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European Radiology Apr 2020Skeletal muscle metastases (SMM) are a rare entity, mainly detected at autopsy. Nevertheless, radiological and nuclear medicine imaging can contribute to the diagnosis...
AIM OF THE STUDY
Skeletal muscle metastases (SMM) are a rare entity, mainly detected at autopsy. Nevertheless, radiological and nuclear medicine imaging can contribute to the diagnosis with a significant impact on the treatment and prognosis of neoplastic patients. This study aimed to systematically review the features of SMM at imaging considering the primary tumors and the sites of occurrence.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We conducted a systematic search of three electronic database (i.e., PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science) up to May 2019, without any language or time interval restriction. Two reviewers performed the search and selection process, data extraction, and synthesis. We resolved disagreements by consensus and/or involving a third reviewer. The included studies have been classified according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM) grading system.
RESULTS
Out of 8598 and 1077 articles respectively for radiological and hybrid imaging, 29 papers were included. According to CEBM, twelve were level 4. Computed tomography (CT) is mainly applied and, despite the existence of CT and magnetic resonance-based classifications, these are rarely used. Positron emission tomography/CT allowed the detection of small and subtle lesion also in the extremities. Muscles of the trunk were mostly affected and mainly respiratory tumors are associated with this type of metastatic spread.
CONCLUSION
Radiological and hybrid imaging allow a precise characterization of SMM. However, a more systematic approach, including also the application of available classification systems, may increase the diagnostic accuracy for this rare type of metastases.
KEY POINTS
• Skeletal muscle metastases have heterogeneous characteristics at imaging but mostly abscess-like features and high metabolic activity are described. • Skeletal muscle metastases mainly affect the muscles of the trunk. • Pulmonary, urological, and gastrointestinal cancers are the most frequent cause of skeletal muscle metastases.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Multimodal Imaging; Muscle Neoplasms; Muscle, Skeletal; Neoplasms, Unknown Primary; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prognosis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Torso; Urologic Neoplasms
PubMed: 31834507
DOI: 10.1007/s00330-019-06555-4 -
Supportive Care in Cancer : Official... Apr 2022Cancer is associated with muscle wasting. However, optimal protein intake has not been determined, limiting the efficacy of nutritional interventions. This systematic... (Review)
Review
RATIONALE
Cancer is associated with muscle wasting. However, optimal protein intake has not been determined, limiting the efficacy of nutritional interventions. This systematic review aims to assess the effect of protein intake on muscle mass of patients with cancer types with high prevalence of sarcopenia during treatment, in longitudinal studies.
METHODS
MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus databases were searched following PRISMA guidelines. Longitudinal studies written in English, including adults with high sarcopenia prevalence cancer diagnosis, submitted to (chemo)radiotherapy, with assessment of protein intake and muscle changes during treatment, published until 4 October 2020 were included. Studies including supplementation with substances, such as n-3 fatty acids, specific amino acids, or proteins, were excluded. Study appraisal was independently conducted by two reviewers, and a qualitative research synthesis was performed.
RESULTS
Overall, 575 records were identified, of which, eight studies were included (one randomized clinical trial and seven uncontrolled before and after studies). Patients with head and neck (n = 5), lung (n = 2), and esophageal cancer (n = 1) were included, comprising a total of 554 participants. The studies presented heterogeneous methodologies, objectives, and methods to assess body composition. Overall, participant groups with a mean protein intake below 1.2 g/kg presented muscle wasting, with one exception, while those reporting a mean intake above 1.4 g/kg, maintained muscle during treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings show that protein intakes below 1.2 g/kg, even when within the recommendations, have been associated with muscle wasting during treatment. Only intakes above 1.4 g/kg have been associated with muscle maintenance. High-quality research is needed to establish an optimal dose response.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Muscles; Muscular Atrophy; Neoplasms; Prevalence; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 34697674
DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06633-8 -
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and... Dec 2021Computed tomography (CT) analysis of body composition has garnered interest as a potential prognostic tool in those with cancer. A range of pre-defined thresholds... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Computed tomography (CT) analysis of body composition has garnered interest as a potential prognostic tool in those with cancer. A range of pre-defined thresholds currently exist within the literature to define low skeletal muscle mass and density. The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the prevalence of low skeletal muscle index (SMI) and density (SMD) within the literature, across a range of common solid tumours.
METHODS
A systematic search of PubMed was carried out to identify studies reporting CT analysis of SMI and SMD in patients with colorectal, oesophageal, gastric, hepatobiliary, pancreatic, breast, and lung cancer. The type of cancer, whether curative or non-curative disease, the anthropomorphic parameter studied, threshold used to define low SMI and SMD, and the prevalence of these anthropomorphic measurements within the population were recorded.
