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Head & Neck Apr 2016Perineural invasion (PNI) is widely regarded as a negative prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Treatment guidelines recommend adjuvant... (Review)
Review
Perineural invasion (PNI) is widely regarded as a negative prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Treatment guidelines recommend adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for patients with adverse pathologic features, including PNI. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to determine if patients with PNI as their only indication for adjuvant therapy benefit from adjuvant RT. In total, 339 abstracts were reviewed for relevance leaving 85 articles, which were evaluated in detail. Thirteen retrospective studies addressed the role of adjuvant RT for patients with PNI. Evidence is lacking to recommend adjuvant RT for all patients with HNSCC with PNI. However, the literature suggests that large nerve or multifocal PNI may predict worse outcome and may be a more appropriate indication for adjuvant therapy. We advocate that patients decide whether to undergo adjuvant therapy after a discussion of the limitations of current evidence. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2350-E2357, 2016.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Peripheral Nerves; Prognosis; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 26613965
DOI: 10.1002/hed.24295 -
BMC Urology Feb 2018Although numerous studies have shown that perineural invasion (PNI) is linked to prostate cancer (PCa) risk, the results have been inconsistent. This study aimed to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Perineural invasion as an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
Although numerous studies have shown that perineural invasion (PNI) is linked to prostate cancer (PCa) risk, the results have been inconsistent. This study aimed to explore the association between PNI and biochemical recurrence (BCR) in patients with PCa following radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiotherapy (RT).
METHODS
According to the PRISMA statement, we searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wan Fang databases from inception to May 2017. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were extracted from eligible studies. Fixed or random effects model were used to calculate pooled HRs and 95% CIs according to heterogeneity. Publication bias was calculated by Begg's test.
RESULTS
Ultimately, 19 cohort studies that met the eligibility criteria and that involved 13,412 patients (82-2,316 per study) were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that PNI was associated with higher BCR rates in patients with PCa after RP (HR=1.23, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.36, p<0.001) or RT (HR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.34, p<0.001). No potential publication bias was found among the included studies in the RP group (p-Begg = 0.124) or the RT group (p-Begg = 0.081).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that the presence of PNI by histopathology is associated with higher risk of BCR in PCa following RP or RT, and could serve as an independent prognostic factor in patients with PCa.
Topics: Humans; Male; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Peripheral Nerves; Predictive Value of Tests; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 29390991
DOI: 10.1186/s12894-018-0319-6 -
The Clinical Journal of Pain Aug 2021With the popularization of ultrasound, nerve blocks have been widely implemented in current clinical practice. Although, they have seen limited success due to their... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
With the popularization of ultrasound, nerve blocks have been widely implemented in current clinical practice. Although, they have seen limited success due to their shorter duration and suboptimal analgesia. Magnesium sulfate as a local anesthetic adjuvant for peripheral nerve blocks could enhance the effects of local anesthetics. However, previous investigations have not thoroughly investigated the analgesic efficacy of magnesium sulfate as an adjunct to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve blocks. Thus, we attempted to fill the gap in the existing literature by conducting a meta-analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed of a quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials published between May 30, 2011 and November 1, 2018. Inclusion criteria were: (1) magnesium sulfate used as adjuvant mixed with local anesthetic for nerve blockade, (2) complete articles and published abstracts of randomized controlled trials, (3) English language.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome measures were time of onset, total duration of the sensory blockade, and Visual Analog Scale pain scores. The secondary outcomes were postoperative oral and intravenous analgesics consumption and the incidence of nausea and vomiting.
RESULTS
The 21 trials analyzed in this study included 1323 patients. Magnesium sulfate effectively prolonged the total duration of sensory blockade (mean difference [MD]=114.59 min, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 89.31-139.88), reducing Visual Analog Scale pain scores at 6 hours (MD=1.36 points, 95% CI: -2.09 to -0.63) and 12 hours (MD=1.54 points, 95% CI: -2.56 to -0.53) postsurgery. Magnesium sulfate also effectively reduced postoperative analgesic use within 24 hours postsurgery (standard MD=-2.06, 95% CI: -2.67 to -1.35). Furthermore, adjuvant magnesium sulfate significantly reduced the incidence of nausea and vomiting after transversus abdominis plane blockade (odds ratio: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.18-0.81).
