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Neurosurgical Focus Feb 2015OBJECT Functional corticotroph pituitary adenomas (PAs) secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and are the cause of Cushing's disease, which accounts for 70% of all... (Review)
Review
OBJECT Functional corticotroph pituitary adenomas (PAs) secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and are the cause of Cushing's disease, which accounts for 70% of all cases of Cushing's syndrome. Current classification systems for PAs rely primarily on laboratory hormone findings, tumor size and morphology, invasiveness, and immunohistochemical findings. Likewise, drug development for functional ACTH-secreting PAs (ACTH-PAs) is limited and has focused largely on blocking the production or downstream effects of excess cortisol. The authors aimed to summarize the findings from previous studies that explored gene and protein expression of ACTH-PAs to prioritize potential genetic and protein targets for improved molecular diagnosis and treatment of Cushing's disease. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A PubMed search of select medical subject heading (MeSH) terms was performed to identify all studies that reported gene- and protein-expression findings in ACTH-PAs from January 1, 1990, to August 24, 2014, the day the search was performed. The inclusion criteria were studies on functional ACTH-PAs compared with normal pituitary glands, on human PA tissue only, with any method of analysis, and published in the English language. Studies using anything other than resected PA tissue, those that compared other adenoma types, those without baseline expression data, or those in which any pretreatment was delivered before analysis were excluded. RESULTS The primary search returned 1371 abstracts, of which 307 were found to be relevant. Of those, 178 were selected for secondary full-text analysis. Of these, 64 articles met the inclusion criteria and an additional 4 studies were identified from outside the search for a total of 68 included studies. Compared with the normal pituitary gland, significant gene overexpression in 43 genes and 22 proteins was reported, and gene underexpression in 58 genes and 15 proteins was reported. Immunohistochemistry was used in 39 of the studies, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used in 26 of the studies, primarily, and as validation for 4 others. Thirteen studies used both immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Other methods used included microarray, in situ hybridization, Northern blot analysis, and Western blot analysis. Expression of prioritized genes emphasized in multiple studies were often validated on both the gene and protein levels. Genes/proteins found to be overexpressed in ACTH-PAs relative to the normal pituitary gland included hPTTG1/securin, NEUROD1/NeuroD1 (Beta2), HSD11B2/11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2, AKT/Akt, protein kinase B, and CCND1/cyclin D1. Candidate genes/proteins found to be underexpressed in ACTH-PAs relative to the normal pituitary gland included CDKN1B/p27(Kip1), CDKN2A/p16, KISS1/kisspeptin, ACTHR/ACTH-R, and miR-493. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the authors' systematic review, many significant gene and protein targets that may contribute to tumorigenesis, invasion, and hormone production/secretion of ACTH have been identified and validated in ACTH-PAs. Many of these potential targets have not been fully analyzed for their therapeutic and diagnostic potential but may represent candidate molecular targets for biomarker development and drug targeting. This review may help catalyze additional research efforts using modern profiling and sequencing techniques and alteration of gene expression.
Topics: ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma; Adenoma; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Kisspeptins; Securin
PubMed: 25639319
DOI: 10.3171/2014.10.FOCUS14683 -
Food & Function Apr 2021Food industries are challenged to reformulate foods and beverages with higher protein contents to lower fat and sugar content. However, increasing protein concentration...
Food industries are challenged to reformulate foods and beverages with higher protein contents to lower fat and sugar content. However, increasing protein concentration can reduce sensory acceptability due to astringency perception. Since the properties of food-saliva mixtures govern mouthfeel perception, understanding how saliva and protein interact is key to guide development of future protein-rich reformulations with optimal sensory attributes. Hence, this systematic review investigated protein-saliva interaction using both model and real human saliva, including a quality assessment. A literature search of five databases (Medline, Pubmed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science) was undertaken covering the last 20 years, yielding 36 604 articles. Using pre-defined criteria, this was reduced to a set of 33 articles with bulk protein solutions (n = 17), protein-stabilized emulsions (n = 13) and protein-rich food systems (n = 4). Interaction of dairy proteins, lysozyme and gelatine with model or human saliva dominated the literature. The pH was shown to have a strong effect on electrostatic interaction of proteins with negatively-charged salivary mucins, with greater interactions occurring below the isoelectric point of proteins. The effect of protein concentration was unclear due to the limited range of concentrations being studied. Most studies employed a 1 : 1 w/w protein : saliva ratio, which is not representative of true oral conditions. The interaction between protein and saliva appears to affect mouthfeel through aggregation and increased friction. The searches identified a gap in research on plant proteins. Accurate simulation of in vivo oral conditions should clarify understanding of protein-saliva interaction and its influence on sensory perception.