RESULTS
Of the 160 studies included, 156 reported an assessment of SMI and 35 reported assessment of SMD. The median prevalence of low SMI was 43% (30.1-57.1) and low SMD 49.4% (31.7-58.5) across the entire cohort. There was little variation in the prevalence of low SMI and SMD when studies were divided into curative and non-curative cohorts-40.7% (27.5-51.3) vs. 48.4% (30.9-60.1) and 37.8% (32.2-52.2) vs. 55.3% (38.5-64.7) respectively. When divided into colorectal, oesophageal, gastric, hepatobiliary, pancreatic, breast and lung cancers, similar prevalence of low SMI (46.0% %, 49.8%, 35.7%, 41.1%, 32.3%, 34%, and 49.5%) and low SMD were also observed (52.1%, 54.3%, 71.2%, 56.8%, 55.3%, and 52.6%). This was maintained when studies were stratified into cohorts by threshold used-low SMI (Martin 48.9%, Prado 49.9%, and Others 36.0%) and low SMD (Martin 52.4% and Others 48.6%).
CONCLUSIONS
Low SMI and SMD are endemic across a range of cancer types and disease stage, challenging pre-existing dogma of the determinants of prevalence.
Topics: Body Composition; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Muscle, Skeletal; Prognosis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34664431
DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12831 -
International Journal of Surgery... Apr 2018It is not clear whether maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is necessary for intermediate- or high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). This... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Maintenance versus non-maintenance intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillation for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
BACKGROUND
It is not clear whether maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is necessary for intermediate- or high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to illustrate the effects of maintenance BCG for intermediate- or high-risk NMIBC.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov databases and International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search was conducted to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have assessed the efficacy of maintenance or non-maintenance BCG therapy for patients with NMIBC. The maintenance group first received induction BCG instillations, and subsequently received BCG intravesical instillations regularly for at least 1 year, while the control group only received induction BCG instillations. Systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Criteria.
RESULTS
Ten RCTs were eligible in this systematic review. The meta-analysis showed that induction BCG followed by maintenance BCG instillation after transurethral resection (TUR) could reduce the risk ratios of tumor recurrence by 21% (RR = 0.79; 95% CI 0.70-0.89; P < 0.0001) and prolong recurrence-free survival (RFS) by 33% (HR: 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54-0.82; P < 0.001), compared with non-maintenance BCG. It could also reduce the risk ratios of tumor progression (RR = 0.81; 95% CI 0.68-0.97; P = 0.02). However, these pooled results should be considered with caution since the quality of evidences for outcomes ranged low. Subgroup analysis implied that different durations of maintenance BCG instillations might be one of the sources of potential clinical heterogeneity of included studies. Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test did not reveal any evidence of publication bias in this meta-analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
Induction BCG followed by maintenance BCG instillation after TUR, compared with induction BCG along, can reduce the risk ratios of tumor recurrence and tumor progression, and prolong RFS. However, these results with a lower level of evidence should be treated with caution. The optimal maintenance schedule has yet to be determined and a large multi-institutional study in intermediate- and high-risk patients is also needed to determine the optimal maintenance schedule.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Administration, Intravesical; Antineoplastic Agents; BCG Vaccine; Humans; Instillation, Drug; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 29499363
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.02.045 -
European Urology Apr 2010The clinical benefit of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) with 5-aminolevulinic acid or hexaminolevulinate in addition to white-light cystoscopy (WLC) in bladder cancer has... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
CONTEXT
The clinical benefit of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) with 5-aminolevulinic acid or hexaminolevulinate in addition to white-light cystoscopy (WLC) in bladder cancer has been discussed controversially.
OBJECTIVE
To assess in a systematic review the effect of PDD in addition to WLC on (1) the diagnosis and (2) the therapeutic outcome of primary or recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer investigated by cystoscopy or transurethral resection.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
An electronic database search of Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and CancerLit was undertaken, plus hand searching of relevant congress abstracts and urologic journals. Trials were included if they prospectively compared WLC with PDD in bladder cancer. The review process followed the guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration. Two reviewers evaluated independently both trial eligibility and methodological quality and data extraction.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
The primary end point of diagnostic accuracy was additional detection rate. The primary end points of therapeutic outcome were residual tumour at second resection and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Seventeen trials were identified. Twelve diagnostic trials used WLC and PDD with the same patients. Seven reported results for the subgroup of patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS). Five randomised trials studied therapeutic outcome. The results were combined in random effects meta-analyses if end points, designs, and populations were comparable. Twenty percent (95% confidence interval [CI], 8-35) more tumour-positive patients were detected with PDD in all patients with non-muscle-invasive tumours and 39% (CI, 23-57) more when only CIS was analysed. Heterogeneity was present among diagnostic studies even when the subgroup of patients with CIS was investigated. Residual tumour was significantly less often found after PDD (odds ratio: 0.28; 95% CI, 0.15-0.52; p<0.0001). RFS was higher at 12 and 24 mo in the PDD groups than in the WLC-only groups. The combined p value of log-rank tests of RFS was statistically significant (0.00002).
