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The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Oct 2004Pneumonia, most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among young children especially in developing countries.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Pneumonia, most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among young children especially in developing countries. Recently, the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Pnc has increased worldwide such that the effectiveness of preventive strategies, like the new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) on rates of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and pneumonia, needs to be evaluated.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the efficacy of PCV in reducing the incidence of IPD due to vaccine serotypes (VT) and x-ray confirmed pneumonia with consolidation of unspecified etiology in children who received PCV before 12 months of age.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the following databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, Issue 1 2004), MEDLINE (1990 to March 2004) and EMBASE (1990 to December 2003). Reference list of articles, and books of abstracts of relevant symposia, were hand searched. Researchers in the field were also contacted.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing PCV with placebo, or another vaccine, among children below two years with IPD and clinical/radiographic pneumonia as outcomes.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two reviewers independently identified eligible studies, assessed trial quality, and extracted data. Differences were resolved by discussion. The inverse variance method was used to pool effect sizes.
MAIN RESULTS
We identified four trials assessing the efficacy of PCV in reducing the incidence of IPD, two on x-ray confirmed pneumonia as outcome, and one on clinical pneumonia, with or without x-ray confirmation. Results from pooling HIV-1 negative children from the South African study with the other studies were as follows: the pooled vaccine efficacy (VE) for vaccine-type IPD was 88% (95% confidence interval (CI) 73% to 94%; fixed effect and random effects models), the effect measure was statistically significant (p <0.00001) and there was no heterogeneity (p = 0.77I2 0%); the pooled VE for all-serotype IPD was 66% (95% CI 46% to 79%; fixed effect model), the effect measure was statistically significant (p <0.00001) and there was no statistical heterogeneity (p = 0.09, I2 51%); the pooled VE for x-ray confirmed pneumonia was 22% (95% CI 11% to 31%; both fixed effect and random effects models) and there was no statistical heterogeneity (p = 0.80, I2 0%). Analyses that included all the children in the South African study (HIV-1 negative and HIV-1 positive children) and pooled with data from the other studies gave very similar results.
REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS
PCV is effective in reducing the incidence of IPD from all serotypes but exerts a greater effect in reducing VT IPD. Although PCV is also effective in reducing the incidence of x-ray confirmed pneumonia, there are still uncertainties about the definition of this outcome. Additional randomised controlled trials are currently in progress.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Radiography; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 15495133
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004977 -
BMJ Global Health Oct 2023Maternal vaccination is a promising strategy to reduce the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases for mothers and infants. We aimed to provide an up-to-date overview of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Maternal vaccination is a promising strategy to reduce the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases for mothers and infants. We aimed to provide an up-to-date overview of the efficacy and safety of all available maternal vaccines.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials.gov on 1 February 2022, for phase III and IV randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared maternal vaccination against any pathogen with placebo or no vaccination. Primary outcomes were laboratory-confirmed or clinically confirmed disease in mothers and infants. Secondary safety outcomes included intrauterine growth restriction, stillbirth, maternal death, preterm birth, congenital malformations and infant death. Random effects meta-analysis were used to calculate pooled risk ratio's (RR). Quality appraisal was performed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).
