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Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric... Jun 2016We examine evidence for whether decreases in externalizing behaviors are driven by the absence of risk (e.g., lack of poor housing quality) or the presence of something... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
We examine evidence for whether decreases in externalizing behaviors are driven by the absence of risk (e.g., lack of poor housing quality) or the presence of something positive (e.g., good housing quality). We also review evidence for whether variables have promotive (main) effects or protective (buffering) effects within contexts of risks.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review of longitudinal studies. First, we review studies (n = 7) that trichotomized continuous predictor variables. Trichotomization tests whether the positive end of a variable (e.g., good housing quality) is associated with lower delinquency compared with the mid-range, and whether mid-range scores are associated with fewer problems than the "risky" end (e.g., poor housing quality). We do not review dichotomous variables, because the interpretation of results is the same regardless of which value is the reference group. To address our second aim, we review studies (n = 53) that tested an interaction between a risk and positive factor.
RESULTS
Both the absence of risk and the presence of positive characteristics were associated with low externalizing problems for IQ, temperament, and some family variables. For other variables, associations with low delinquency involved only the presence of something positive (e.g., good housing quality), or the absence of a risk factor (e.g., community crime). The majority of studies that tested interactions among individual and family characteristics supported protective, rather than promotive, effects. Few studies tested interactions among peer, school, and neighborhood characteristics.
CONCLUSIONS
We discuss implications for conceptual understanding of promotive and protective factors and for intervention and prevention strategies.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Child; Child Behavior; Humans; Mental Disorders
PubMed: 27130443
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-016-1228-1 -
A systematic review of risk and protective factors of mental health in unaccompanied minor refugees.European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Aug 2022In recent years, there has been a rising interest in the mental health of unaccompanied minor refugees (UMR), who are a high-risk group for mental disorders. Especially... (Review)
Review
In recent years, there has been a rising interest in the mental health of unaccompanied minor refugees (UMR), who are a high-risk group for mental disorders. Especially the investigation of predictive factors of the mental health of young refugees has received increasing attention. However, there has been no review on this current issue for the specific group of UMR so far. We aimed to summarize and evaluate the existing findings of specific risk and protective factors to identify the most verified influences on the mental health of UMR. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature search. Study designs were limited to quantitative cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. Eight databases were searched in four different languages and article reference lists of relevant papers were screened. 27 studies were included (N = 4753). Qualitative synthesis revealed the number of stressful life events to be the most evaluated and verified risk factor for mental health of UMR. A stable environment and social support, on the other hand, can protect UMR from developing poor mental health. Besides that, several other influencing factors could be pointed out, such as type of accommodation, family contact, gender and cultural competences. Because of the large heterogeneity of outcome measures, quantitative synthesis was not possible. This review helps to improve our understanding of determinants of UMRs mental health and thus to provide more targeted treatment. Furthermore, it provides information on how to prevent the development of mental health problems by specifying factors that can be modified by different health and immigration sectors in advance. Further research is needed focusing on the interaction between the various predictive factors.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Protective Factors; Refugees
PubMed: 33169230
DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01678-2 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Jul 2023The specific factors that may influence burnout levels in police officers are not yet clear. Our aim was to systematically identify the psychosocial risk and protective... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The specific factors that may influence burnout levels in police officers are not yet clear. Our aim was to systematically identify the psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with burnout among police officers.
METHODS
This systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). A protocol was registered in PROSPERO. A search strategy was applied to Medline via OvidSP, PsycInfo, Scopus and Web of Science. The quality assessment entailed the use of the CASP checklist for cohort studies. The data was reported through a narrative synthesis.
RESULTS
After removing studies based on the selection criteria, 41 studies were included in this review. The findings were synthesized under the following subheadings: socio-demographic factors; organisational factors; operational factors; personality variables and coping strategies. Organisational and operational factors were found to be the most predominant risk factors for burnout. Personality variables and coping strategies appeared as both risk and protective factors. Socio-demographic factors were weak in explaining burnout.
LIMITATIONS
Most studies are from high-income countries. Not all used the same burnout measurement tool. All relied on self-reported data. Since 98 % had a cross-sectional design, causal inferences could not be made.
CONCLUSIONS
Burnout, despite being strictly defined as an occupational phenomenon, is related to factors outside of this context. Future research should focus on examining the reported associations by using more robust designs. More attention must be paid to police officers' mental health by investing in developing strategies to mitigate adverse factors and maximise the effects of protective factors.
