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Biological Research For Nursing Jan 2023Aging is generally associated with numerous metabolic and physical changes that augment susceptibility to several chronic conditions, disability, and diminished quality... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Resistance Training on Quality of Life, Depression, Muscle Strength, and Functional Exercise Capacity in Older Adults Aged 60 Years or More.
BACKGROUND
Aging is generally associated with numerous metabolic and physical changes that augment susceptibility to several chronic conditions, disability, and diminished quality of life.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy of resistance training on quality of life, depression, muscle strength, and functional exercise capacity in older adults (≥60 years).
DATA SOURCES
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Scopus up to December 20, 2021.
RESULTS
21 studies ( = 1610) were included. Resistance training significantly improved physical functioning (standard mean differences (SMD), 0.31; 0.02), mental health (SMD, 0.44; 0.001), bodily pain (SMD, -0.52; 0.004), general health (SMD, 0.43; 0.002), social functioning (SMD, 0.25; 0.006), and mental component score (SMD, 0.51; 0.001) subscales. Moreover, depression (SMD, -1.13; 0.01), upper-limb muscle strength (mean difference (MD), 15.26 kg; 0.002), lower-limb muscle strength (MD, 48.46 kg; 0.02), and handgrip muscle strength (MD, 1.35 kg; 0.003) significantly improved following resistance training. No benefits were found for vitality, physical component score, total score of quality of life, and the 6-min walk distance.
CONCLUSION
Preliminary evidence reveals that resistance training can be effective for improving most domains of quality of life, upper- and lower-limb muscle strength, handgrip strength, and depression in aged people. More proof is hence needed to draw solid conclusions.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Resistance Training; Quality of Life; Exercise Tolerance; Hand Strength; Muscle Strength
PubMed: 35968662
DOI: 10.1177/10998004221120945 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2019Sarcopenia is an age-related condition associated with a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength. Insufficient protein intake is a risk factor for sarcopenia.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The Impact of Dairy Protein Intake on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, and Physical Performance in Middle-Aged to Older Adults with or without Existing Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Sarcopenia is an age-related condition associated with a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength. Insufficient protein intake is a risk factor for sarcopenia. Protein supplementation is suggested to improve muscle anabolism and function in younger and older adults. Dairy products are a good source of high-quality proteins. This review evaluates the effectiveness of dairy proteins on functions associated with sarcopenia in middle-aged and older adults. Randomized controlled trials were identified using PubMed, CINAHL/EBSCO, and Web of Science databases (last search: 10 May 2017) and were quality assessed. The results of appendicular muscle mass and muscle strength of handgrip and leg press were pooled using a random-effects model. The analysis of the Short Physical Performance Battery is presented in narrative form. Adverse events and tolerability of dairy protein supplementation were considered as secondary outcomes. Fourteen studies involving 1424 participants aged between 61 and 81 y met the inclusion criteria. Dairy protein significantly increased appendicular muscle mass (0.13 kg; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.26 kg; P = 0.04); however, it had no effect on improvement in handgrip (0.84 kg; 95% CI: -0.24, 1.93 kg; P = 0.13) or leg press (0.37 kg; 95% CI: -4.79, 5.53 kg; P = 0.89). The effect of dairy protein on the Short Physical Performance Battery was inconclusive. Nine studies reported the dairy protein to be well tolerated with no serious adverse events. Although future high-quality research is required to establish the optimal type of dairy protein, the present systematic review provides evidence of the beneficial effect of dairy protein as a potential nutrition strategy to improve appendicular muscle mass in middle-aged and older adults.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Dairy Products; Dietary Supplements; Female; Geriatric Assessment; Hand Strength; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Milk Proteins; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Nutritional Status; Physical Functional Performance; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 30624580
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy065 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2020Handball (Team Handball) is an intermittent and strenuous contact sport, the successful performance of which depends on frequent body contacts, and the ability to make... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
Handball (Team Handball) is an intermittent and strenuous contact sport, the successful performance of which depends on frequent body contacts, and the ability to make repeated explosive muscular contractions required for jumping, acceleration, sprinting, turning, changing pace, and throwing a ball. Many studies have investigated the effect of resistance training (RT) in handball players, however with conflicting results. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the impact of RT on maximal strength (isometric and isokinetic strength), the power of both lower and upper limbs, and throwing velocity, in handball players.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature search yielded a pool of 18 studies, which were retained in the systematic review and meta-analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 275 handball players were included. The overall effect size (ES) of RT was 0.996 ([95%CI 0.827-1.165], = 0.0000). At the multivariate meta-regression, the effect of publication year was significant, as well as the effects of country, gender, and level. The impact of RT on isokinetic strength was not significant (ES 0.079 [95%CI -0.060-0.219], = 0.265), whereas the impact of RT on throwing (ES 1.360 [95%CI 0.992-1.728], = 0.000) was significant, as well as the effects of RT on isometric strength (ES 0.398 [95%CI 0.096-0.700], = 0.010), on maximal strength (ES 1.824 [95%CI 1.305-2.343], = 0.000), and on power (ES 0.892 [95%CI 0.656-1.128], = 0.000).
