-
International Journal of Nursing Studies Dec 2021Nurses work in stressful and demanding settings and often suffer from depression and burnout. Despite overlapping symptoms, research has been inconclusive regarding the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Nurses work in stressful and demanding settings and often suffer from depression and burnout. Despite overlapping symptoms, research has been inconclusive regarding the discriminant validity of measures of burnout with regard to measures of depression. Such inconclusive discriminant validity might cause clinicians to fail to recognize and manage depression separately from burnout.
OBJECTIVES
This meta-analysis aimed to clarify the distinctiveness of burnout as a separate construct by examining the size of the relationship between burnout and depression among nurses as well as potential moderators.
METHOD
A stepwise method was used by searching 4 databases (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and EMBASE) to retrieve published papers in English examining the relationship between burnout and depression among nurses and reporting the effect sizes of their findings.
RESULTS
We identified a total of 37 eligible studies. The pooled estimate showed a positive association between burnout and depression among nurses (r = 0.403, 95% CI [0.327, 0.474], p < 0.0001) and a slightly higher correlation coefficient for the Emotional Exhaustion subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) measure (0.494, 95% CI [0.41, 0.57]).
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
This review confirms a large burnout - depression correlation in nursing samples, adding to existing literature encompassing a variety of occupations. Future studies should focus on path analysis to assess the causal relationship as well as investigate potential moderators.
Topics: Burnout, Professional; Burnout, Psychological; Depression; Emotions; Humans; Nurses
PubMed: 34715576
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104099 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Nov 2020The field of internet addiction has experienced significant debates on conflicting epidemiology. This meta-analysis investigated the prevalence rates of generalized... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The field of internet addiction has experienced significant debates on conflicting epidemiology. This meta-analysis investigated the prevalence rates of generalized internet addiction (GIA) and internet gaming disorder (IGD).
METHODS
We included 113 epidemiologic studies covering 693,306 subjects published from 1996 to 2018 (for 31 nations) that reported prevalence rates for GIA or IGD. We examined pooled prevalence of GIA and IGD and the hypothesized moderators including year, geographic regions, types of scales, and sample representativeness.
RESULTS
All 133 effect sizes included 53,184 subjects with GIA or IGD. Weighted average prevalence for GIA and IGD were 7.02 % (95 % CI, 6.09 %-8.08 %) and 2.47 % (95 % CI, 1.46 %-4.16 %) respectively. For GIA, prevalence was increased over time and prevalence rates variated among different scales. IGD prevalence was neither moderated by year, regions, nor sample representativeness.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of GIA was higher than the prevalence of IGD. The GIA prevalence was increasing over time and variated with different assessments. Our results reveal that GIA may reflect a pattern of increasing human-machine interaction.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Internet; Internet Addiction Disorder; Prevalence; Video Games
PubMed: 32853626
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.013 -
British Journal of Sports Medicine Apr 2017To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence on the effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise capacity and performance. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence on the effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise capacity and performance.
DESIGN
This study was designed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A 3-level mixed effects model was employed to model effect sizes and account for dependencies within data.
DATA SOURCES
3 databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science) were searched using a number of terms ('β-alanine' and 'Beta-alanine' combined with 'supplementation', 'exercise', 'training', 'athlete', 'performance' and 'carnosine').
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES
Inclusion/exclusion criteria limited articles to double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies investigating the effects of β-alanine supplementation on an exercise measure. All healthy participant populations were considered, while supplementation protocols were restricted to chronic ingestion. Cross-over designs were excluded due to the long washout period for skeletal muscle carnosine following supplementation. A single outcome measure was extracted for each exercise protocol and converted to effect sizes for meta-analyses.
