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Movement Disorders : Official Journal... Aug 2006Rigid and introverted personality type has been suggested as possibly associated with risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, to be a risk, the measurement of... (Review)
Review
Rigid and introverted personality type has been suggested as possibly associated with risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, to be a risk, the measurement of personality must precede the onset of PD, more than simply reported as personality in PD cases. Several reviews have been published examining the literature base for this suggestion; however, the issue of "premorbid" personality measurement was not emphasized. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PSYCHINFO databases were searched for existing systematic reviews or meta-analyses, and none were found that fulfilled this criterion. The databases were searched systematically for primary research articles. Articles without robust methodology were excluded based on published quality scoring criteria. No articles met all selection criteria. Four articles met most selection criteria and three of them reported significant differences in personality features said to be present before PD onset and between PD cases and controls. PD cases were more introverted, cautious, socially alert, and tense than controls. Although the instruments used to characterize personality varied widely across studies, the general descriptions of PD patients included nervous, cautious, rigid, and conventional. There do appear to be parkinsonian characteristics, but these studies were all retrospective. To confirm that personality traits precede PD onset and are a risk for this condition, prospective research is required. Even then, the term "premorbid" is difficult to define due to the unknown latent period before onset of PD. Additional research would involve correlating personality characteristics to activities or changes in the brain.
Topics: Humans; MMPI; Motor Activity; Parkinson Disease; Personality
PubMed: 16755553
DOI: 10.1002/mds.20980 -
Journal of Personality Jun 2023The Acquired Preparedness (AP) model proposes that impulsive personality traits predispose some individuals to learn certain behavior-outcome associations...
OBJECTIVE
The Acquired Preparedness (AP) model proposes that impulsive personality traits predispose some individuals to learn certain behavior-outcome associations (expectancies), and that these expectancies in turn influence the escalation of risky behaviors. This theory has been applied to the development of behaviors such as drinking, drug use, gambling, and disordered eating. In the current study, we aimed to summarize empirical tests of this model over the 20 years since it was proposed.
METHOD
We used a descriptive approach to summarize tests of mediation across 50 studies involving n = 21,715 total participants.
RESULTS
We observed a consistent effect of personality on expectancies (median effect size = .22), of expectancies on behavior (.24), and a small mediated effect (.05) of personality on behavior via expectancies. Impulsive traits that involve positive or negative affect showed the most consistent support for AP, as did positive expectancies. Most studies testing AP focused on alcohol, but research on other behaviors also showed support for AP.
CONCLUSIONS
The literature appears to support a small mediated effect consistent with the AP model. Future research should continue to clarify which AP pathways are most influential in explaining risky behaviors, and supplement correlational research with experimental and quasi-experimental designs.
Topics: Humans; Personality; Learning; Personality Disorders; Impulsive Behavior; Behavior, Addictive; Alcohol Drinking
PubMed: 35900782
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12761 -
Journal of Health Organization and... 2013This paper explores the reasons for the sometimes seemingly irrational and dysfunctional organisational behaviour within the NHS. It seeks to provide possible answers to... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
This paper explores the reasons for the sometimes seemingly irrational and dysfunctional organisational behaviour within the NHS. It seeks to provide possible answers to the persistent historical problem of intimidating and negative behaviour between staff, and the sometimes inadequate organisational responses. The aim is to develop a model to explain and increase understanding of such behaviour in the NHS.
DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH
This paper is conceptual in nature based upon a systematic literature review. The concepts of organisational silence, normalised organisational corruption, and protection of image, provide some possible answers for these dysfunctional responses, as does the theory of selective moral disengagement.
FINDINGS
The NHS exhibits too high a level of collective ego defences and protection of its image and self-esteem, which distorts its ability to address problems and to learn. Organisations and the individuals within them can hide and retreat from reality and exhibit denial; there is a resistance to voice and to "knowing". The persistence and tolerance of negative behaviour is a corruption and is not healthy or desirable. Organisations need to embrace the identity of a listening and learning organisation; a "wise" organisation. The "Elephant in the room" of persistent negative behaviour has to be acknowledged; the silence must be broken. There is a need for cultures of "respect", exhibiting "intelligent kindness".
ORIGINALITY/VALUE
A model has been developed to increase understanding of dysfunctional organisational behaviour in the NHS primarily for leaders/managers of health services, health service regulators and health researchers/academics. Research, with ethical approval, is currently being undertaken to test and develop the conceptual model to further reflect the complexities of the NHS culture.