Topics: Dietary Proteins; Humans; Saliva
PubMed: 33900320
DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03180a -
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) May 2021Trials that assessed the impact of protein supplementation on endurance training adaptations have reported conflicting findings. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Trials that assessed the impact of protein supplementation on endurance training adaptations have reported conflicting findings.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the impact of protein supplementation during chronic endurance training on aerobic capacity, body composition and exercise performance in healthy and clinical populations.
DESIGN
A systematic database search was conducted for randomised controlled trials addressing the effects of protein supplementation during endurance training on aerobic capacity, body composition and exercise performance in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL. Meta-analyses were performed to outline the overall effects of protein supplementation with all studies containing endurance training components. The effects of endurance training and add-on effects of protein supplementation were evaluated by the meta-analyses with endurance training-focused studies.
RESULTS
Nineteen studies and 1162 participants contributed to the analyses. Compared with the control group, the protein supplementation group demonstrated greater improvements in aerobic capacity measured by mixed peak oxygen uptake (V̇O) and peak workload power (W) (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05 to 0.67), and V̇O (mean difference [MD] = 0.89 mL‧kg‧min, 95% CI: 0.07 to 1.70); had a greater lean mass gain (MD = 0.32 kg, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.58); and had a greater improvement in time trial performance (MD = -29.1s, 95% CI:-55.3 to -3.0). Secondary analyses showed that, in addition to the substantial improvement in V̇O (MD = 3.67 mL‧kg‧min, 95% CI: 2.32 to 5.03) attributed to endurance training, protein supplementation provided an additional 26.4% gain in V̇O (MD = 0.97 mL‧kg‧min, 95% CI: -0.03 to 1.97).
CONCLUSION
Protein supplementation further increased aerobic capacity, stimulated lean mass gain, and improved time trial performance during chronic endurance training in healthy and clinical populations. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: (CRD42020155239).
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Body Composition; Dietary Proteins; Dietary Supplements; Endurance Training; Humans; Physical Endurance
PubMed: 33358231
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.012 -
The Journal of Nutrition Mar 2016Protein intake may influence important health outcomes in later life. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Protein intake may influence important health outcomes in later life.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to investigate current evidence on the effects of infant formulas and follow-on formulas with different protein concentrations on infants' and children's growth, body composition, and later risk of overweight and obesity.
METHODS
In this systematic review, we searched electronic databases (including MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library) up until November 2014 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Eligible studies had to include children aged 0-3 y who represented the general population and were fed cow milk-based infant formulas with variations in protein concentration. Control groups received lower-protein cow milk-based formulas (as defined by the authors). The primary outcomes were growth, overweight, obesity, and adiposity. Various time points for outcomes assessment were accepted for inclusion. If possible, a meta-analysis was performed.
RESULTS
Twelve RCTs met our inclusion criteria. Different formula protein concentrations did not affect linear growth other than a transient effect on mean length at 3 mo observed in a meta-analysis of 4 studies (mean difference, - 0.27 cm; 95% CI: -0.52, -0.02). Lower mean weight and weight z scores obtained from the infants fed lower-protein formulas were observed only from 6 to 12 mo of age. Data from one large RCT showed that consumption of a lower-protein infant formula may reduce body mass index at 12 mo of age and later (12 mo, 24 mo, and 6y) and the risk of obesity at 6 y. Effects on body composition remained unclear.
CONCLUSIONS
The current evidence is insufficient for assessing the effects of reducing the protein concentration in infant formulas on long-term outcomes, but, if confirmed, this could be a promising intervention for reducing the risk of overweight and obesity in children. In view of the limited available evidence, more studies replicating effects on long-term health outcomes are needed.
Topics: Animals; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Databases, Factual; Dietary Proteins; Humans; Infant; Infant Formula; Milk; Obesity; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26865649
DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.223651 -
Complementary Therapies in Medicine Nov 2022This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis to summarize available findings on the associations between dietary protein... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis to summarize available findings on the associations between dietary protein intake and prostate cancer risk as well as the dose-response associations of total, animal, plant, and dairy protein intake with prostate cancer risk.
METHODS
This study followed the 2020 PRISMA guideline. We conducted a systematic search in the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar to detect eligible prospective studies published to October 2021 that assessed total, animal, plant, and dairy protein intake in relation to prostate cancer risk.