RESULTS
40 individual studies employing 65 different exercise protocols and totalling 70 exercise measures in 1461 participants were included in the analyses. A significant overall effect size of 0.18 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.28) was shown. Meta-regression demonstrated that exercise duration significantly (p=0.004) moderated effect sizes. Subgroup analyses also identified the type of exercise as a significant (p=0.013) moderator of effect sizes within an exercise time frame of 0.5-10 min with greater effect sizes for exercise capacity (0.4998 (95% CI 0.246 to 0.753)) versus performance (0.1078 (95% CI -0.201 to 0.416)). There was no moderating effect of training status (p=0.559), intermittent or continuous exercise (p=0.436) or total amount of β-alanine ingested (p=0.438). Co-supplementation with sodium bicarbonate resulted in the largest effect size when compared with placebo (0.43 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.64)).
SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS
β-alanine had a significant overall effect while subgroup analyses revealed a number of modifying factors. These data allow individuals to make informed decisions as to the likelihood of an ergogenic effect with β-alanine supplementation based on their chosen exercise modality.
Topics: Athletic Performance; Carnosine; Dietary Supplements; Exercise; Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; beta-Alanine
PubMed: 27797728
DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096396 -
International Journal of Nursing Studies Feb 2023Although behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are a global public health challenge, non-pharmacological interventions using information and communication... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions using information and communication technologies for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
Although behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are a global public health challenge, non-pharmacological interventions using information and communication technologies can be an affordable, cost-effective, and innovative solution.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions using information and communication technologies on the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and identify potential moderators of intervention effects.
DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
METHODS
A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from May 2022. Randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of non-pharmacological interventions using information and communication technologies on the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia were included. A meta-analysis using a random-effects model was performed to calculate the pooled standardized mean differences between overall symptoms and each type of symptom. For moderator analyses, subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed.
RESULTS
Sixteen trials (15 articles) met the eligibility criteria. The interventions were grouped into activity engagement interventions using digital health that provided music and reminiscence therapy, physical exercise, social interaction interventions using social robots, and telehealth-based care aid interventions that provided coaching or counseling programs. Pooled evidence demonstrated that non-pharmacological interventions using information and communication technologies exerted a large effect on depression (SMD = -1.088, 95% CI -1.983 to -0.193, p = 0.017), a moderate effect on overall behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (SMD = -0.664, 95% CI -0.990 to -0.338, p < 0.001), and agitation (SMD = -0.586, 95% CI -1.130 to -0.042, p = 0.035). No effects on neuropsychiatric symptoms (SMD = -0.251, 95% CI -0.579 to 0.077, p = 0.133), anxiety (SMD = -0.541, 95% CI -1.270 to 0.188, p = 0.146), and apathy (SMD = -0.830, 95% CI -1.835 to 0.176, p = 0.106) were reported. Moderator analyses identified the mean age of the participants as a potential moderator of intervention effects.
CONCLUSIONS
Evidence from this systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that non-pharmacological interventions, using information and communication technologies, were an applicable approach to managing behavioral and psychological symptoms among older adults with dementia, with moderate to large effect sizes. However, evidence on anxiety and apathy is inconclusive due to the limited number of existing randomized controlled trials. Future studies with subgroup analyses are warranted to conclude the most effective types of intervention using information and communication technologies for each type of symptom.
REGISTRATION
CRD42021258498.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Psychotherapy; Anxiety; Depression; Communication; Dementia
PubMed: 36434931
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104392 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Aug 2022Social anxiety is highly prevalent and has increased in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since social anxiety negatively impacts interpersonal functioning,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Social anxiety is highly prevalent and has increased in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since social anxiety negatively impacts interpersonal functioning, identifying aspects of social cognition that may be impaired can increase our understanding of the development and maintenance of social anxiety disorder. However, to date, studies examining associations between social anxiety and social cognition have resulted in mixed findings.
METHODS
The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the literature on the association between social anxiety and social cognition, while also considering several potential moderators and covariates that may influence findings.
RESULTS
A systematic search identified 52 studies. Results showed mixed evidence for the association between social anxiety and lower-level social cognitive processes (emotion recognition and affect sharing) and a trend for a negative association with higher-level social cognitive processes (theory of mind and empathic accuracy). Most studies examining valence-specific effects found a significant negative association for positive and neutral stimuli.