CONCLUSION
Adjuvant magnesium sulfate enhanced the anesthetic effects of local anesthetics and improved postoperative analgesia following the perineural blockade.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Humans; Magnesium Sulfate; Nerve Block; Pain, Postoperative; Peripheral Nerves
PubMed: 34128482
DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000944 -
BMC Anesthesiology Sep 2021Peripheral injection of dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been widely used in regional anesthesia to prolong the duration of analgesia. However, the optimal perineural dose of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Peripheral injection of dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been widely used in regional anesthesia to prolong the duration of analgesia. However, the optimal perineural dose of DEX is still uncertain. It is important to elucidate this characteristic because DEX may cause dose-dependent complications. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the optimal dose of perineural DEX for prolonged analgesia after brachial plexus block (BPB) in adult patients undergoing upper limb surgery.
METHOD
A search strategy was created to identify suitable randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in Embase, PubMed and The Cochrane Library from inception date to Jan, 2021. All adult patients undergoing upper limb surgery under BPB were eligible. The RCTs comparing DEX as an adjuvant to local anesthetic (LA) with LA alone for BPB were included. The primary outcome was duration of analgesia for perineural DEX. Secondary outcomes included visual analog scale (VAS) in 12 and 24 h, consumption of analgesics in 24 h, and adverse events.
RESULTS
Fifty-seven RCTs, including 3332 patients, were identified. The subgroup analyses and regression analyses revealed that perineural DEX dose of 30-50 μg is an appropriate dosage. With short-/intermediate-acting LAs, the mean difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) of analgesia duration with less than and more than 60 μg doses was 220.31 (153.13-287.48) minutes and 68.01 (36.37-99.66) minutes, respectively. With long-acting LAs, the mean differences (95% CI) with less than and more than 60 μg doses were 332.45 (288.43-376.48) minutes and 284.85 (220.31-349.39) minutes.
CONCLUSION
30-50 μg DEX as adjuvant can provides a longer analgesic time compared to LA alone and it did not increase the risk of bradycardia and hypotension.
Topics: Brachial Plexus Block; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Time Factors
PubMed: 34583650
DOI: 10.1186/s12871-021-01452-0 -
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Jun 2022Perineural dexamethasone has been regarded as a promising adjunct for prolonging the duration of nerve blocks. However, it is uncertain whether its effects are due to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Efficacy of perineural versus intravenous dexamethasone in prolonging the duration of analgesia when administered with peripheral nerve blocks: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
Perineural dexamethasone has been regarded as a promising adjunct for prolonging the duration of nerve blocks. However, it is uncertain whether its effects are due to local effects on the nerves or from systemic absorption. This systematic review aimed to compare the duration of postoperative analgesia associated with perineural versus intravenous dexamethasone as an adjunct to peripheral nerve blocks.
METHODS
A total of 2,216 relevant academic articles were identified after a comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov from 1967 until 2020. All randomized controlled trials that compared perineural and intravenous dexamethasone as adjuncts to peripheral nerve limb blocks were included.
RESULTS
Fifteen randomized controlled trials (1,467 cases; 738 perineural dexamethasone, 729 intravenous dexamethasone) were eligible. The primary outcome (duration of analgesia) was significantly longer in the perineural than in the intravenous dexamethasone group (mean difference [MD]: 2.72 h, 95% CI [1.42, 4.01], P < 0.001). Perineural dexamethasone was also found to prolong the sensory block (MD: 3.45 h, 95% CI [1.36, 5.54], P = 0.001) and lower 24 h postoperative pain scores (MD: -0.74 h, 95% CI [-1.40, -0.07], P = 0.03).
CONCLUSIONS
This review confirms the greater efficacy of perineural compared to intravenous dexamethasone in prolonging the analgesic duration of peripheral nerve blocks. However, the extent of prolongation was small and may not represent a clinically meaningful difference.
Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia, Conduction; Dexamethasone; Humans; Nerve Block; Peripheral Nerves
PubMed: 34963269
DOI: 10.4097/kja.21390 -
Cancer Jan 2007Men with clinically localized prostate cancer are faced with a wide range of treatment options, and only Gleason grading is universally used as a histopathological... (Review)
Review
Men with clinically localized prostate cancer are faced with a wide range of treatment options, and only Gleason grading is universally used as a histopathological prognostic factor for this disease. The significance of perineural invasion in diagnostic biopsies is controversial. Opinion about whether or not it should influence treatment decisions is currently almost equally divided. To address this, the authors performed a systematic review of studies that examine the association between perineural invasion and prostate cancer recurrence. MEDLINE, Embase, and the Web of Knowledge were searched from January 1990 to December 2005. Outcomes analyzed were the development of biochemical or clinical recurrence. Twenty-one articles on the association of perineural invasion in biopsies and prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy (n = 10) or radiotherapy (n = 11) were found but none on its significance in the context of watchful waiting. Structured data extraction was performed to allow comparisons between articles and to identify sources of heterogeneity to explain discrepancies in results. The considerable variation in study design, execution, and reporting precluded meta-analysis and quantitative risk estimation, but the weight of evidence suggested that perineural invasion in biopsies was a significant prognostic indicator, particularly in specific patient groups defined by presenting serum prostate-specific antigen levels and biopsy Gleason scores. Immediate treatment rather than watchful waiting may be more appropriate for patients with localized prostatic cancer and perineural invasion. However, the data are limited, and well-designed studies that use predefined stringent protocols are required to provide robust estimates of risk to aid in treatment planning.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Peripheral Nerves; Prognosis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 17123267
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22388 -
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Oct 2023Breast implant capsule-associated squamous cell carcinoma is exceedingly rare, with only eleven previously published cases. The present study systematically reviews the... (Review)
Review
Breast implant capsule-associated squamous cell carcinoma is exceedingly rare, with only eleven previously published cases. The present study systematically reviews the current literature and describes an additional case in a 56-year-old patient who had undergone previous breast implant augmentation with textured silicone implants 22 years prior. Systematic review of the literature demonstrated a scarcity of reported cases, yielding only eleven other incidences. Symptomatology for this patient involved pain, swelling, and erythema of the right breast prior to eventual surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging reporting extensive oedema and a large periprosthetic effusion with lobulated changes. The patient proceeded with bilateral capsulectomies and histology demonstrated moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, areas of squamous metaplasia, and a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate. Postoperatively, a positron-emission tomography scan showed no concerning uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose and no evidence of metastatic disease. The patient proceeded to a right-sided total mastectomy and axillary lymph node biopsy. Final histology demonstrated remnant well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, whilst five lymph nodes were negative of disease. The patient received postoperative radiation therapy. A clinical history of swelling and pain appears to be a common presentation for this condition. Aspirations of periprosthetic collections containing squamous cells should be considered concerning for neoplasm. The presence of squamous metaplasia within the specimen provides some credence for transformation to invasive carcinoma mediated through chronic inflammation. The presence of perineural invasion would be worth reporting in future cases as it may confer similar risk characteristics as in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. A finding of remnant carcinoma during completion mastectomy provides support for an aggressive approach to surgical resection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
PubMed: 37798500
DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03693-5 -
PloS One 2020Femoral nerve block (FNB) is one of the first-line analgesic methods for patients following lower extremity surgery. However, FNB with local anesthetics alone exert... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Femoral nerve block (FNB) is one of the first-line analgesic methods for patients following lower extremity surgery. However, FNB with local anesthetics alone exert limited potency and supplemental opioids are often required. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been used to improve the analgesic effects of FNB. The present systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of DEX as an adjuvant to local anesthetics for FNB.
METHODS
Randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of DEX versus sham control in combination with local anesthetics for FNB were included in this meta-analysis. Postoperative pain scores, duration of analgesic effects, and postoperative narcotic consumption were outcomes of interest. This research was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements.
RESULTS
A total of 9 studies encompassing 580 participants were included for data synthesis after critical evaluation. DEX as an adjuvant with local anesthetics for FNB significantly relieved pain intensity at 12, 24 and 48 hours after surgery, both at rest (standardized mean difference -1.34 [95% CI -1.87 to -0.82], P<0.00001 at 12 h; -1.26 [-1.90 to -0.0.63], P<0.0001 at 24 h; and -1.34; [-2.18 to -0.50], P = 0.002 at 48 h) and with movement (-1.30 [-2.17 to -0.43], P = 0.004 at 12 h; -1.02 [-1.31 to -0.72], P<0.00001 at 24h; and -1.33 [-2.03 to -0.63], P = 0.0002); it also significantly prolonged analgesic duration (mean difference 7.23 h [95% CI 4.07 to 10.39], P<0.00001) and decreased opioid consumption (mean difference of morphine equivalent -12.13 mg [95% CI -23.36 to -0.89], P<0.00001). Regarding safety, DEX use increased the rate of hypotension (odds ratio 4.10, 95% CI 1.40 to 12.01, P = 0.01).