Topics: Aggression; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Humans; Interprofessional Relations; Medical Staff; Models, Theoretical; Organizational Culture; State Medicine
PubMed: 24422253
DOI: 10.1108/JHOM-10-2012-0207 -
Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 2006The aim was to investigate whether personality traits predict onset of the first depressive or manic episode (the vulnerability hypothesis) and whether personality might... (Review)
Review
The aim was to investigate whether personality traits predict onset of the first depressive or manic episode (the vulnerability hypothesis) and whether personality might be altered by the mood disorder (the scar hypothesis). A systematic review of population-based and high-risk studies concerning personality traits and affective disorder in adults was conducted. Nine cross-sectional high-risk studies, seven longitudinal high-risk studies and nine longitudinal population-based studies were found. Most studies support the vulnerability hypothesis and there is evidence that neuroticism is a premorbid risk factor for developing depressive disorder. The evidence for the scar hypothesis is sparse, but the studies with the strongest design showed evidence for both hypotheses. Only few studies of bipolar disorder were found and the association between personality traits and bipolar disorder is unclear. Neuroticism seem to be a risk factor by which vulnerable individuals can be identified, thus preventing the development of depressive disorder. A connection between personality traits and development of bipolar disorder, and evidence of a personality-changing effect of affective episodes need to be further investigated.
Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Mood Disorders; Personality; Personality Assessment; Personality Tests; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 16635925
DOI: 10.1080/08039480600600300 -
Neuropsychobiology 2014The aims of the present study were to explore whether symptoms in different anxiety disorders are associated with Cloninger's model temperament dimensions novelty... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The aims of the present study were to explore whether symptoms in different anxiety disorders are associated with Cloninger's model temperament dimensions novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence and persistence compared with control subjects in clinical samples of adults or late adolescents.
METHOD
Literature search in the following databases: Cochrane Library, PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Psycinfo and PsycArticles. Systematic review, grading the level of evidence and meta-analysis for each disorder by comparing the temperament dimension scores between patient and control samples in single studies.
RESULTS
A total of 40 papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were conducted on a total of 24 studies focusing on panic disorder (PD), social anxiety disorder (SAD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The primary finding was a constant and clinically marked positive association between the HA temperament dimension and symptoms of PD, SAD and OCD, with a most marked effect in SAD, and a moderate effect in OCD and PD. Second, less marked and clinically marginal associations between NS score and SAD and OCD (negative associations), but no associations with PD were observed. The meta-analyses revealed heterogeneity between the results of individual studies, especially in the analyses including SAD and OCD.
CONCLUSIONS
PD, SAD and OCD share a marked and state-dependent avoidant behavioral pattern, which is common for all anxiety disorders. However, PD showed a different pattern of arousal to novel stimuli from that of SAD and OCD. The findings are state dependent and based on cross-sectional studies.
Topics: Humans; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Panic Disorder; Personality Inventory; Phobic Disorders; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Temperament
PubMed: 24852727
DOI: 10.1159/000360738 -
The British Journal of Psychiatry : the... Dec 2015Patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder are characterised by a distorted perception of other people's intentions. Deficits in mental state... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder are characterised by a distorted perception of other people's intentions. Deficits in mental state decoding are thought to be the underlying cause of this clinical feature.
AIMS
To examine, using meta-analysis, whether mental state decoding abilities in patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder differ from those of healthy controls.
METHOD
A systematic review of 13 cross-sectional studies comparing Reading in the Mind of the Eyes Test (RMET) accuracy performance of patients with major depression or borderline personality disorder and healthy age-matched controls (n = 976). Valence scores, where reported, were also assessed.
RESULTS
Large significant deficits were seen for global RMET performance in patients with major depression (d = -0.751). The positive RMET valence scores of patients with depression were significantly worse; patients with borderline personality disorder had worse neutral scores. Both groups were worse than controls. Moderator analysis revealed that individuals with comorbid borderline personality disorder and major depression did better than those with borderline personality disorder alone on accuracy. Those with comorbid borderline personality disorder and any cluster B or C personality disorder did worse than borderline personality disorder alone. Individuals with both borderline personality disorder and major depression performed better then those with borderline personality disorder without major depression for positive valence.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings highlight the relevance of RMET performance in patients with borderline personality disorder and major depression, and the importance of considering comorbidity in future analysis.
Topics: Borderline Personality Disorder; Cognition; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depressive Disorder, Major; Humans; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Publication Bias
PubMed: 26628692
DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.152108 -
Harvard Review of Psychiatry 2020To perform a systematic review of the literature on the psychometric characteristics of different versions of the Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and...
OBJECTIVE
To perform a systematic review of the literature on the psychometric characteristics of different versions of the Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (PID-5) and to integrate the current findings with those of previous reviews by Al Dajani and colleagues (2015) and Watters and Bagby (2018).
METHODS
This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses protocol. PubMed, PsycINFO, SciELO, Web of Science, and LILACS were searched using two keywords: personality AND DSM-5. Studies published from 2015 to 2018 were included.
RESULTS
Sixty-four new studies were evaluated. The PID-5-self-report form (SRF) was concluded to have a factorial structure consisting of five factors and 25 facets, as well as excellent indicators of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity with different personality instruments and with other clinical constructs. The form also has predictive and discriminative potential, warranting further exploration in studies with samples of personality disorders in relation to different parameters and not only the diagnostic algorithm of DSM-5 Section III. The brief and informant versions, although less studied, also showed good psychometric indicators, comparable to the original version.