Topics: Humans; Police; Protective Factors; Cross-Sectional Studies; Burnout, Professional; Adaptation, Psychological
PubMed: 36972850
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.081 -
Trauma, Violence & Abuse Apr 2023Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health challenge leading to various detrimental health outcomes. Chinese women are a vulnerable population often overlooked... (Review)
Review
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health challenge leading to various detrimental health outcomes. Chinese women are a vulnerable population often overlooked in IPV research. Guided by the social-ecological model, this systematic review aims to synthesize literature on the risk and protective factors for IPV among Chinese women. A comprehensive search was conducted in nine major English and Chinese databases for articles with data collected since 2006 on adult Chinese women, leading to 29 papers in the final analysis. Risk and protective factors associated with IPV identified in this review include factors at the individual level such as demographics (e.g., a younger age, unplanned pregnancy, abortion, having children, and migration), socioeconomic status (e.g., income and partners' education level), attitudinal factors (e.g., attitudes justifying IPV and traditional beliefs about gender roles), behavioral factors (e.g., alcohol use of women, partners' alcohol use and frequency, and partners' high frequency of gambling), adverse childhood experiences (e.g., witnessed violence in childhood), and other personal characteristics (e.g., chronic illness and good health status). Factors at the relationship level include conflicts, power in intimate relationships, and social capital (e.g., the size of social networks, network participation of women and their partners, and social control). Community-level factors related to geographic locations were also explored while no factors were identified at the societal level. None of the included studies examined the intersections of factors within the same level or across different levels. Recommendations for future research, practice, and policy are also discussed.
Topics: Adult; Pregnancy; Child; Humans; Female; Protective Factors; East Asian People; Risk Factors; Intimate Partner Violence; Alcohol Drinking; Sexual Partners; Prevalence
PubMed: 34238082
DOI: 10.1177/15248380211030235 -
International Journal of Sports Medicine Apr 2023The objective of this systematic review was to identify potential risk factors for injury in CrossFit participants. Embase, Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane, CINAHL,...
The objective of this systematic review was to identify potential risk factors for injury in CrossFit participants. Embase, Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and SportDiscuss databases were all searched up to June 2021. Cohort studies that investigated risk factors for CrossFit injuries requiring medical attention or leading to time loss in sports were included. A best-evidence synthesis was performed combining all the outcomes from prospective cohort studies. From 9,452 publications identified, we included three prospective cohort studies from which two had a low risk of bias and one a high risk of bias. The studies examined 691 participants of whom 172 sustained an injury. There was limited evidence that switching between prescribed and scaled loads during training is associated with increased injury risk and that increased duration of participation is a protective factor for injury. This could mean that novice CrossFit athletes and those increasing their training load should have closer supervision by CrossFit coaches. These risk factors should be considered when developing preventive interventions.
Topics: Humans; Athletic Injuries; Prospective Studies; Sports; Risk Factors; Athletes
PubMed: 36174660
DOI: 10.1055/a-1953-6317 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2022While the prevalence of young people's conventional cigarette use has decreased in many countries, the use of e-cigarettes has risen. To effectively counteract the... (Review)
Review
While the prevalence of young people's conventional cigarette use has decreased in many countries, the use of e-cigarettes has risen. To effectively counteract the growing popularity of e-cigarettes among young people internationally, researchers should know the exact prevalence as well as the protective and risk factors associated with vaping. Based on five eligibility criteria, 53 articles were chosen and analyzed by general characteristics, prevalence, sample characteristics, gender difference, protective factors, and risk factors. In this study, the international pooled prevalence of young people's lifetime e-cigarette use was 15.3%, the current use was 7.7%, and dual use was 4.0%. While the highest lifetime, current, and dual prevalence were found in Sweden, Canada, and the United Kingdom, respectively, the lowest prevalence was found in Germany, followed by South Korea and Sweden. Some protective and risk factors include perceived cost and danger of vaping, parental monitoring, internal developmental assets, cigarette use, family and peer smoking, exposure to online advertisements, and the presence of nearby retail stores. Based on this review, researchers and practitioners can develop different intervention programs and strategies for young smokers.
Topics: Adolescent; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; Prevalence; Protective Factors; Smoking; Vaping
PubMed: 36141845
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811570 -
Clinical Psychology Review Jul 2021A large body of research has emerged over the last decade examining empirical models of general and specific psychopathology, which take into account comorbidity among... (Review)
Review
A large body of research has emerged over the last decade examining empirical models of general and specific psychopathology, which take into account comorbidity among psychiatric disorders and enable investigation of risk and protective factors that are common across disorders. This systematic review presents findings from studies of empirical models of psychopathology and transdiagnostic risk and protective factors for psychopathology among young people (10-24 years). PsycInfo, Medline and EMBASE were searched from inception to November 2020, and 41 studies were identified that examined at least one risk or protective factor in relation to broad, empirically derived, psychopathology outcomes. Results revealed several biological (executive functioning deficits, earlier pubertal timing, genetic risk for ADHD and schizophrenia, reduced gray matter volume), socio-environmental (stressful life events, maternal depression) and psychological (low effortful control, high neuroticism, negative affectivity) transdiagnostic risk factors for broad psychopathology outcomes, including general psychopathology, internalising and externalising. Methodological complexities are discussed and recommendations for future studies of empirical models of psychopathology are presented. These results contribute to a growing body of support for transdiagnostic approaches to prevention and intervention for psychiatric disorders and highlight several promising avenues for future research.
