-
Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences Sep 2023Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been reported to cause pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections. These NTMs are often misdiagnosed as MTB due to their similar... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been reported to cause pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections. These NTMs are often misdiagnosed as MTB due to their similar clinical presentations to tuberculosis, leading to inappropriate treatment and increased morbidity and mortality rates. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the prevalence, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of NTM infections in Africa.
METHODS
A systematic search was performed using various electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search was limited to studies published in the English language from 2000 to 2021. The following keywords were used: "non-tuberculous mycobacteria", "NTM", "Africa", and "prevalence". Studies that focused solely on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex or those that did not report prevalence rates were excluded. Data extraction was performed on eligible studies. Overall, a total of 32 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review.
RESULTS
In our literature review, we identified a total of 32 studies that reported non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) in Africa. The majority of these studies were conducted in South Africa, followed by Ethiopia and Nigeria. The most commonly isolated NTM species were Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium abscessus. Many of the studies reported a high prevalence of NTM infections among HIV-positive individuals. Other risk factors for NTM infection included advanced age, chronic lung disease, and previous tuberculosis infection.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this literature review highlights the significant burden of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria infections in Africa. The prevalence of these infections is high, and they are often misdiagnosed due to their similarity to tuberculosis. The lack of awareness and diagnostic tools for non-tuberculosis mycobacteria infections in Africa is a major concern that needs to be addressed urgently. It is crucial to improve laboratory capacity and develop appropriate diagnostic algorithms for these infections.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Africa; Prevalence
PubMed: 38784502
DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v33i5.21 -
World Journal of Orthopedics May 2022() is an emerging cause of hip and knee prosthetic joint infection (PJI), and different species of this organism may be responsible for the same.
BACKGROUND
() is an emerging cause of hip and knee prosthetic joint infection (PJI), and different species of this organism may be responsible for the same.
AIM
To evaluate the profile of hip and knee PJI cases as published in the past 30 years.
METHODS
A literature search was performed in PubMed using the MeSH terms "Prosthesis joint infection" AND "Mycobacterium" for studies with publication dates from January 1, 1990, to May 30, 2021. To avoid missing any study, another search was performed with the terms "Arthroplasty infection" AND "Mycobacterium" in the same period as the previous search. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses chart was used to evaluate the included studies for further review. In total, 51 studies were included for further evaluation of the cases, type of pathogen, and treatment of PJI caused by .
RESULTS
Seventeen identified were reportedly responsible for hip/knee PJI in 115 hip/knee PJI cases, whereas in two cases there was no mention of any specific () was detected in 50/115 (43.3%) of the cases. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) included (26/115, 22.6%), (10/115, 8.6%), (8/115, 6.9%), and (8/115, 6.9%). Majority of the cases (82/114, 71.9%) had an onset of infection > 3 mo after the index surgery, while in 24.6% (28/114) the disease had an onset in ≤ 3 mo. Incidental intraoperative PJI diagnosis was made in 4 cases (3.5%). Overall, prosthesis removal was needed in 77.8% (84/108) of the cases to treat the infection. Overall infection rate was controlled in 88/102 (86.3%) patients with PJI. Persistent infection occurred in 10/108 (9.8%) patients, while 4/108 (3.9%) patients died due to the infection.
CONCLUSION
At least 17 can be responsible for hip/knee PJI. Although is the most common causal pathogen, NTM should be considered as an emerging cause of hip/knee PJI.
PubMed: 35633748
DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v13.i5.503 -
Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation :... Apr 2012Peritonitis caused by nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) is an important complication in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Peritonitis caused by nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) is an important complication in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.
METHODS
Cases of PD complicated by NTM peritonitis reported in the English language literature were identified in the PubMed database. The characteristics of these cases were reviewed.
RESULTS
In 41 articles, we identified 57 cases of PD-associated NTM peritonitis in patients ranging from 5 to 82 years. The prevalent clinical findings of these cases were fever, abdominal pain, cloudy fluid and an elevated leukocyte count in peritoneal fluid. These findings were non-specific and could not be differentiated from symptoms caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or other bacteria. The majority of these cases received empirical antibacterial therapy before diagnosis of NTM peritonitis. Isolates in more than half of the peritonitis cases were the rapidly growing Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium fortuitum (38.6%) and Mycobacterium chelonae (14.0%). In most cases, PD catheters were removed and experience with non-removal was limited.
CONCLUSION
Diagnosis of NTM infection should be considered in PD patients with peritonitis that are culture negative or refractory to empirical antibiotic therapy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritonitis; Prognosis; Young Adult
PubMed: 21891775
DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr504 -
BMC Nephrology Jun 2012Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PD-peritonitis) due to Mycobacterium spp is uncommon. Non-tuberculous Mycobacterium (NTB) PD-peritonitis can present in a... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PD-peritonitis) due to Mycobacterium spp is uncommon. Non-tuberculous Mycobacterium (NTB) PD-peritonitis can present in a similar fashion to more common causes of bacterial PD-peritonitis. We describe the first reported case of multiresistant Mycobacterium fortuitum PD-peritonitis in an Australian patient.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 38 year-old woman developed mild PD-peritonitis during an overseas holiday. Treatment was complicated by delayed diagnosis, requirement for special investigations, treatment with multiple antibiotics, and conversion to haemodialysis following removal of her Tenckhoff catheter.