CONCLUSIONS
PDD detects more bladder tumour-positive patients, especially more with CIS, than WLC. More patients have a complete resection and a longer RFS when diagnosed with PDD.
Topics: Aminolevulinic Acid; Cystectomy; Cystoscopy; Disease-Free Survival; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm, Residual; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 20004052
DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.11.041 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... 2018The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the two most commonly used chemotherapy regimens gemcitabine plus cisplatin... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the two most commonly used chemotherapy regimens gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) and methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin/adriamycin, and cisplatin (MVAC) regimens for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients.
METHODS
We searched for all studies investigating GC and MVAC for MIBC patients in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Central Search Library. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed.
RESULTS
Our searches identified 13 studies among 2174 patients. In the meta-analysis, the pathological complete response to GC regimens was superior to MVAC regimens. No significant difference in pathological partial response was found between the two groups. GC regimens were associated with a significant decrease risk in Grade 3-4 neutropenia, mucositis, and febrile neutropenia, but a significant increase risk in Grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia. There was no significant difference in overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) when compared GC regimens to MVAC regimens.
CONCLUSIONS
GC regimens significantly improved pathological complete response compared to MVAC regimens. GC regimens were associated with a significant decrease risk in Grade 3-4 neutropenia, mucositis, and febrile neutropenia, but a significant increase risk in Grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia. There was no significant difference in OS, DSS, and DFS when compared the two regimens.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Cisplatin; Deoxycytidine; Doxorubicin; Humans; Methotrexate; Muscle Neoplasms; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Prognosis; Survival Rate; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Vinblastine; Gemcitabine
PubMed: 30488841
DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.188434 -
European Radiology Sep 2022To investigate if removing DCE from the Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) influences the diagnostic accuracy of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
To investigate if removing DCE from the Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) influences the diagnostic accuracy of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). We also explored using different reference standards on the MRI diagnostic performance.
METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Library, Embase, and PubMed databases to June 26, 2021. Pooled biparametric MRI (bpMRI, T2WI+DWI) and multiparametric MRI (mpMRI, T2WI+DWI+DCE) sensitivities and specificities and the diagnostic performances of these methods for MIBC were compared using different reference standards.
RESULTS
Seventeen studies with 2344 patients were finally included, of which 7 studies, including 1041 patients, reported the diagnostic performance of bpMRI. VI-RADS showed sensitivities and specificities of 0.91 (95% CI 0.87-0.94) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.77-0.91) at cutoff scores of 3, and 0.85 (95% CI 0.77-0.90) and 0.93 (95% CI 0.89-0.96) at cutoff scores of 4. BpMRI showed sensitivities and specificities of 0.90 (95% CI 0.69-0.97) and 0.90 (95% CI 0.81-0.95), and 0.84 (95% CI 0.78-0.88) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.87-0.99), respectively, for cutoff scores of 3 and 4. The sensitivities of bpMRI vs mpMRI for MIBC were not significantly different, but bpMRI was more specific than mpMRI at cutoff scores of 3 (p = 0.02) and 4 (p = 0.02). The VI-RADS studies using primary transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) as the reference standard had significantly higher sensitivities (p < 0.001) than those using secondary TURBT or radical cystectomy as the reference.
DATA CONCLUSION
BpMRI and conventional VI-RADS had similar diagnostic efficacies for MIBC. Since MRI overestimated MIBC diagnoses using primary TURBT as the reference standard, we recommend using secondary TURBT as the reference standard.
KEY POINTS
• Biparametric MRI without DCE had similar diagnostic efficacies for MIBC compared with conventional VI-RADS. • The sensitivity of VI-RADS was overestimated when referring to the primary TURBT results. • Biparametric MRI comprised of T2WI and DWI could be used for detecting MIBC in clinical practice.
Topics: Data Systems; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Muscles; Retrospective Studies; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 35362750
DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-08696-5 -
European Urology Focus Mar 2022Patients with intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) may pose a clinical dilemma without an agreed evidence-based decision tree for personalized... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
CONTEXT
Patients with intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) may pose a clinical dilemma without an agreed evidence-based decision tree for personalized treatment.
OBJECTIVE
To perform a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) to summarize available evidence on the oncologic outcomes of intravesical therapy in patients with intermediate-risk NMIBC.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched in October 2020 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement. Studies were deemed eligible if they reported on oncologic outcomes in patients with intermediate-risk NMIBC treated with transurethral resection of bladder tumor with and without intravesical chemotherapy or bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Twelve studies were included in a qualitative synthesis (systematic review); three were deemed eligible for a quantitative synthesis (NMA). An NMA of five different regimens was conducted for the association of treatment with the 5-yr recurrence risk. Chemotherapy with maintenance was associated with a lower likelihood of 5-yr recurrence than chemotherapy without maintenance (odds ratio [OR] 0.51, 95% credible interval [CI] 0.26-1.03). Immunotherapy, regardless of whether a full- or reduced-dose regimen, was not associated with a significantly lower likelihood of 5-yr recurrence when compared with chemotherapy without maintenance (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.39-2.11 vs OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.40-2.19). Analysis of the treatment ranking revealed that chemotherapy with maintenance had the lowest 5-yr recurrence risk (P score 0.9666).