RESULTS
Six RCTs on four maternal vaccines, influenza, tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (Tdap), pneumococcal and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were eligible. The overall risk of bias and certainty of evidence varied from low to high. Maternal influenza vaccination significantly reduced the number of laboratory-confirmed influenza cases (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.79, event rate 57 vs 98, 2 RCTs, n=6003, I=0%), and clinically confirmed influenza cases in mothers (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.99, event rate 418 vs 472, 2 RCTs, n=6003, I=0%), and laboratory-confirmed influenza in infants (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.85, event rate 98 vs 148, 2 RCTs, n=5883, I=0%), although this was not significant for clinically confirmed influenza in infants (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.05, event rate 1371 vs 1378, 2 RCTs, n=5883, I=0%). No efficacy data were available on maternal Tdap vaccination. Maternal pneumococcal vaccination did not reduce laboratory-confirmed and clinically confirmed middle ear disease (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.02, event rate 9 vs 18, 1 RCT, n=133 and RR 0.88 95% CI 0.69 to 1.12, event rate 42 vs 47, 1 RCT, n=133, respectively), and clinically confirmed lower-respiratory tract infection (LRTI) (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.43, event rate 18 vs 34, 1 RCT, n=70) in infants. Maternal RSV vaccination did not reduce laboratory-confirmed RSV LRTI in infants (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.01, event rate 103 vs 71, 1 RCT, n=4527). There was no evidence of a significant effect of any of the maternal vaccines on the reported safety outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
The few RCTs with low event rates suggest that, depending on the type of maternal vaccine, the vaccine might effectively prevent disease and within its size does not show safety concerns in mothers and infants.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42021235115.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Female; Humans; Infant; Influenza, Human; Influenza Vaccines; Mothers; Vaccination; Respiratory Tract Infections; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37899087
DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012376 -
Vaccine Aug 2010The use of the highly effective Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine has increased globally. We review the benefits and limitations of studies measuring... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The use of the highly effective Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine has increased globally. We review the benefits and limitations of studies measuring Hib vaccine effectiveness (VE). We critically examine the case-control approach by assessing the similarities and differences in methodology and findings and discuss the need for future Hib VE studies. In the absence of good surveillance data, vaccine effectiveness studies can play an important role, particularly with the increasing use of pneumococcal vaccine that has not been well tested under field conditions in less developed countries. However, the effectiveness of Hib vaccine has been well documented so the need for future VE Hib studies is minimal.
Topics: Bacterial Capsules; Case-Control Studies; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus Vaccines; Humans; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 20655402
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.107 -
Rheumatology (Oxford, England) Sep 2016The aim was to assess the immunogenicity and the impact on disease activity of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines in SLE patients. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
The aim was to assess the immunogenicity and the impact on disease activity of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines in SLE patients.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of studies comparing the humoral response of either pneumococcal (serotype 23F) or influenza (AH1N1, AH3N2 and B strains) vaccines between SLE patients and healthy controls, assessed by a seroconversion or a seroprotection rate 3-6 weeks after vaccination. The impact on disease activity was assessed by the comparison of the SLEDAI score before and 3-8 weeks after vaccination. Odds ratios (ORs), risk ratios and their 95% CIs were pooled using the generic inverse variance method.
RESULTS
Twenty studies were included, three for pneumococcal vaccine and 17 for influenza vaccine, gathering 1665 SLE patients and 826 healthy controls. For pneumococcal vaccination, no significant difference was observed, either for seroconversion rate between SLE patients and controls or for the SLEDAI score. For influenza vaccination, the response against AH1N1 was significantly reduced in SLE patients, with a lower rate of seroconversion (OR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.54; P < 0.00001, I(2) = 39%) and seroprotection (OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.47; P < 0.00001, I(2) = 25%). For AH3N2, only seroprotection rate was significantly lower in SLE patients (OR = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.50; P < 0.0001, I(2) = 21%). For B strain, neither seroconversion nor seroprotection rates were significantly different. Influenza vaccine did not modify the SLEDAI score.
CONCLUSION
The immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in SLE patients depends on the viral strains. A reduced immunogenicity against influenza A is noted, while the immunogenicity against the B strain is preserved. The pneumococcal vaccine against 23F serotype has a preserved immunogenicity. These vaccines have no impact on the SLEDAI score.
Topics: Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27160278
DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew211 -
Vaccine Apr 2022Vaccinations are essential for preventing infectious diseases in children with chronic diseases as they have increased risk of infection from frequent use of biologics.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
UNLABELLED
Vaccinations are essential for preventing infectious diseases in children with chronic diseases as they have increased risk of infection from frequent use of biologics. Response to immunizations in this group is not well known.
OBJECTIVE
A systematic review was performed to evaluate three primary outcomes: efficacy; immunogenicity; and safety of vaccines in children with chronic conditions treated with biologics.
METHODS
The protocol for our systematic review and meta-analysis was registered and published with PROSPERO. We searched electronic bibliographic databases for studies published from 2009 to 2019, focusing on vaccinations in children with chronic conditions treated with biologics.
RESULTS
We retrieved 532 records. Thirty-one full-text articles were selected, and 14 were included in the meta-analysis. No significant publication bias was found.
EFFICACY
limited data are available regarding the efficacy of vaccination, as most studies have focused on immunogenicity as surrogate outcome for efficacy. Immunogenicity: patients receiving anti-TNF-alpha therapy had a statistically significant risk of poor seroconversion (p = 0.028) and seroprotection by the serotype B influenza vaccine [inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) p = 0.013; juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) p = 0.004]. We found adequate responses with H1N1 and H3N2 serotypes. Few studies existed for pneumococcal, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, varicella-zoster virus, Measles Mumps Rubella virus, and multiple vaccine administration.