CONCLUSION
This case demonstrates the diagnostic yield of pursuing further investigations in cases of initially culture-negative, problematic PD-peritonitis. A systematic review of the literature identified only 17 reports of M. fortuitum PD-peritonitis. Similar to our case, a delay in microbiological diagnosis was frequently noted and the Tenckhoff catheter was commonly removed at the time of diagnosis. The type and duration of antibiotic therapy also varied widely so the optimum treatment appears to be poorly defined.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium fortuitum; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritonitis
PubMed: 22682357
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-13-35 -
Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism Apr 2013To report 2 cases of skin nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) occurring in lupus patients and to systematically review the medical literature addressing skin NTM in lupus. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To report 2 cases of skin nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) occurring in lupus patients and to systematically review the medical literature addressing skin NTM in lupus.
METHODS
We reported 2 cases of skin NTM in lupus patients followed at the Toronto Lupus Clinic. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on NTM in lupus patients. Ovid Medline (1946 to March 12, 2012) and Embase (1980 to March 12, 2012) were searched for relevant publications.
RESULTS
Of the 1356 retrieved abstracts, 19 publications were identified and 25 cases of skin NTM were extracted. Skin presentations in this review ranged from papules, plaques, and nodules to ulcerative lesions and abscesses. Skin lesions occurred in the setting of active and inactive lupus and while patients were maintained on steroids and sometimes immunosuppressants. The pathogen species included Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium haemophilum, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium marinatum, and Mycobacterium szulgai. The duration of antimycobacterial drugs ranged from 3 to 12 months. Skin excision, drainage, and debridement might be required in some cases. Empirical monotherapy was used initially, and the final choice of antibiotics was based on the susceptibility determined in culture. Overall, the outcomes of the skin lesions resulted in either complete recovery or improvement.
CONCLUSIONS
A high index of suspicion in lupus patients is required to diagnose NTM, as the initial presentation of NTM can mimic lupus skin manifestations.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Skin Diseases, Infectious
PubMed: 23332736
DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.08.002 -
Tropical Medicine and Health Sep 2023CNS manifestations represent an emerging facet of NTM infection with significant mortality. Due to protean presentation and low index of suspicion, many cases are often... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
CNS manifestations represent an emerging facet of NTM infection with significant mortality. Due to protean presentation and low index of suspicion, many cases are often treated erroneously as tubercular meningitis or fungal infections.
OBJECTIVES
Literature on NTM CNS disease is scarce, with most available data on pulmonary disease. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and predictors of outcome in CNS NTM infection.
METHODS
The literature search was performed in major electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus) using keywords "CNS," "Central nervous system," "brain abscess," "meningitis," "spinal," "Nontuberculous mycobacteria," "NTM". All cases of CNS NTM infection reported between January 1980 and December 2022 were included.
RESULTS
A total of 77 studies (112 cases) were included in the final analysis. The mean age of all patients was 38 years, with most patients male (62.5%). Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was the most common aetiology, followed by M. fortuitum and M. abscessus (34.8%, 21.4% and 15.2%, respectively). The disseminated disease was found in 33% of cases. HIV (33.9%) and neurosurgical hardware (22.3%) were the common risk factors. Intracranial abscess (36.6%) and leptomeningeal enhancement (28%) were the most prevalent findings in neuroimaging. The overall case fatality rate was 37.5%. On multivariate analysis, male gender (adjusted OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-7.9) and HIV (adjusted OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.8-6.1) were the independent predictors of mortality). M. fortuitum infection was significantly associated with increased survival (adjusted OR 0.18, 95% CI (0.08-0.45), p value 0.012).
CONCLUSIONS
Current evidence shows the emerging role of rapid-grower NTM in CNS disease. Male gender and HIV positivity were associated with significant mortality, while M fortuitum carries favourable outcomes.
PubMed: 37749661
DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00546-4 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Dec 2018Medical tourism has become increasingly globalized as individuals travel abroad to receive medical care. Cosmetic patients in particular are more likely to seek surgery...
BACKGROUND
Medical tourism has become increasingly globalized as individuals travel abroad to receive medical care. Cosmetic patients in particular are more likely to seek surgery abroad to defray costs. Unfortunately, not all procedures performed abroad adhere to strict hygienic regulations, and bacterial flora vary. As a result, it is not uncommon for consumers to return home with difficult-to-treat postoperative infections.
METHODS
A systematic literature review of PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases was performed to assess the microbiology patterns and medical management of patients with postoperative infections after undergoing elective surgery abroad.
