus 13%) but lacked significant differences with regard to median age (45 years [6-79]), rate of orodental abnormalities (33%), and six-month mortality (14%). Following microbiological documentation, RIE was most often treated with a beta-lactam antibiotic alone (39%) for a median duration of six weeks and required surgery in 39% of cases.
CONCLUSION
RIE is rare and likely secondary to a dental portal of entry or cutaneous inoculation in IVDU. Its prognosis seems to be favorable.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Child; Echocardiography; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Male; Micrococcaceae; Middle Aged; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult; beta-Lactams
PubMed: 33164836
DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.10.021 -
Journal of Fish Diseases Dec 2017Thousands of Scottish wild fish were screened for pathogens by Marine Scotland Science. A systematic review of published and unpublished data on six key pathogens... (Review)
Review
Thousands of Scottish wild fish were screened for pathogens by Marine Scotland Science. A systematic review of published and unpublished data on six key pathogens (Renibacterium salmoninarum, Aeromonas salmonicida, IPNV, ISAV, SAV and VHSV) found in Scottish wild and farmed fish was undertaken. Despite many reported cases in farmed fish, there was a limited number of positive samples from Scottish wild fish, however, there was evidence for interactions between wild and farmed fish. A slightly elevated IPNV prevalence was reported in wild marine fish caught close to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farms that had undergone clinical IPN. Salmonid alphavirus was isolated from wild marine fish caught near Atlantic salmon farms with a SAV infection history. Isolations of VHSV were made from cleaner wrasse (Labridae) used on Scottish Atlantic salmon farms and VHSV was detected in local wild marine fish. However, these pathogens have been detected in wild marine fish caught remotely from aquaculture sites. These data suggest that despite the large number of samples taken, there is limited evidence for clinical disease in wild fish due to these pathogens (although BKD and furunculosis historically occurred) and they are likely to have had a minimal impact on Scottish wild fish.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Aeromonas salmonicida; Animals; Aquaculture; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Furunculosis; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Micrococcaceae; RNA Virus Infections; RNA Viruses; Salmo salar; Scotland
PubMed: 28718925
DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12654 -
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Feb 2018Global prescription drug use has been increasing continuously for decades. The gut microbiome, a key contributor to health status, can be altered by prescription drug...
BACKGROUND
Global prescription drug use has been increasing continuously for decades. The gut microbiome, a key contributor to health status, can be altered by prescription drug use, as antibiotics have been repeatedly described to have both short-term and long-standing effects on the intestinal microbiome.
AIM
To summarise current findings on non-antibiotic prescription-induced gut microbiome changes, focusing on the most frequently prescribed therapeutic drug categories.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review by first searching in online databases for indexed articles and abstracts in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies assessing the intestinal microbiome alterations associated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), metformin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, statins and antipsychotics were included. We only included studies using culture-independent molecular techniques.
RESULTS
Proton pump inhibitors and antipsychotic medications are associated with a decrease in α diversity in the gut microbiome, whereas opioids were associated with an increase in α diversity. Metformin and NSAIDs were not associated with significant changes in α diversity. β diversity was found to be significantly altered with all drugs, except for NSAIDs. PPI use was linked to a decrease in Clotridiales and increase in Actinomycetales, Micrococcaceae and Streptococcaceae, which are changes previously implicated in dysbiosis and increased susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection. Consistent results showed that PPIs, metformin, NSAIDs, opioids and antipsychotics were either associated with increases in members of class Gammaproteobacteria (including Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella and Citrobacter), or members of family Enterococcaceae, which are often pathogens isolated from bloodstream infections in critically ill patients. We also found that antipsychotic treatment, usually associated with an increase in body mass index, was marked by a decreased ratio of Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes in the gut microbiome, resembling trends seen in obese patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Non-antibiotic prescription drugs have a notable impact on the overall architecture of the intestinal microbiome. Further explorations should seek to define biomarkers of dysbiosis induced by specific drugs, and potentially tailor live biotherapeutics to counter this drug-induced dysbiosis. Many other frequently prescribed drugs should also be investigated to better understand the link between these drugs, the microbiome and health status.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Dysbiosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Prescriptions; Proton Pump Inhibitors
PubMed: 29205415
DOI: 10.1111/apt.14451 -
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Mar 2020Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are widely used to treat acid-related disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. However, large observational studies have raised...