SAFETY
vaccine administration was not associated with serious side effects, but JIA patients on anti-TNF alpha therapy had a statistically significant risk of presenting with myalgia or arthralgia postinfluenza vaccine (p = 0.014).
CONCLUSIONS
More evidence concerning efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of vaccinations is needed to guide physicians in the vaccine decision process for this pediatric population.
Topics: Biological Products; Child; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors
PubMed: 35370019
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.041 -
Vaccine Aug 2017Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of childhood diseases that result in significant morbidity and mortality in India. Commercially licensed and available... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of childhood diseases that result in significant morbidity and mortality in India. Commercially licensed and available pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) include ten (PCV-10) and 13 (PCV-13) pneumococcal serotypes. Vaccines with other serotype combinations are under development. Reviewing and reporting trends and distribution of pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in India will be useful for policy making as PCV is being introduced into India's universal immunization program.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic literature review of hospital based observational studies (both peer reviewed and gray literature published in English) from India available from January 1990 to December 2016. Studies that documented data on the prevalence of serotype distribution and the antimicrobial resistance pattern of S. pneumoniae in children≤5years of age were included.
RESULT
We screened a total number of 116 studies, of which 109 studies were excluded. Final analysis included seven studies. The most frequent pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive disease among children≤5years were 14, 1, 19F, 6B, 5, 6A, 9V and 23F. Serotype 14 and 19A were represented in most of the geographical regions studied in the reviewed articles. Currently available PCV formulations included 67.3-78.4% of all serotypes contributing to IPD among Indian children≤5years. Pneumococcal resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin and cefotaxime was seen in 81%, 37%, 10%, 8%, 6% and 4% of all pneumococcal isolates respectively, while vancomycin resistance was not reported.
CONCLUSION
The present review demonstrates that up to 78.4% of reported invasive pneumococcal disease in children≤5years in India are currently caused by serotypes that are included in the available licensed PCVs. However, sentinel surveillance must be continued in representative parts of the country to assess the changing trends in distribution of pneumococcal serotypes and their implication for vaccine selection and rollout in India.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Humans; India; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Prevalence; Serogroup; Serotyping; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 28711387
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.079 -
Value in Health Regional Issues Dec 2017Pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) causes almost one in five deaths in children younger than 5 years worldwide. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), pneumonia causes 14%... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) causes almost one in five deaths in children younger than 5 years worldwide. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), pneumonia causes 14% of all deaths. Although pneumococcal disease is a vaccine-preventable disease that accounts for a significant proportion of this burden, the decision-making process to introduce pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in official schedules is still complex in LAC. Confirmed PP cases and epidemiology are the basis for broader projections.
OBJECTIVE
To gather all the information available in the LAC region to assist decision makers.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review of studies of consolidating and culture-confirmed pediatric PP in LAC (2000-2016) using a generic academic Internet search and search engines without language restrictions. Pairs of reviewers independently selected and assessed the studies' methodological quality. We analyzed meta-information on pneumococcal serotypes available from the SIREVA laboratory-based surveillance system.
RESULTS
A total of 35 out of 750 initially identified studies were included. In the age group between 0 and 59 years, the incidence of culture-confirmed PP ranged from 10.2 to 43.0/100,000 children, with a pooled incidence of 20.4/100,000 children (95% confidence interval 0.0-123.2). Mortality ranged from 0.4 to 5.7/100,000 children, and the pooled mortality was 2.9/100,000 children (95% confidence interval 0.3-8.2). The pooled serotype distribution from surveillance data showed that serotypes 14, 1, and 6B were the most frequent serotypes in LAC, all included in licensed vaccines.
CONCLUSIONS
Studies on confirmed pediatric PP were scarce in LAC in 2000 to 2016. Epidemiology indicators and health resource use are still poorly defined.
Topics: Caribbean Region; Cost of Illness; Humans; Latin America; Pediatrics; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Serogroup; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 29254541
DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2017.04.004 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Jul 2022Pneumococcal infections can lead to serious invasive diseases such as meningitis, septicemia and pneumonia, as well as milder but more common illnesses such as sinusitis...