CONCLUSIONS
RT has a significant impact in handball players. Handball coaches could design conditioning protocols and programs based on our results. However, due to a number of shortcomings, including the high, statistically significant heterogeneity among studies and the evidence of publication bias, further high-quality investigations are needed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Athletic Performance; Female; Hand Strength; Humans; Male; Muscle Strength; Resistance Training; Upper Extremity; Young Adult
PubMed: 32294971
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082663 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Nov 2020Effects of resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy are well established in adults and younger elderly. However, less is currently known about these... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Effects of resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy are well established in adults and younger elderly. However, less is currently known about these effects in the very elderly (i.e., 75 years of age and older).
OBJECTIVE
To examine the effects of resistance training on muscle size and strength in very elderly individuals.
METHODS
Randomized controlled studies that explored the effects of resistance training in very elderly on muscle strength, handgrip strength, whole-muscle hypertrophy, and/or muscle fiber hypertrophy were included in the review. Meta-analyses of effect sizes (ESs) were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
Twenty-two studies were included in the review. The meta-analysis found a significant effect of resistance training on muscle strength in the very elderly [difference in ES = 0.97; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50, 1.44; p = 0.001]. In a subgroup analysis that included only the oldest-old participants (80 + years of age), there was a significant effect of resistance training on muscle strength (difference in ES = 1.28; 95% CI 0.28, 2.29; p = 0.020). For handgrip strength, we found no significant difference between resistance training and control groups (difference in ES = 0.26; 95% CI - 0.02, 0.54; p = 0.064). For whole-muscle hypertrophy, there was a significant effect of resistance training in the very elderly (difference in ES = 0 30; 95% CI 0.10, 0.50; p = 0.013). We found no significant difference in muscle fiber hypertrophy between resistance training and control groups (difference in ES = 0.33; 95% CI - 0.67, 1.33; p = 0.266). There were minimal reports of adverse events associated with the training programs in the included studies.
CONCLUSIONS
We found that very elderly can increase muscle strength and muscle size by participating in resistance training programs. Resistance training was found to be an effective way to improve muscle strength even among the oldest-old.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Hand Strength; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Resistance Training
PubMed: 32740889
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01331-7 -
Creatine Supplementation and Lower Limb Strength Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses.Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Sep 2015Creatine is the most widely used supplementation to increase strength performance. However, the few meta-analyses are more than 10 years old and suffer from inclusion... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Creatine is the most widely used supplementation to increase strength performance. However, the few meta-analyses are more than 10 years old and suffer from inclusion bias such as the absence of randomization and placebo, the diversity of the inclusion criteria (aerobic/endurance, anaerobic/strength), no evaluation on specific muscles or group of muscles, and the considerable amount of conflicting results within the last decade.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate meta-analyzed effects of creatine supplementation on lower limb strength performance.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of all randomized controlled trials comparing creatine supplementation with a placebo, with strength performance of the lower limbs measured in exercises lasting less than 3 min. The search strategy used the keywords "creatine supplementation" and "performance". Dependent variables were creatine loading, total dose, duration, the time-intervals between baseline (T0) and the end of the supplementation (T1), as well as any training during supplementation. Independent variables were age, sex, and level of physical activity at baseline. We conducted meta-analyses at T1, and on changes between T0 and T1. Each meta-analysis was stratified within lower limb muscle groups and exercise tests.
RESULTS
We included 60 studies (646 individuals in the creatine supplementation group and 651 controls). At T1, the effect size (ES) among stratification for squat and leg press were, respectively, 0.336 (95 % CI 0.047-0.625, p = 0.023) and 0.297 (95 % CI 0.098-0.496, p = 0.003). Overall quadriceps ES was 0.266 (95 % CI 0.150-0.381, p < 0.001). Global lower limb ES was 0.235 (95 % CI 0.125-0.346, p < 0.001). Meta-analysis on changes between T0 and T1 gave similar results. The meta-regression showed no links with characteristics of population or of supplementation, demonstrating the creatine efficacy effects, independent of all listed conditions.