CONCLUSIONS
The PID-5 showed psychometric suitability for use in different cultures and contexts. The form's use in clinical practice and as a means of operationalizing the diagnostic evaluation of the DSM-5 dimensional model is promising and should be encouraged.
Topics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Humans; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory; Psychometrics; Reproducibility of Results; Validation Studies as Topic
PubMed: 32692087
DOI: 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000261 -
Cognitive Neuropsychiatry May 2017Cognitive deficits can precede the onset of psychotic episodes and predict the onset of the illness in individuals with schizotypy traits. In some studies, high levels... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Cognitive deficits can precede the onset of psychotic episodes and predict the onset of the illness in individuals with schizotypy traits. In some studies, high levels of schizotypy were associated with impairments in memory, attention, executive functions, and verbal fluency. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding of cognitive impairments related to schizoytpy.
METHODS
A systematic review of "schizotypy and neuropsychological measures" was conducted, and it retrieved 67 studies. All papers with case-control design showing means and standard deviations from neuropsychological measures were included in a meta-analysis (n = 40). A comparison between our finding and another metaanalysis with patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders [Fatouros-Bergman, H., Cervenka, S., Flyckt, L., Edman, G., & Farde, L. (2014). Meta-analysis of cognitive performance in drugnaive patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.034 ] was performed to study the similarities on the MATRICS domains between the two disorders.
RESULTS
We found evidence of worse functioning of verbal and visual-spatial working memory, and of language in people with schizotypy or with schizotypal traits. Working memory deficit is present in both schizotypy and schizophrenia with larger effect sizes compared to other domains.
CONCLUSIONS
Working memory deficit might be a cognitive marker of the risk of psychosis. Interventions targeting cognitive deficits early may be crucial to the prevention of psychosis.
Topics: Cognition Disorders; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Schizotypal Personality Disorder
PubMed: 28288547
DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2017.1299702 -
Psychopathology 2014Memory processes such as encoding, storage, and retrieval of information are influenced by emotional content. Because patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD)... (Review)
Review
Memory processes such as encoding, storage, and retrieval of information are influenced by emotional content. Because patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are particularly susceptible to emotional information, it is relevant to understand whether such memory processes are altered in this patient group. This systematic literature review collects current evidence on this issue. Research suggests that emotional information interferes more strongly with information processing and learning in BPD patients than in healthy controls. In general, BPD patients do not seem to differ from healthy control subjects in their ability to memorize emotional information, but they tend to have specific difficulties forgetting negative information. Also, BPD patients seem to recall autobiographical, particularly negative events with stronger arousal than healthy controls, while BPD patients also show specific temporo-prefrontal alterations in neural correlates. No substantial evidence was found that the current affective state influences learning and memory in BPD patients any differently than in healthy control subjects. In general, a depressive mood seems to both deteriorate and negatively bias information processing and memories, while there is evidence that dissociative symptoms impair learning and memory independently of stimulus valence. This review discusses methodological challenges of studies on memory and emotions in BPD and makes suggestions for future research and clinical implications.
Topics: Adult; Affect; Arousal; Borderline Personality Disorder; Brain; Comorbidity; Depressive Disorder, Major; Dissociative Disorders; Emotions; Female; Humans; Learning; Male; Memory; Memory, Episodic; Mental Recall; Neuropsychological Tests
PubMed: 24355827
DOI: 10.1159/000356360 -
Clinical Psychology Review Dec 2015Despite the considerable efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder (PD) and agoraphobia, a substantial minority of patients fail to improve for... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Despite the considerable efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder (PD) and agoraphobia, a substantial minority of patients fail to improve for reasons that are poorly understood.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to identify consistent predictors and moderators of improvement in CBT for PD and agoraphobia.
DATA SOURCES
A systematic review and meta-analysis of articles was conducted using PsycInfo and PubMed. Search terms included panic, agoraphobi*, cognitive behavio*, CBT, cognitive therapy, behavio* therapy, CT, BT, exposure, and cognitive restructuring.
STUDY SELECTION
Studies were limited to those employing semi-structured diagnostic interviews and examining change on panic- or agoraphobia-specific measures.
DATA EXTRACTION
The first author extracted data on study characteristics, prediction analyses, effect sizes, and indicators of study quality. Interrater reliability was confirmed.
SYNTHESIS
52 papers met inclusion criteria. Agoraphobic avoidance was the most consistent predictor of decreased improvement, followed by low expectancy for change, high levels of functional impairment, and Cluster C personality pathology. Other variables were consistently unrelated to improvement in CBT, understudied, or inconsistently related to improvement.
LIMITATIONS
Many studies were underpowered and failed to report effect sizes. Tests of moderation were rare.
CONCLUSIONS
Apart from agoraphobic avoidance, few variables consistently predict improvement in CBT for PD and/or agoraphobia across studies.
Topics: Agoraphobia; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Humans; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Panic Disorder
PubMed: 26443228
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.004