INTRODUCTION
Pneumococcal infections can lead to serious invasive diseases such as meningitis, septicemia and pneumonia, as well as milder but more common illnesses such as sinusitis and otitis media. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the inclusion of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in infant National Immunization Program (NIP) programs worldwide. Decision-makers in Asian countries planning to introduce PCVs in their respective NIP will need a comprehensive evidence of effectiveness of PCVs at the population level and economic evidence including cost-effectiveness.
AREAS COVERED
A systematic literature review (from 1/1/2016 to 10/11/2019) of PCVs in East and Southeast Asia to understand (1) the contributing factors to cost-effectiveness results of PCVs and (2) whether gaps in evidence exist suggesting why the region may have yet to implement full NIPs.
EXPERT OPINION
In East and Southeast Asia, vaccination with PCVs was found to significantly reduce the mortality and morbidity of pneumococcal diseases and was cost-effective compared to no vaccination. Study assumptions, specifically vaccine local acquisition, the inclusion or exclusion of indirect effects (serotype replacement and herd effect), cross-protection, and protection against nontypeable and serotype 3, were the main drivers of cost-effectiveness.
Topics: Asia, Southeastern; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Humans; Infant; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 33682584
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1894933 -
EClinicalMedicine Dec 2020The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarise the literature regarding the immunogenicity of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) and...
BACKGROUND
The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarise the literature regarding the immunogenicity of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (PPSV) in adult people living with HIV (PLWH) in the era of advanced combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
METHODS
The systematic review protocol was published online (PROSPERO ID: CRD 42020153137). We searched Medline (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), and the Global Health Library for publications from 2000 to June 11, 2020. We included all studies in adult PLWH that reported vaccine immunogenicity outcomes. The primary outcome was seroconversion rate (SCR) after PCV, PPSV and PCV/PPSV combined. For random-effects meta-analysis, we included studies defining SCR as ≥ 2-fold increase in IgG from baseline, and reporting SCR for serotypes 6B, 14, or overall SCR, 1-3 months after vaccination.
FINDINGS
Our search identified 1597 unique studies, of which 115 were eligible for full-text assessment. Of these, 39 met the inclusion criteria (11 RCTs; 28 cohort studies). A high degree of heterogeneity was observed. Nineteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled overall SCRs were 42% (95% CI 30-56%), 44% (95% CI 33-55%) and 57% (95% CI 50-63%) for PLWH who received PPSV, PCV or a combination of PCV/PPSV, respectively. Compared to PPSV alone, a combination of PCV/PPSV yielded higher SCRs (OR 2.24 95% CI 1.41- 3.58), whereas we did not observe a significant difference in SCR between PCV and PPSV23 alone. There were no statistically significant differences in geometric mean post-vaccination antibody concentrations between vaccination schedules. Vaccination at higher CD4 cell counts improved immunogenicity in 8/21 studies, especially when PCV was administered. No studies assessed the long-term immunogenicity of PCV followed by PPSV23. Quality of evidence ranged from poor ( = 19) to good quality ( = 7). A limited number of pneumococcal serotypes was assessed in the majority of studies.
INTERPRETATION
We show that the recommended immunisation schedule consisting of a combination of PCV13/PPSV23, is immunogenic in PLWH in the era of advanced cART. However, the durability of this vaccination schedule remains unknown and must be addressed in future research. Vaccination with PCV should be delayed until immunological recovery (CD4>200) in recently diagnosed PLWH for optimal immunogenicity. The evidence gathered here supports wide implementation of the combination of PCV/PPSV23 for all PLWH. We recommend reassessment of this strategy once higher-valent PCVs become available.
FUNDING
HMGG is funded by a public research grant of ZonMw (project number 522004005).
PubMed: 33294820
DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100576 -
Vaccine Aug 2009Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in adults are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and costs. A literature review was conducted to identify strengths... (Review)
Review
Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in adults are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and costs. A literature review was conducted to identify strengths and limitations of the cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine studies. A comparative analysis of the impact of model parameters on cost-effectiveness ratios was complemented by systematic assessment of the studies. We identified 11 economic evaluations of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) in adults. In general, all 11 studies found that vaccination with PPV-23 is a cost-effective, and in some cases a cost-saving strategy for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). The systematic assessment indicated that the results of the cost-effectiveness studies of PPV-23 are influenced by the values applied to vaccine efficacy, IPD incidence and case-fatality.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Humans; Middle Aged; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Vaccination
PubMed: 19520205
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.061