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Vaccine Oct 2019Serotype 3 pneumococcal disease has not substantially declined at the population level after the routine introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)...
BACKGROUND
Serotype 3 pneumococcal disease has not substantially declined at the population level after the routine introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) into pediatric immunization programs across the globe. This epidemiological finding has generated debate regarding the effectiveness of PCV13 against serotype 3 disease. Evaluating PCV13 effectiveness against serotype 3 is especially critical in adults, where serotype 3 makes up an important amount of remaining pneumococcal disease.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review of the published literature to assess the direct effectiveness of PCV13 against serotype 3 community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among adults. We then estimated overall vaccine effectiveness (VE) using a pooled analysis of the individual-level, raw data.
RESULTS
Two published studies met inclusion criteria. One was a randomized controlled trial conducted in the Netherlands and published in 2014. The other was a recently-published case-control study conducted in Louisville, Kentucky that used a test-negative design (TND). We also identified a third TND study conducted in Argentina that was recently presented as a conference abstract but is not yet published. All three studies were conducted in adults aged ≥65 years. PCV13 VE against serotype 3 hospitalized CAP was 52.5% (95%CI: 6.2-75.9%) from the pooled analysis of individual-level data from all three studies. Results were similar if the unpublished estimate was excluded (serotype 3 VE = 53.6% [95%CI: 6.7-76.9%]). No heterogeneity was observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Currently-available evidence, although limited to three studies, suggests that PCV13 provides direct protection against serotype 3 hospitalized CAP in adults aged ≥65 years.
Topics: Adult; Argentina; Case-Control Studies; Humans; Kentucky; Netherlands; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Research Design; Serogroup; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Vaccine Potency; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 31522807
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.059 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Jan 2014Pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children <5 years of age globally. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are known to provide protection... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children <5 years of age globally. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are known to provide protection against vaccine serotype pneumococcal pneumonia; uncertainty exists regarding the optimum PCV dosing schedule.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review of studies published from 1994 to 2010 (supplemented post hoc with studies from 2011) documenting the effect of PCV dosing schedules on clinical and radiologically confirmed pneumonia, pneumococcal pneumonia and empyema among children of ages targeted to receive vaccine. Data on 2- and 3-dose schedules were included. Percent change of pneumonia incidence rates from baseline to most recent year post-PCV introduction was calculated.
RESULTS
We identified 42 primary citations that evaluated PCV schedules and pneumonia. Thirty-seven (88%) were from North America, Europe or Australia; 37 (88%) evaluated PCV7 and 1 (2%) PCV10. Two studies (both observational) compared multiple schedules within the study. We found evidence of reduced clinical and radiologically confirmed pneumonia incidence for all schedules, including 2+1 (1 nonrandomized trial, 5 observational studies), 3+0 (5 randomized trials, 2 observational studies) and 3+1 (5 clinical trials, 24 observational studies) schedules. The magnitude of disease impact did not differ among schedules. Evidence for impact on pneumococcal pneumonia and empyema varied.
CONCLUSIONS
All schedules (2+1, 3+0 and 3+1) reduced clinical and radiologically confirmed pneumonia. Quantifying differences in pneumonia disease impact between schedules was difficult due to heterogeneity among studies in design, case definition and population. These findings support World Health Organization recommendations for 3-dose schedules administered as either 3+0 or 2+1 regimens. Pneumonia impact data are still needed on expanded serotype PCV products, developing country settings and the role for a booster dose.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Observational Studies as Topic; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 24336056
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000082 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Aug 2010In the northern hemisphere about 12/1000 people a year (on average) contract pneumonia while living in the community, with most cases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
In the northern hemisphere about 12/1000 people a year (on average) contract pneumonia while living in the community, with most cases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mortality ranges from about 5% to 35% depending on severity of disease, with a worse prognosis in older people, men, and people with chronic diseases.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of interventions to prevent community-acquired pneumonia? What are the effects of treatments for community-acquired pneumonia in outpatient settings, in people admitted to hospital, and in people receiving intensive care? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to January 2010 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 15 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antibiotics (oral, intravenous), different combinations, and prompt administration of antibiotics in intensive-care settings, early mobilisation, influenza vaccine, and pneumococcal vaccine.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Community-Acquired Infections; Evidence-Based Medicine; Hospitalization; Humans; Incidence; Pneumonia; Severity of Illness Index; Streptococcus pneumoniae
PubMed: 21418681
DOI: No ID Found -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Jan 2014Streptococcus pneumoniae causes a considerable amount of morbidity and mortality in children <5. However, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) can prevent much of this... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes a considerable amount of morbidity and mortality in children <5. However, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) can prevent much of this burden. Until recently, PCVs were mostly available only in developed countries using a variety of dosing schedules. As more lower income countries make decisions to introduce PCV into their national immunization programs, an optimal schedule with which to administer PCV has become a key policy question.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review of English literature published from 1994 to 2010 on the effects of PCV dosing schedules on immunogenicity, nasopharyngeal carriage, invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia. Data were independently double abstracted and cleaned for analysis. Descriptive analyses were performed.
