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Archivio Italiano Di Urologia,... Mar 2021Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified by the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on January 8, 2020 and was...
INTRODUCTION
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified by the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on January 8, 2020 and was declared as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020 by WHO. SARS-CoV-2 uses the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor as an entry route, associated with the transmembrane serine protease protein (TMPRSS2), which makes the testis and particularly spermatogenesis potentially vulnerable, since this tissue has high expression of ACE2.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We performed a systematic literature review by electronic bibliographic databases in Pubmed, Scopus and ScienceDirect up to August 2020 about the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on male sexual function and its transmission, to assess possible repercussions on sex organs and the existence of a sexual transmission path.
RESULTS
Although SARS-CoV-2 presence has not been found in testicle samples, it has been demonstrated that it causes histological changes compatible with orchitis, and sex hormone disturbances. TMPRSS2 is up-regulated in prostate cancer where it supports tumor progression, thus these patients may have a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. TMPRSS2 inhibitors may be useful for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. No viral material has been found in blood or semen, however it has been proven to be present in stool and saliva.
CONCLUSION
The male reproductive system would be highly vulnerable and susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 given the expression of the ACE2 receptor in somatic and germ cells. The seminal fluid would remain free of viral presence in patients with COVID-19. Regardless, non-genital sex could be an important source of viral transmission. In assisted reproduction techniques all necessary tests must be carried out to ensure the donor is free of the virus at the time of collection and handling of the seminal sample.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Male; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral; Testis
PubMed: 33754609
DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2021.1.48 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery (Hong... 2020Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) is a common complication after total joint arthroplasties (TJAs). The POUR is managed with urinary catheterization, which is...
PURPOSE
Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) is a common complication after total joint arthroplasties (TJAs). The POUR is managed with urinary catheterization, which is associated with a risk of urinary tract infection and subsequent periprosthetic joint infection. The purpose of this review was to afford a comprehensive understanding of POUR and its management.
METHODS
We identified 15 original articles concerning POUR after TJA, which were published from January 2010 to February 2019. The diagnostic method, incidence, risk factors, and management of POUR of the 15 studies were reviewed.
RESULTS
The incidence of POUR was ranged from 4.1% to 46.3%. Ultrasound was used for the detection of POUR among the total of the 15 studies. The following factors of old age, male gender, benign prostatic hypertrophy, history of urinary retention, spinal/epidural anesthesia, excessive fluid administration, patient-controlled analgesia, the use of opiates, underlying comorbidities, and poor American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade were risk factors for POUR. Most of the studies did not use indwelling catheterization during surgery. The POUR patients were managed with intermittent catheterization. The most common volume criterion for bladder catheterization was 400 mL. In inevitable use of an indwelling catheter, it should be removed within 48 h.
CONCLUSIONS
This review provided an up-to-date guide for the detection and management of POUR.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level III.
Topics: Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Postoperative Complications; Risk Factors; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Retention; Urination
PubMed: 32114894
DOI: 10.1177/2309499020905134 -
The Aging Male : the Official Journal... Dec 2021Liquid biopsy refers to the detection and analysis of the components from biological fluids non-invasively, including circulating tumor cells, nucleic acids, and...
PURPOSE
Liquid biopsy refers to the detection and analysis of the components from biological fluids non-invasively, including circulating tumor cells, nucleic acids, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). It is necessary to review the clinical value of liquid biopsy assays in PC and explore its potential application.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We systematically reviewed of PubMed was performed to identify relevant literature on potential clinical applications of circulating tumor cells, circulating nucleic acids, and EVs in prostate cancer (PC).
RESULTS
Liquid biopsy has emerged as a powerful tool to elucidate dynamic genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic tumor profiling in real-time. Here, the potential clinical applications of liquid biopsy include early detection, prognosis of survival, assessment of treatment response, and mechanisms of drug resistance in PC.
CONCLUSIONS
Liquid biopsy provides great value in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response in PC. Characterization of liquid biopsy components provides benefits both to unravel underlying resistance mechanisms and to exploit novel clinically actionable targets in PC. In addition, we suggest that analysis of multiparametric liquid biopsies should be analyzed comprehensively, assisting in monitoring tumor characteristics in real-time, guiding therapeutic selection, and early therapeutic switching during disease progression.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Liquid Biopsy; Male; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 34850655
DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2021.1944085 -
Journal of Endourology Feb 2020Pelvic lymph node dissection is an important step during robotic radical prostatectomy. The collection of lymphatic fluid (lymphocele) is the most common complication...
Pelvic lymph node dissection is an important step during robotic radical prostatectomy. The collection of lymphatic fluid (lymphocele) is the most common complication with potentially severe impact; therefore, different strategies have been proposed to reduce its incidence. In this systematic review, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and NIH Registry of Clinical Trials were searched for articles including the following interventions: transperitoneal extraperitoneal approach, any reconfiguration of the peritoneum, the use of pelvic drains, and the use of different sealing techniques and sealing agents. The outcome evaluated was the incidence of symptomatic lymphocele. Randomized, nonrandomized, and/or retrospective studies were included. Twelve studies were included (including one ongoing randomized clinical trial). Because of heterogeneity of included studies, no meta-analysis was performed. No significant impact was reported by different sealing techniques and agents or by surgical approach. Three retrospective, nonrandomized studies showed a potential benefit of peritoneal reconfiguration to maximize the peritoneal surface of reabsorption. Lymphocele formation is a multistep and multifactorial event; high-quality literature analyzing risk factors and preventive measures is rather scarce. Peritoneal reconfiguration could represent a reasonable option that deserves further evaluation; no other preventive measure is supported by current evidence.
Topics: Drainage; Humans; Incidence; Lymph Node Excision; Lymphocele; Male; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; Pelvis; Peritoneum; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Retrospective Studies; Robotic Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 31797684
DOI: 10.1089/end.2019.0716 -
American Journal of Industrial Medicine Mar 1998Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are commonly used in a variety of industrial machining and grinding operations. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are commonly used in a variety of industrial machining and grinding operations. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that more that one million workers are exposed to MWFs. NIOSH conducted a comprehensive and systematic review of the epidemiologic studies that examined the association between MWF exposure and cancer. Substantial evidence was found for an increased risk of cancer at several sites (larynx, rectum, pancreas, skin, scrotum, and bladder) associated with at least some MWFs used prior to the mid-1970s. This paper provides the evidence pertaining to cancer at these sites. Cancer at those sites found to have more limited or less consistent evidence for an association with MWF (stomach, esophagus, lung, prostate, brain, colon, and hematopoietic system) will not be discussed in this paper but are discussed in the recent NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard-Occupational Exposure to MWFs. Because the changes in MWF composition that have occurred over the last several decades may not be sufficient to eliminate the cancer risks associated with MWF exposure, reductions in airborne MWF exposures are recommended.
Topics: Air Pollutants, Occupational; Air Pollution, Indoor; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Genital Neoplasms, Male; Humans; Industrial Oils; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Lubrication; Male; Maximum Allowable Concentration; Medical Records; Metallurgy; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S.; Neoplasms; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Exposure; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Population Surveillance; Rectal Neoplasms; Risk Factors; Scrotum; Skin Neoplasms; Surface Properties; United States; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 9481427
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199803)33:3<282::aid-ajim10>3.0.co;2-w