BACKGROUND
Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are widely used to treat acid-related disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. However, large observational studies have raised concerns about PPI-associated adverse events. In recent years, data from next-generation sequencing studies suggested that PPIs affect the composition of the intestinal microbiota, while a balanced gut microbiome is essential for maintaining health.
AIM
To review the available evidence from next-generation sequencing studies on the effect of PPIs on the intestinal microbiome and to discuss possible implications of PPI-induced dysbiosis in health and disease.
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted following the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. A PubMed query yielded 197 results. 19 publications met the prespecified eligibility criteria.
RESULTS
Twelve observational study cohorts with 708 PPI users and 11 interventional cohorts with 180 PPI users were included in the review. In most studies, PPI treatment did not affect microbiological richness and diversity, but was associated with distinct taxonomic alterations: In the upper gastrointestinal tract, PPI users showed overgrowth of orally derived bacteria, mostly Streptococcaceae (findings based on six independent cohorts with 126 PPI users). In faecal samples, PPIs increased multiple taxa from the orders Bacillales (eg, Staphylococcaceae), Lactobacillales (eg, Enterococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae) and Actinomycetales (eg, Actinomycetaceae, Micrococcaceae), the families Pasteurellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae and the genus Veillonella. Taxa decreased by PPIs include Bifidobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Mollicutes (findings in faecal samples based on 19 independent cohorts with 790 PPI users).
CONCLUSION
PPI use is associated with moderate alterations to upper and distal gut microbiota. The available data suggest that PPI-induced hypochlorhydria facilitates colonization of more distal parts of the digestive tract by upper gastrointestinal microbiota.
Topics: Bacteria; Cohort Studies; DNA, Bacterial; Dysbiosis; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Observational Studies as Topic; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 31990420
DOI: 10.1111/apt.15604 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Nov 2019is becoming a growing public health challenge, especially for its ability to cause infections in immunocompromised patients. This bacterium is a Gram+coccus,...
is becoming a growing public health challenge, especially for its ability to cause infections in immunocompromised patients. This bacterium is a Gram+coccus, catalase+, coagulase, and it is a common inhabitant of skin and oral mucosa. To investigate the spectrum of infections caused by . Between January-March 2018, we carried out a systematic search in PubMed utilizing the key search term ''. The selection criteria for studies were studies reporting cases of human infections due to , case-control and cohort studies and studies published in English or Spanish. The literature search yielded 48 publications: after title, abstract and full-text analysis, 20 papers were consistent with the selection criteria. These studies were carried out in the period 2001-2017 in the USA, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Ukraine, Egypt, Bahrain, Serbia, India, Italy, Spain, Turkey and Mexico. was involved in 17 cases of central venous catheter-related bacteremia, four infective endocarditis, three acute peritonitis, one abdominal abscess, umbilical sepsis, acute cholecystitis and urinary tract infection. Additionally, was found in 40 % of carious cavities, although it is not clear whether they are directly involved in the development of caries. Antibiotic susceptibility testing has sometimes revealed multi-drug resistance. The clinical spectrum of infections has recently widened. The increasing spread of this underestimated bacterium and its resistance to antibiotics represent a new challenge for public health, which requires specific actions to limit it.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Case-Control Studies; Catheter-Related Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Male; Micrococcaceae; Middle Aged; Young Adult
PubMed: 31526454
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001023 -
Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence,... May 2019Objective of this systematic review was to establish whether and what invasive infections in humans were caused by Kocuria kristinae, and to evaluate outcomes of...
Objective of this systematic review was to establish whether and what invasive infections in humans were caused by Kocuria kristinae, and to evaluate outcomes of administered antibiotic treatment. MEDLINE, EBSCO, SCOPUS, SCINDEKS and GOOGLE SCHOLAR were systematically searched for primary case reports or case series describing invasive infections with K. kristinae. K. kristinae is a pathogen microorganism that could cause invasive infections of various tissues in patients of any age. Majority of the patients had K. kristinae isolated from blood. It was also found in peritoneal fluid, pus, sputum, synovial fluid, bile, fluid from abdominal abscess, throat swab, urine catheter tip and mid-stream urine. Antibiotic treatment was almost universally effective, with only one death reported. Susceptibility was highest to vancomycin, linezolid, rifampicin, teicoplanin, tigecycline, cefotaxime, ampicillin/sulbactam, minocycline and meropenem. Initial treatment of Kocuria kristinae infections should involve parenteral vancomycin in combination with some other antibiotic to which it is susceptible.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Humans; Micrococcaceae
PubMed: 30689529
DOI: 10.1080/1120009X.2018.1542551