RESULTS
We identified 12,980 citations from the literature search (12,976) and secondary means (44). Double review of titles and abstracts yielded 769 articles that underwent full data abstraction. Of these, 350 were further analyzed and are presented in separate reports in this supplement.
CONCLUSIONS
This article presents the methods utilized in our systematic review. Because of the heterogenity of the study methods of the reports identified by this review, we did not conduct formal meta-analyses. However, these methods allow us to present a full landscape of the literature on PCV dosing schedules.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Data Mining; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 24336060
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000085 -
Vaccine Jul 2013Pneumococcal disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality associated with significant economic burden for healthcare systems and society. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pneumococcal disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality associated with significant economic burden for healthcare systems and society.
OBJECTIVES
To systematically review pneumococcal disease cost of illness and productivity loss studies in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region.
METHODS
A search of relevant databases was performed till November 2011. A broad and sensitive search strategy was used consisting of medical subject headings (MeSH) terms for pneumococcal disease, healthcare costs and productivity loss studies. No language restriction was applied. Only papers from LAC region and child population were analyzed. Additional exclusion criteria included duplicate studies, and insufficient information about methods.
RESULTS
A total of 1241 citations were retrieved. After applying the exclusion criteria, only 16 studies remained for analysis. There were 4 papers from Brazil, 3 from Argentina, 2 from Colombia, 2 from Mexico, 1 from Uruguay, 1 from Chile, and 3 analyzing a group of LAC countries. Only 4 were cost-of-illness studies, 11 were cost-effectiveness studies of pneumococcal vaccine and 1 study of the pneumococcal burden of disease. Methods used for quantifying health resource utilization and costing methods varied significantly among studies, as well as data sources considered. Productivity losses were considered in 8 studies, all of which used the human capital approach method. Pneumococcal disease cost estimates varied significantly depending on the pneumococcal syndromes considered, methods used, study perspective and type of costs included.
CONCLUSION
This systematic review reinforced the importance of standardization of methods for cost studies that can allow comparison and reproducibility in other settings. These estimates can be useful for future economic analysis conducted to support the decision making process on the introduction of new vaccines in LAC. However, caution must be taken, as methodological aspects of studies will result in estimates with varying levels of accuracy and external validity.
Topics: Caribbean Region; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost of Illness; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Efficiency; Health Care Costs; Humans; Latin America; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 23777689
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.030 -
Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2020To demonstrate the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage status in children younger than 5 years in Latin America and the...
The direct and indirect effects of the pneumococcal conjugated vaccine on carriage rates in children aged younger than 5 years in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review.
OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage status in children younger than 5 years in Latin America and the Caribbean.
METHODS
A systematic literature review was carried out on the direct and indirect effects of pneumococcal vaccine in the carriage status, after implementation in childhood immunization programs. Studies carried out in children younger than 5 years were selected from the PubMed® and Virtual Health Library databases, and data collected after implementation of pneumococcal vaccine in Latin America and the Caribbean, between 2008 and 2018.