LIMITATIONS
Not all aspects of social cognition were included (e.g., attributional bias) and we focused on adults and not children, limiting the scope of the review.
CONCLUSIONS
Future studies would benefit from the inclusion of relevant moderators and covariates, multiple well-validated measures within the same domain of social cognition, and assessments of interpersonal functioning outside of the laboratory. Additional research examining the moderating role of attention or interpretation biases on social cognitive performance, and the potential benefit of social cognitive skills training for social anxiety, could inform and improve existing cognitive behavioral interventions.
Topics: Anxiety; COVID-19; Cognition; Humans; Pandemics; Social Cognition; Social Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 35490878
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.130 -
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care Mar 2022Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for approximately 90% of diabetes cases globally. Regular physical activity is regarded as one of the key components in T2DM... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Effect of resistance training on HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the moderating effect of changes in muscular strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for approximately 90% of diabetes cases globally. Regular physical activity is regarded as one of the key components in T2DM management. Aerobic exercise was traditionally recommended; however, there is a growing body of research examining the independent effect of resistance training (RT) on glycemic control. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to conduct an update on the effects of RT on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in adults with T2DM and examine the moderating effects of training effect (ie, muscular strength improvements), risk of bias and intervention duration. Peer-reviewed articles published in English were searched across MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus and SPORTDiscus from database inception until January 19, 2021. Each online database was systematically searched for randomized controlled trials reporting on the effects of RT on HbA1c in individuals with T2DM. Twenty studies (n=1172) were included in the meta-analysis. RT significantly reduced HbA1c compared with controls (weighted mean difference=-0.39, 95% CI -0.60 to -0.18, p<0.001, I=69.20). Training effect significantly (p<0.05) moderated the results, with larger improvements in muscular strength leading to greater reductions in HbA1c (β=-0.99, CI -1.97 to -0.01). Intervention duration and risk of bias did not significantly moderate the effects. As a secondary analysis, this study found no significant differences in HbA1c when comparing RT and aerobic training (p=0.42). This study demonstrates that RT is an effective strategy to decrease HbA1c in individuals with T2DM. Importantly, RT interventions that had a larger training effect appeared more effective in reducing HbA1c, compared with interventions producing medium and small effects. CRD42020134046.
Topics: Adult; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Resistance Training
PubMed: 35273011
DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002595 -
Health Psychology Review Jun 2022Stress leads to detrimental health outcomes through direct biological and indirect behavioural changes. Stress can lead to disruption to normal eating behaviours,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Stress leads to detrimental health outcomes through direct biological and indirect behavioural changes. Stress can lead to disruption to normal eating behaviours, although the strength of these associations is unknown. This is the first meta-analysis to determine the strength of the stress-eating relationship in healthy adults and to explore the impact of potential moderators. Studies included had a clearly defined measure of stress (i.e., any noxious event or episode in one's environment with the exclusion of emotional distress) that was linked to non-disordered eating. Key terms were searched in Medline, PsycInfo and Ovid databases (23,104 studies identified). 54 studies (combined = 119,820) were retained in the meta-analysis. A small, positive effect size was found for the stress-overall food intake relationship ( 0.114). Stress was associated with increased consumption of unhealthy foods (0.116) but decreased consumption of healthy foods ( -0.111). Only one significant moderator (restraint on stress-unhealthy eating) was identified. This meta-analysis identified the magnitude of the effect of stress on eating behaviour outcomes. Significant heterogeneity was observed that was not explained by the moderators examined. Further research on moderators of the stress-eating relationship is required and should distinguish effects for healthy versus unhealthy eating.