CONCLUSION
Creatine supplementation is effective in lower limb strength performance for exercise with a duration of less than 3 min, independent of population characteristic, training protocols, and supplementary doses and duration.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Creatine; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Leg; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle Strength; Young Adult
PubMed: 25946994
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0337-4 -
Creatine Supplementation and Upper Limb Strength Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Jan 2017Creatine is the most widely used supplementation to increase performance in strength; however, the most recent meta-analysis focused specifically on supplementation... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Creatine is the most widely used supplementation to increase performance in strength; however, the most recent meta-analysis focused specifically on supplementation responses in muscles of the lower limbs without regard to upper limbs.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to systematically review the effect of creatine supplementation on upper limb strength performance.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of all randomized controlled trials comparing creatine supplementation with a placebo, with strength performance measured in exercises shorter than 3 min in duration. The search strategy used the keywords 'creatine', 'supplementation', and 'performance'. Independent variables were age, sex and level of physical activity at baseline, while dependent variables were creatine loading, total dose, duration, time interval between baseline (T0) and the end of the supplementation (T1), and any training during supplementation. We conducted three meta-analyses: at T0 and T1, and on changes between T0 and T1. Each meta-analysis was stratified within upper limb muscle groups.
RESULTS
We included 53 studies (563 individuals in the creatine supplementation group and 575 controls). Results did not differ at T0, while, at T1, the effect size (ES) for bench press and chest press were 0.265 (95 % CI 0.132-0.398; p < 0.001) and 0.677 (95 % CI 0.149-1.206; p = 0.012), respectively. Overall, pectoral ES was 0.289 (95 % CI 0.160-0.419; p = 0.000), and global upper limb ES was 0.317 (95 % CI 0.185-0.449; p < 0.001). Meta-analysis of changes between T0 and T1 gave similar results. The meta-regression showed no link with characteristics of population or supplementation, demonstrating the efficacy of creatine independently of all listed conditions.
CONCLUSION
Creatine supplementation is effective in upper limb strength performance for exercise with a duration of less than 3 min, independent of population characteristics, training protocols, and supplementary doses or duration.
Topics: Creatine; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Lower Extremity; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Upper Extremity
PubMed: 27328852
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0571-4 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Apr 2015Maximizing the hypertrophic response to resistance training (RT) is thought to be best achieved by proper manipulation of exercise program variables including exercise... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Maximizing the hypertrophic response to resistance training (RT) is thought to be best achieved by proper manipulation of exercise program variables including exercise selection, exercise order, length of rest intervals, intensity of maximal load, and training volume. An often overlooked variable that also may impact muscle growth is repetition duration. Duration amounts to the sum total of the concentric, eccentric, and isometric components of a repetition, and is predicated on the tempo at which the repetition is performed.
OBJECTIVE
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether alterations in repetition duration can amplify the hypertrophic response to RT.
METHODS
Studies were deemed eligible for inclusion if they met the following criteria: (1) were an experimental trial published in an English-language refereed journal; (2) directly compared different training tempos in dynamic exercise using both concentric and eccentric repetitions; (3) measured morphologic changes via biopsy, imaging, and/or densitometry; (4) had a minimum duration of 6 weeks; (5) carried out training to muscle failure, defined as the inability to complete another concentric repetition while maintaining proper form; and (6) used human subjects who did not have a chronic disease or injury. A total of eight studies were identified that investigated repetition duration in accordance with the criteria outlined.
RESULTS
Results indicate that hypertrophic outcomes are similar when training with repetition durations ranging from 0.5 to 8 s.
CONCLUSIONS
From a practical standpoint it would seem that a fairly wide range of repetition durations can be employed if the primary goal is to maximize muscle growth. Findings suggest that training at volitionally very slow durations (>10s per repetition) is inferior from a hypertrophy standpoint, although a lack of controlled studies on the topic makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Humans; Muscle Fatigue; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Resistance Training; Time Factors
PubMed: 25601394
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0304-0 -
Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 2018Muscle strength is an important component of health.
BACKGROUND
Muscle strength is an important component of health.
OBJECTIVE
To describe and evaluate the studies which have established the reference values for muscle strength on healthy individuals and to synthesize these values with a descriptive meta-analysis approach.
METHODS
A systematic review was performed in MEDLINE, LILACS, and SciELO databases. Studies that investigated the reference values for muscle strength of two or more appendicular/axial muscle groups of health individuals were included. Methodological quality, including risk of bias was assessed by the QUADAS-2. Data extracted included: country of the study, sample size, population characteristics, equipment/method used, and muscle groups evaluated.
RESULTS
Of the 414 studies identified, 46 were included. Most of the studies had adequate methodological quality. Included studies evaluated: appendicular (80.4%) and axial (36.9%) muscles; adults (78.3%), elderly (58.7%), adolescents (43.5%), children (23.9%); isometric (91.3%) and isokinetic (17.4%) strength. Six studies (13%) with similar procedures were synthesized with meta-analysis. Generally, the coefficient of variation values that resulted from the meta-analysis ranged from 20.1% to 30% and were similar to those reported by the original studies. The meta-analysis synthesized the reference values of isometric strength of 14 muscle groups of the dominant/non-dominant sides of the upper/lower limbs of adults/elderly from developed countries, using dynamometers/myometer.