RESULTS
From 1,396 articles identified, 738 were selected based on titles and abstracts. After duplicate removal, 31 studies were eligible for full-text reading, resulting in 6 publications for analysis. All selected publications were observational studies and indicated a decrease in the carriage and vaccine types, and an increase in the circulation of non-vaccine serotypes, such as 6A, 19A, 35B, 21 and 38. We did not identify changes in the antimicrobial resistance after vaccine implementation.
CONCLUSION
A decrease in the carriage status of vaccine types and non-vaccine types was detected. The continuous monitoring of pneumococcal vaccine effect is fundamental to demonstrate the impact of the carriage status and, consequently, of invasive pneumococcal disease, allowing better targeting approaches in countries that included pneumococcal vaccine in their immunization programs. Our study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero) under number CRD42018096719.
Topics: Caribbean Region; Carrier State; Child, Preschool; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Latin America; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 31778464
DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020RW4890 -
European Journal of Preventive... Sep 2015Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and CAP-related mortality in adults. Pneumococcal vaccination (PV) could protect... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
AIMS
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and CAP-related mortality in adults. Pneumococcal vaccination (PV) could protect subjects from cardiovascular events by reducing pneumonia severity or even preventing it. We sought to determine the ability of PV to protect from the risk of cardiovascular events.
METHODS AND RESULTS
A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted up to March 2014. Cohort studies that reported relative risk (RR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were included. Eleven studies were included (332,267 participants, mean follow-up 20.1 months). The pooled RRs for cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76-0.97) and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.86-0.98; fixed-effects), respectively, for subjects with PV versus without PV. Protective ability was more prominent in high cardiovascular risk populations and with older age. The protective role of PV was attenuated after 1 year (RR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.59-0.88 vs RR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.93-1.14; p = 0.002, for follow-up >1 year vs ≤1 year, respectively). It also increased as the presence of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease increased. Regarding myocardial infarction (MI) and cerebrovascular events, the protective role of PV was statistically significant only in the elderly (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.817-0.999; fixed-effects and RR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75-0.99, respectively).
CONCLUSION
PV is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. This protective effect increases at older age and in high cardiovascular risk subjects and decreases as the time elapses from PV. PV decreases the risk of MI and cerebrovascular events in the elderly.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cardiovascular Diseases; Community-Acquired Infections; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Protective Factors; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Vaccination
PubMed: 25252595
DOI: 10.1177/2047487314549512 -
Expert Review of Vaccines 2023Diabetic patients are at a higher risk of getting pneumococcal disease and are therefore recommended to get vaccinated. The aim of our systematic review is the retrieval... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Diabetic patients are at a higher risk of getting pneumococcal disease and are therefore recommended to get vaccinated. The aim of our systematic review is the retrieval and analysis of all available evidence on the effect of pneumococcal vaccination on the risk of hospitalization and death in adult patients with diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
MEDLINEand EMBASE were searched from inception until January 2023. We included all studies investigating whether pneumococcal vaccination reduces the risk of dying or being hospitalized in diabetic patients. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess risk of bias.
RESULTS
Only two studies, encompassing a total of 68,246 subjects, were considered eligible for inclusion and of high quality. In both studies polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccination was associated with a reduction of the risk of hospitalization or death in adult diabetic patients (aHR: 0.76 in one study, aOR: 0.97 in the other one). However, in neither of the two included studies the lower risk was statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS
Further research is needed due to the potentially major clinical implications for diabetic patients. The results of this systematic review can serve as a foundation for future studies, indicating the importance of continuing research in this area to improve patient outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Pneumococcal Infections; Hospitalization; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Diabetes Mellitus; Vaccination; Pneumococcal Vaccines
PubMed: 37990793
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2286374 -
Vaccine Mar 2016Data on the efficacy of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) in preventing adult community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among the target population of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Efficacy of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in preventing community-acquired pneumonia among immunocompetent adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.
BACKGROUND
Data on the efficacy of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) in preventing adult community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among the target population of individuals aged over 65 years and high-risk individuals aged 19-64 years are conflicting. As the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has recently demonstrated PPV-23 is likely beneficial to immunocompromised adults by the Grading, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework, we conducted meta-analysis to examine its efficacy in an immunocompetent population.
METHODS
We searched the PUBMED, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases for randomized trials. Overall relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidential intervals (CIs) were calculated, and the Cochrane Q test (p, I(2)) was performed. Outcomes were assessed by the GRADE framework.