Topics: Adult; Eating; Emotions; Feeding Behavior; Humans
PubMed: 33913377
DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2021.1923406 -
Nature Human Behaviour May 2021Our current understanding of the efficacy of psychological interventions in improving mental states of wellbeing is incomplete. This study aimed to overcome limitations... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Our current understanding of the efficacy of psychological interventions in improving mental states of wellbeing is incomplete. This study aimed to overcome limitations of previous reviews by examining the efficacy of distinct types of psychological interventions, irrespective of their theoretical underpinning, and the impact of various moderators, in a unified systematic review and meta-analysis. Four-hundred-and-nineteen randomized controlled trials from clinical and non-clinical populations (n = 53,288) were identified for inclusion. Mindfulness-based and multi-component positive psychological interventions demonstrated the greatest efficacy in both clinical and non-clinical populations. Meta-analyses also found that singular positive psychological interventions, cognitive and behavioural therapy-based, acceptance and commitment therapy-based, and reminiscence interventions were impactful. Effect sizes were moderate at best, but differed according to target population and moderator, most notably intervention intensity. The evidence quality was generally low to moderate. While the evidence requires further advancement, the review provides insight into how psychological interventions can be designed to improve mental wellbeing.
Topics: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; Behavior Therapy; Humans; Mental Health; Psychosocial Intervention; Psychotherapy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33875837
DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01093-w -
PloS One 2015Despite a growing body of epidemiological evidence in recent years documenting the health impacts of racism, the cumulative evidence base has yet to be synthesized in a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Despite a growing body of epidemiological evidence in recent years documenting the health impacts of racism, the cumulative evidence base has yet to be synthesized in a comprehensive meta-analysis focused specifically on racism as a determinant of health. This meta-analysis reviewed the literature focusing on the relationship between reported racism and mental and physical health outcomes. Data from 293 studies reported in 333 articles published between 1983 and 2013, and conducted predominately in the U.S., were analysed using random effects models and mean weighted effect sizes. Racism was associated with poorer mental health (negative mental health: r = -.23, 95% CI [-.24,-.21], k = 227; positive mental health: r = -.13, 95% CI [-.16,-.10], k = 113), including depression, anxiety, psychological stress and various other outcomes. Racism was also associated with poorer general health (r = -.13 (95% CI [-.18,-.09], k = 30), and poorer physical health (r = -.09, 95% CI [-.12,-.06], k = 50). Moderation effects were found for some outcomes with regard to study and exposure characteristics. Effect sizes of racism on mental health were stronger in cross-sectional compared with longitudinal data and in non-representative samples compared with representative samples. Age, sex, birthplace and education level did not moderate the effects of racism on health. Ethnicity significantly moderated the effect of racism on negative mental health and physical health: the association between racism and negative mental health was significantly stronger for Asian American and Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants, and the association between racism and physical health was significantly stronger for Latino(a) American participants compared with African American participants. Protocol PROSPERO registration number: CRD42013005464.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; Health; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Racism
PubMed: 26398658
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2020: High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a sustainable and effective method for improving Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF) in adolescents. HIIT is proven to produce... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF) in Healthy, Overweight and Obese Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Studies.
: High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a sustainable and effective method for improving Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF) in adolescents. HIIT is proven to produce equal or greater improvements in CRF when compared to moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in adolescents. : The studies included were considered eligible if: (1) Participants were adolescents (11-18 years old); (2) Examined changes in CRF measured either directly or indirectly; (3) Included a non-exercising control group or MICE comparison group; (4) Participants were matched at enrolment; (5) Reported HIIT protocol information; (6) Provided HIIT intensity. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effect of HIIT on CRF. Meta-regression and moderator analyses were performed out to quantitatively examine moderators of protocol design on CRF improvements. : HIIT displays a moderate effect to improve CRF ( = 0.86, 95% CI 0.518-1.106, < 0.001). Neither study duration (weeks), nor total or weekly accumulated HIIT volume (min) displayed any significant moderation effect on pooled improvement on CRF ( > 0.05). : HIIT is an effective method to improve CRF in adolescents, irrespective of body composition. Notably, meta regression analysis identified that prolonged high volume HIIT programs are similarly effective to short term low volume HIIT programs. This becomes of particular interest for those involved in school curricula, where short HIIT exercise may provide a pragmatic adjunct to the health benefits of Physical Education (PE) lessons.
Topics: Adolescent; Body Composition; Cardiorespiratory Fitness; Child; High-Intensity Interval Training; Humans; Obesity; Overweight
PubMed: 32344773
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082955