Topics: Adolescent; Comorbidity; Humans; Mental Disorders; Protective Factors; Psychopathology; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33992846
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102036 -
Clinical Psychology Review Feb 2017This systematic review aimed to identify early risk and protective factors (in childhood, adolescence or young adulthood) longitudinally associated with the subsequent... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This systematic review aimed to identify early risk and protective factors (in childhood, adolescence or young adulthood) longitudinally associated with the subsequent development of gambling problems. A systematic search of peer-reviewed and grey literature from 1990 to 2015 identified 15 studies published in 23 articles. Meta-analyses quantified the effect size of 13 individual risk factors (alcohol use frequency, antisocial behaviours, depression, male gender, cannabis use, illicit drug use, impulsivity, number of gambling activities, problem gambling severity, sensation seeking, tobacco use, violence, undercontrolled temperament), one relationship risk factor (peer antisocial behaviours), one community risk factor (poor academic performance), one individual protective factor (socio-economic status) and two relationship protective factors (parent supervision, social problems). Effect sizes were on average small to medium and sensitivity analyses revealed that the results were generally robust to the quality of methodological approaches of the included articles. These findings highlight the need for global prevention efforts that reduce risk factors and screen young people with high-risk profiles. There is insufficient investigation of protective factors to adequately guide prevention initiatives. Future longitudinal research is required to identify additional risk and protective factors associated with problem gambling, particularly within the relationship, community, and societal levels of the socio-ecological model.
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Depression; Female; Gambling; Humans; Impulsive Behavior; Male; Protective Factors; Risk Factors; Sex Factors
PubMed: 27855334
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.008 -
International Journal of Paediatric... Jun 2018Psychosocial protective factors include dispositional and family attributes that may reduce the occurrence of dental caries. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Psychosocial protective factors include dispositional and family attributes that may reduce the occurrence of dental caries.
AIM
This review analysed the evidence on the relationship between protective psychosocial factors and dental caries in children and adolescents.
DESIGN
Primary studies involving children and adolescents were searched in the following electronic databases: Medline, SCOPUS, LILACS, SciELO, and Web of Science. The reference lists were also screened. Protective psychosocial factor descriptors were in accordance with the salutogenic theory. The outcome was clinical measure of dental caries. Quality assessments were performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
RESULTS
The final search resulted in 35 studies, including 7 cohort, one case-control, and 27 cross-sectional studies. Most studies were of moderate quality. Meta-analyses revealed that low parental internal locus of control (cohort studies: OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.20-1.64; cross-sectional studies: OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.19-1.41), high parental external chance (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10-1.29), and high maternal sense of coherence (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62-0.93) were associated with dental caries in children. High social support (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68-0.93) and greater self-efficacy (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.12-1.22) were also associated with dental caries in adolescents.
CONCLUSIONS
The current evidence suggests that some salutogenic factors are important protective factors of dental caries during childhood and adolescence.
PubMed: 29926978
DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12375 -
Journal of the American Podiatric... Nov 2015A review of the scientific literature was performed 1) to identify studies describing the most common running injuries and their relation to the risk factors that... (Review)
Review
A review of the scientific literature was performed 1) to identify studies describing the most common running injuries and their relation to the risk factors that produce them and 2) to search for potential and specific protective factors. Spanish and English biomedical search engines and databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Database Enfermería Fisioterapia Podología [ENFISPO], Cochrane Library, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were queried (February 1 to November 30, 2013). A critical reading and assessment was then performed by the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Spanish tool. In total, 276 abstracts that contained the selected key words were found. Of those, 25 identified and analyzed articles were included in the results. Injuries result from inadequate interaction between the runner's biomechanics and external factors. This leads to an excessive accumulation of impact peak forces in certain structures that tends to cause overuse injuries. The main reasons are inadequate muscle stabilization and pronation. These vary depending on the runner's foot strike pattern, foot arch morphology, and sex. Specific measures of modification and control through running footwear are proposed.
Topics: Humans; Leg Injuries; Protective Factors; Risk Factors; Running; Shoes
PubMed: 26667506
DOI: 10.7547/14-069.1