RESULTS
Seven randomized trials involving 156,010 participants were included in this meta-analysis. High-quality evidence revealed that PPV-23 was weakly associated with the prevention of all-cause pneumonia ([RR] 0.87, [95%CI] 0.76-0.98, p=0.11, I(2)=43%), especially among the target population ([RR] 0.72, [95%CI] 0.69-0.94, p=0.58 I(2)=0%), the elderly group aged over 40 years ([RR] 0.80, [95%CI] 0.69-0.94) and the Japanese population ([RR] 0.72, [95%CI] 0.59-0.88, p=0.24, I(2)=30%). The target population included adults aged over 65 years and patients at high risk of pneumonia due to chronic lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or living in a nursing home. Protective trends of PPV-23 in the outcomes of pneumococcal pneumonia ([RR] 0.54, [95%CI] 0.18-1.65, p=0.01, I(2)=77%) and mortality due to pneumonia ([RR] 0.67, [95%CI] 0.43-1.04, p=0.67, I(2)=0%) were observed, although the results were statistically insignificant, possibly due to the small number of trials included. PPV-23 did not prevent all-cause mortality ([RR] 1.04, [95%CI] 0.87-1.24, p=0.95, I(2)=0%).
CONCLUSIONS
PPV-23 provided weak protection against all-cause pneumonia in an immunocompetent population, especially among the target population. The additional benefit of PPV-23 in preventing CAP further supports its application in the target population.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Community-Acquired Infections; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Middle Aged; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Young Adult
PubMed: 26899376
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.023 -
EClinicalMedicine Jul 2023Vaccination of infants with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) is recommended by the World Health Organization. Evidence is mixed regarding the differences in...
BACKGROUND
Vaccination of infants with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) is recommended by the World Health Organization. Evidence is mixed regarding the differences in immunogenicity and efficacy of the different pneumococcal vaccines.
METHODS
In this systematic-review and network meta-analysis, we searched the Cochrane Library, Embase, Global Health, Medline, clinicaltrials.gov and trialsearch.who.int up to February 17, 2023 with no language restrictions. Studies were eligible if they presented data comparing the immunogenicity of either PCV7, PCV10 or PCV13 in head-to-head randomised trials of young children under 2 years of age, and provided immunogenicity data for at least one time point after the primary vaccination series or the booster dose. Publication bias was assessed via Cochrane's Risk Of Bias due to Missing Evidence tool and comparison-adjusted funnel plots with Egger's test. Individual participant level data were requested from publication authors and/or relevant vaccine manufacturers. Outcomes included the geometric mean ratio (GMR) of serotype-specific IgG and the relative risk (RR) of seroinfection. Seroinfection was defined for each individual as a rise in antibody between the post-primary vaccination series time point and the booster dose, evidence of presumed subclinical infection. Seroefficacy was defined as the RR of seroinfection. We also estimated the relationship between the GMR of IgG one month after priming and the RR of seroinfection by the time of the booster dose. The protocol is registered with PROSPERO, ID CRD42019124580.
FINDINGS
47 studies were eligible from 38 countries across six continents. 28 and 12 studies with data available were included in immunogenicity and seroefficacy analyses, respectively. GMRs comparing PCV13 vs PCV10 favoured PCV13 for serotypes 4, 9V, and 23F at 1 month after primary vaccination series, with 1.14- to 1.54- fold significantly higher IgG responses with PCV13. Risk of seroinfection prior to the time of booster dose was lower for PCV13 for serotype 4, 6B, 9V, 18C and 23F than for PCV10. Significant heterogeneity and inconsistency were present for most serotypes and for both outcomes. Two-fold higher antibody after primary vaccination was associated with a 54% decrease in risk of seroinfection (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.23-0.96).
INTERPRETATION
Serotype-specific differences were found in immunogenicity and seroefficacy between PCV13 and PCV10. Higher antibody response after vaccination was associated with a lower risk of subsequent infection. These findings could be used to compare PCVs and optimise vaccination strategies.
FUNDING
The NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme.
PubMed: 37425373
DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102073