RESULTS
Forty-two cases of postoperative infections were reported among patients who underwent elective surgery abroad. Most cases were reported from the Dominican Republic, and the most common elective procedures were abdominoplasty, mastopexy, and liposuction. Rapidly growing mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium chelonae were among the most common causes of postoperative infection, with M. abscessus involving 74 percent of cases. Most cases were treated with surgical débridement and a combination of antibiotics. Clarithromycin, amikacin, and moxifloxacin were the most common drugs used for long-term treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
When encountering a patient with a history of medical tourism and treatment-refractory infection, rapidly growing mycobacteria must be considered. To increase the likelihood of yielding a diagnostic organism, multiple acid-fast bacilli cultures from fluid and débridement content should be performed. There has been reported success in treating rapidly growing mycobacterial infections with a combination of antibiotics including clarithromycin, amikacin, and moxifloxacin.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Debridement; Drug Therapy, Combination; Elective Surgical Procedures; Humans; Medical Tourism; Mycobacterium Infections; Reoperation; Risk Factors; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 30489537
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000005014 -
Dermatology Online Journal Jun 2015In recent years, several case reports and outbreaks reported occurrence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections within 6 months after receiving a tattoo in... (Review)
Review
In recent years, several case reports and outbreaks reported occurrence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections within 6 months after receiving a tattoo in healthy individuals. NTM species (e.g., Chelonae, Fortuitum, Hemophillum, and Abscessus) are widespread in the environment and it is often suspected that contamination may occur through unsterile instrumentation or unsterile water used for diluting tattoo ink to dilute color. In reported cases, lesions were mainly restricted to a single color 'gray' part of the tattoo. Mycobacterium Chelonae was the most common cause of tattoo associated NTM infections. Less than 50% of the case reports tested tattoo ink for acid fast bacilli stains and cultures. Subjects required treatment with either clarithromycin alone or in combination with quinolones for 6 to 9 months. An increase in NTM skin infections in healthy individuals after tattooing indicates the need for sterile standards during tattooing and improved local and regional regulatory oversight.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Ink; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Tattooing
PubMed: 26158355
DOI: No ID Found -
Paediatric Respiratory Reviews Feb 2020To describe the clinical-radiological-pathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of children with suspected exogenous lipoid pneumonia (ELP).
OBJECTIVES
To describe the clinical-radiological-pathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of children with suspected exogenous lipoid pneumonia (ELP).
DESIGN
Systematic review. We searched electronic databases and reference lists published between 1967 and 2018, restricted to non-accidental cases.
RESULTS
Forty-four studies including 489 participants aged 1 day to 17 years from 13 countries were included. Cultural, medical, and behavioural rationale for oil-use was described. The clinical-radiological presentation varied widely. Diagnostic certainty was deemed highest if ELP was confirmed on bronchoalveolar lavage/frozen section lung biopsy with documented extracellular lipid on cytological staining and/or fat analysis. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection was identified in six studies: Mycobacterium fortuitum/chelonei, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium abscessus. Treatment comprised supportive therapy, corticosteroids, stopping oil, therapeutic lung-lavage and surgical resection. Outcomes were reported inconsistently.
CONCLUSION
Paediatric ELP resulting from cultural and medical practices continues to be described globally. Preventive interventions, standardized reporting, and treatment efficacy studies for cases not averted, are lacking. Protocol registration: PROSPERO CRD42017068313.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biopsy; Bronchoalveolar Lavage; Chest Pain; Child; Constipation; Cough; Culture; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Hypoxia; Laxatives; Mouthwashes; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nasal Lavage; Oils; Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Palliative Care; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pneumonia, Lipid; Pneumonia, Viral; Respiration, Artificial; Risk Factors; Tachypnea; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 30962152
DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2019.01.001 -
Tuberkuloz Ve Toraks Dec 2023Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can cause diseases not only in individuals with compromised immune systems but also in those with normal immune function. This study...
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can cause diseases not only in individuals with compromised immune systems but also in those with normal immune function. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of NTM in Türkiye and worldwide between 2012 and 2022. This study was designed following the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) procedure. A systematic search was conducted between January 2012 and September 2022 using different electronic databases, including Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Ebsco, Scopus, Türk Medline, and Google Scholar. During the literature review process, titles and abstracts were examined and the full texts of the studies were accessed. In 13 research articles from Türkiye included in the study, a total of 17.293 samples were studied and a total of 1304 NTM (7.54%) strains were isolated from these samples. Among the 1304 NTM strains reported from Türkiye, the top three most frequently isolated species were M. abscessus (29.83%), M. lentiflavum (14.97%), M. fortuitum (14.38%). In 35 studies included from around the world, a total of 512.626 samples were studied and a total of 12.631 NTM (2.46%) strains were isolated from these samples. Among the 12631 NTM strains isolated, the top three most frequently isolated species were M. intracellulare (28.13%), M. avium (17.70%) and M. abscessus (14.88%). This study unveiled the global prevalence of NTM-infected patients, detailing species distribution and microbiological diagnostic methods. Variations in NTM spread were observed, influenced by diverse factors.
Topics: Humans; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Prevalence; Turkey
PubMed: 38152011
DOI: 10.5578/tt.20239609