CONCLUSION
DEX as an adjuvant to local anesthetics for FNB improves analgesia, prolongs analgesic duration and reduces supplemental opioid consumption; but increases hypotension.
Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Lower Extremity; Male; Nerve Block; Pain Management; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 33075089
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240561 -
Surgery Mar 2015Our aim was to review the available evidence to determine the clinical importance of the histologic subtypes of noninvasive and invasive intraductal papillary mucinous... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Our aim was to review the available evidence to determine the clinical importance of the histologic subtypes of noninvasive and invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) on disease characteristics and overall survival.
METHODS
We reviewed systematically 14 comparative studies that reported clinicopathologic characteristics and survival of 1,617 patients with IPMN (900 noninvasive and 717 invasive).
RESULTS
The pancreatobiliary subtype was associated with the greatest likelihood of tumor invasion (67.9%; odds ratio [OR], 2.87; 95% CI, 1.90-4.35), harboring an associated mural nodule (56.6%; OR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.21-7.04), demonstrating tumor recurrence (46.3%; OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.41-7.66) and transformation to tubular adenocarcinoma (81.8%; OR, 92.96; 95% CI, 20.76-416.28) among all subtypes. The gastric subtype was associated with the least likelihood of tumor invasion (10.2%; OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.13-0.26), association with main duct IPMN (19.2%; OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.06-0.26), and tumor recurrence (9.4%; OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.26-0.83) among all subtypes. The intestinal subtype had the greatest likelihood of progressing to colloid carcinoma among all subtypes. Tubular adenocarcinoma was associated with an increased risk of vascular invasion (32.9%; OR, 4.86; 95% CI, 1.96-12.01), perineural invasion (54.5%; OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.22-4.34), nodal metastasis (52.4%; OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.79-6.14), and a positive margin status (17.3%; OR, 8.45; 95% CI, 1.52-46.83). Tubular adenocarcinoma (hazard ratio [HR], 1.90; 95% CI, 1.36-2.67) had a poorer 5-year overall survival compared with colloid carcinoma and was similar to the survival observed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (HR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.59-2.52).
CONCLUSION
The prognosis of IPMN depends on its pathologic subtype. Subtype identification should be considered an essential component in future guidelines for the management of IPMN.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Carcinoma, Papillary; Disease Progression; Humans; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Pancreatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 25656693
DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.08.098 -
Frontiers in Medicine 2023Interscalene block (ISB) is widely regarded as the gold standard treatment for acute pain following arthroscopic shoulder surgery. However, a single injection of a local...
Comparison of dexmedetomidine and dexamethasone as adjuvants to the ultrasound-guided interscalene nerve block in arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
INTRODUCTION
Interscalene block (ISB) is widely regarded as the gold standard treatment for acute pain following arthroscopic shoulder surgery. However, a single injection of a local anesthetic for ISB may not offer sufficient analgesia. Various adjuvants have been demonstrated to prolong the analgesic duration of the block. Hence, this study aimed to assess the relative efficacy of dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine as adjuncts to prolong the analgesic duration for a single- shot ISB.
METHODS
The efficacy of adjuvants was compared using a network meta-analysis. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool. A comprehensive search of the PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Embase databases was conducted with a search deadline of March 1, 2023. Various adjuvant prevention randomized controlled trials have been conducted in patients undergoing interscalene brachial plexus block for shoulder arthroscopic surgery.
RESULTS
Twenty-five studies enrolling a total of 2,194 patients reported duration of analgesia. Combined dexmedetomidine and dexamethasone (MD = 22.13, 95% CI 16.67, 27.58), dexamethasone administered perineurally (MD = 9.94, 95% CI 7.71, 12.17), high-dose intravenous dexamethasone (MD = 7.47, 95% CI 4.41, 10.53), dexmedetomidine administered perineurally (MD = 6.82, 95% CI 3.43, 10.20), and low-dose intravenous dexamethasone (MD = 6.72, 95% CI 3.74, 9.70) provided significantly longer analgesic effects compared with the control group.
DISCUSSION
The combination of intravenous dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine provided the greatest effect in terms of prolonged analgesia, reduced opioid doses, and lower pain scores. Furthermore, peripheral dexamethasone in prolonging the analgesic duration and lowering opioid usage was better than the other adjuvants when used a single medication. All therapies significantly prolonged the analgesic duration and reduced the opioid dose of a single-shot ISB in shoulder arthroscopy compared with the placebo.
PubMed: 37396910
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1159216