CONCLUSIONS
Our analysis indicates that chemotherapy with a maintenance regimen confers a superior oncologic benefit in terms of 5-yr recurrence risk compared to chemotherapy without maintenance in patients with intermediate-risk NMIBC. Regardless of the dose regimen, immunotherapy with BCG does not appear to be superior to chemotherapy in patients with intermediate-risk NMIBC in term of disease recurrence. However, owing to the lack of comparative studies, there is an unmet need for well-designed, large-scale trials to validate our findings and generate robust evidence on disease recurrence and progression.
PATIENT SUMMARY
A maintenance schedule of chemotherapy reduces the rate of long-term recurrence of bladder cancer that has not invaded the bladder muscle. Chemotherapy inserted directly into the bladder and immunotherapy without maintenance schedules seem to have limited benefit in preventing cancer recurrence.
Topics: Administration, Intravesical; BCG Vaccine; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Network Meta-Analysis; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 33762203
DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2021.03.016 -
BMC Cancer Mar 2013The measurement properties of instruments used to assess functional capacity, physical activity and muscle strength in participants with non-small cell lung cancer... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Functional capacity, physical activity and muscle strength assessment of individuals with non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review of instruments and their measurement properties.
BACKGROUND
The measurement properties of instruments used to assess functional capacity, physical activity and muscle strength in participants with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have not been systematically reviewed.
OBJECTIVES
To identify outcome measures used to assess these outcomes in participants with NSCLC; and to evaluate, synthesise and compare the measurement properties of the outcome measures identified.
DATA SOURCES
A systematic review of articles using electronic databases MEDLINE (1950-2012), CINAHL (1982-2012), EMBASE (1980-2012), Cochrane Library (2012), Expanded Academic ASAP (1994-2012), Health Collection Informit (1995-2012) and PEDRO (1999-2012). Additional studies were identified by searching personal files and cross referencing. Eligibility Criteria for Study Selection: Search one: studies which assessed functional capacity, physical activity or muscle strength in participants with NSCLC using non-laboratory objective tests were included. Search two: studies which evaluated a measurement property (inter- or intra-rater reliability; measurement error; criterion or construct validity; or responsiveness) in NSCLC for one of the outcome measures identified in search one. Studies published in English from 1980 were eligible. Data Extraction and Methodological Quality Assessment: data collection form was developed and data extracted. Methodological quality of studies was assessed by two independent reviewers using the 4-point COSMIN checklist.
RESULTS
Thirteen outcome measures were identified. Thirty-one studies evaluating measurement properties of the outcome measures in participants with NSCLC were included. Functional capacity was assessed using the six- and twelve-minute walk tests; incremental- and endurance-shuttle walk tests; and the stair-climbing test. Criterion validity for three of these measures was established in NSCLC but not the reliability or responsiveness. Physical activity was measured using accelerometers and pedometers. Only the construct validity for accelerometers and pedometers was reported. Muscle strength was measured using hand-held dynamometry, hand-grip dynamometry, manual muscle test, one-repetition maximum and the chair-stand test, however only two studies reported reliability and measurement error and one study reported construct validity.
CONCLUSION
Currently there is a gap in the literature regarding the measurement properties of commonly used outcome measures in NSCLC participants, particularly reliability, measurement error and responsiveness. Further research needs to be conducted to determine the most suitable outcome measures for use in trials involving NSCLC participants.
Topics: Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Motor Activity; Muscle Strength; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 23514337
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-135 -
Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 2016Recurrent non muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents a therapeutic challenge, especially in the case of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG)-failures.... (Review)
Review
Recurrent non muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents a therapeutic challenge, especially in the case of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG)-failures. Chemohyperthermia (CHT) has been tested as adjuvant therapy in selected categories of patients with promising results. The aim of this systematic review is to explore the current role of CHT and its future perspectives. The review process was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. After the selection process, 30 articles were used in this review. Treatment with CHT is safe and quite well tolerated. CHT seems to be effective in low and intermediate risk bladder cancer. Moreover CHT could be offered to selected categories of high risk patients and BCG failures NMIBC. Further trials are needed in order to better identify the categories of patients which could benefit from this therapy and to standardise the right schedule of treatment.
Topics: Animals; BCG Vaccine; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Hyperthermia, Induced; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 26713510
DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2016.1135743