CONCLUSIONS
Most of the included studies had adequate methodological quality. The meta-analysis provided reference values for the isometric strength of 14 appendicular muscle groups of the dominant/non-dominant sides, measured with dynamometers/myometers, of men/women, of adults/elderly. These data may be used to interpret the results of the evaluations and establish appropriate treatment goals.
Topics: Humans; Muscle Strength; Reference Values
PubMed: 29764761
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.02.006 -
Parkinson's disease and intensive exercise therapy - An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta Neurologica Scandinavica May 2022In 2015, Uhrbrand et al. published the first review on Parkinson´s disease (PD) and exercise entirely based on randomized controlled trials (RCT) applying strict... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
In 2015, Uhrbrand et al. published the first review on Parkinson´s disease (PD) and exercise entirely based on randomized controlled trials (RCT) applying strict exercise definitions. The present review aimed to update the PD literature by assessing the effects of different intensive exercise modalities: resistance training (RT), endurance training (ET), and other intensive exercise modalities (OITM). An updated systematic literature search identified 33 new RCTs. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed. A total of 18 RT, 14 ET, and 1 OITM studies were identified (adding to the 8 RT, 6 ET, and 4 OITM studies identified by Uhrbrand et al. in 2015). RT, ET, and OITM were feasible, safe, and did not worsen PD symptoms. Furthermore, RT, ET, and OITM may positively affect functional outcomes (e.g., balance) and depressive symptoms in PD but inconsistencies across these findings warrant cautious conclusions. Meta-analyses showed that RT had a positive impact on muscle strength (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.83 [95% CI;0.54, 1.12]), functional capacity (Timed Up and Go Test (TUG): SMD = -0.62 [-1.01, -0.24]), and quality of life (SMD = -0.41 [-0.72, -0.09]), while ET had a positive impact on cardiorespiratory fitness (SMD = 0.27 [0.07, 0.47]) and functional capacity (TUG: SMD = -0.21 [-0.46, 0.04], 6-Min Walk Test: SMD = 0.89 [0.17, 1.62]), and a potentially positive impact on "on-medication" UPDRS-III (SMD = -0.15 [-0.38, 0.09]) and "off-medication" UPDRS-III (SMD = -0.19 [-0.41, 0.04]). In conclusion, RT, ET, and OITM all represent safe, feasible, and beneficial adjunct rehabilitation strategies in PD, with particularly RT and ET showing solid effects.
Topics: Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Muscle Strength; Parkinson Disease; Resistance Training
PubMed: 34997759
DOI: 10.1111/ane.13579 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Mar 2023This systematic review with meta-analysis investigated the influence of resistance training proximity-to-failure on muscle hypertrophy. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
This systematic review with meta-analysis investigated the influence of resistance training proximity-to-failure on muscle hypertrophy.
METHODS
Literature searches in the PubMed, SCOPUS and SPORTDiscus databases identified a total of 15 studies that measured muscle hypertrophy (in healthy adults of any age and resistance training experience) and compared resistance training performed to: (A) momentary muscular failure versus non-failure; (B) set failure (defined as anything other than momentary muscular failure) versus non-failure; or (C) different velocity loss thresholds.
RESULTS
There was a trivial advantage for resistance training performed to set failure versus non-failure for muscle hypertrophy in studies applying any definition of set failure [effect size=0.19 (95% confidence interval 0.00, 0.37), p=0.045], with no moderating effect of volume load (p=0.884) or relative load (p=0.525). Given the variability in set failure definitions applied across studies, sub-group analyses were conducted and found no advantage for either resistance training performed to momentary muscular failure versus non-failure for muscle hypertrophy [effect size=0.12 (95% confidence interval -0.13, 0.37), p=0.343], or for resistance training performed to high (>25%) versus moderate (20-25%) velocity loss thresholds [effect size=0.08 (95% confidence interval -0.16, 0.32), p=0.529].
CONCLUSION
Overall, our main findings suggest that (i) there is no evidence to support that resistance training performed to momentary muscular failure is superior to non-failure resistance training for muscle hypertrophy and (ii) higher velocity loss thresholds, and theoretically closer proximities-to-failure do not always elicit greater muscle hypertrophy. As such, these results provide evidence for a potential non-linear relationship between proximity-to-failure and muscle hypertrophy.
Topics: Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Resistance Training; Muscle Strength; Hypertrophy
PubMed: 36334240
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01784-y