RESULTS
Overall, 12 articles containing prospective studies with a total sample size of 388,062 individuals and 30,165 cases of prostate cancer were included. The overall relative risks (RRs) of prostate cancer, comparing the highest and lowest intakes of total, animal, plant, and dairy protein intake, were 0.99 (95% CI: 92-1.07, I =12.8%), 0.99 (95% CI: 95-1.04, I =0), 1.01 (95% CI: 96-1.06, I =0), and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.00-1.16, I =38.1%), respectively, indicating a significant positive association for dairy protein intake (P = 0.04) and non-significant associations for other protein types. However, this positive association was seen among men who consumed ≥ 30 gr/day of dairy protein, such that a 20 g/d increase in dairy protein intake (equal to 2.5 cups milk or yogurt) was associated with a 10% higher risk of prostate cancer (Pooled RR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02-1.20, I = 42.5%). Such dose-response association was not seen for total, animal, and plant protein intake.
CONCLUSION
Overall, dairy protein intake may increase the risk of prostate cancer in men who consumed > 30 gr/day of dairy protein. Larger, well-designed studies are still required to further evaluation of this association.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Humans; Male; Milk; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35820576
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102851 -
Ageing Research Reviews Apr 2012Disease-related malnutrition is common, detrimentally affecting the patient and healthcare economy. Although use of high protein oral nutritional supplements (ONS) has... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Disease-related malnutrition is common, detrimentally affecting the patient and healthcare economy. Although use of high protein oral nutritional supplements (ONS) has been recommended to counteract the catabolic effects of disease and to facilitate recovery from illness, there is a lack of systematically obtained evidence to support these recommendations. This systematic review involving 36 randomised controlled trials (RCT) (n=3790) (mean age 74 years; 83% of trials in patients >65 years) and a series of meta-analyses of high protein ONS (>20% energy from protein) demonstrated a range of effects across settings and patient groups in favour of the high protein ONS group. These included reduced complications (odds ratio (OR) 0.68 (95%CI 0.55-0.83), p<0.001, 10 RCT, n=1830); reduced readmissions to hospital (OR 0.59 (95%CI 0.41-0.84), p=0.004, 2 RCT, n=546); improved grip strength (1.76 kg (95%CI 0.36-3.17), p<0.014, 4 RCT, n=219); increased intake of protein (p<0.001) and energy (p<0.001) with little reduction in normal food intake and improvements in weight (p<0.001). There was inadequate information to compare standard ONS (<20% energy from protein) with high protein ONS (>20% energy from protein). The systematic review and meta-analysis provides evidence that high protein supplements produce clinical benefits, with economic implications.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Dietary Proteins; Dietary Supplements; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Enteral Nutrition; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Malnutrition; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Odds Ratio; Recovery of Function; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 22212388
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.12.008 -
The Journal of Pediatrics Aug 2012To examine the influence of protein and energy intakes on protein balance in children receiving mechanical ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To examine the influence of protein and energy intakes on protein balance in children receiving mechanical ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit.
STUDY DESIGN
We hypothesized that higher energy and protein intakes are correlated with positive protein balance. We performed a systematic literature search to identify studies reporting protein balance in children requiring mechanical ventilation. Factors contributing to protein balance, including protein and energy intake, age, illness severity, study design, and feeding routes, were analyzed using a qualitative approach.
RESULTS
Nine studies met the entry criteria and were included in the final analysis. Positive nitrogen balance was reported in 6 of the studies, with a wide range of associated energy and protein intakes. Measures of central tendency for daily energy and protein intakes were significantly correlated with positive protein balance. A minimum intake of 57 kcal/kg/day and 1.5 g protein/kg/day were required to achieve positive protein balance.
CONCLUSION
We found a correlation between higher energy and protein intakes and achievement of positive protein balance in children receiving mechanical ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit. However, there is a paucity of interventional studies, and a variety of protocols have been used to determine nitrogen balance. Larger clinical trials with uniform methodology are needed to further examine the effect of energy and protein intake on protein balance, lean body mass, and clinical outcomes in children on mechanical ventilation.
Topics: Child; Critical Illness; Dietary Proteins; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Enteral Nutrition; Humans; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; Nitrogen; Parenteral Nutrition; Proteins; Respiration, Artificial
PubMed: 22402566
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.01.046 -
Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi... Mar 2024Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)ylation, are crucial for regulating...
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)ylation, are crucial for regulating protein stability, activity, subcellular localization, and binding with cofactors. Such modifications remarkably increase the variety and complexity of proteomes, which are essential for regulating numerous cellular and physiological processes. The regulation of auxin signaling is finely tuned in time and space to guide various plant growth and development. Accumulating evidence indicates that PTMs play critical roles in auxin signaling regulations. Thus, a thorough and systematic review of the functions of PTMs in auxin signal transduction will improve our profound comprehension of the regulation mechanism of auxin signaling and auxin-mediated various processes. This review discusses the progress of protein ubiquitination, phosphorylation, histone acetylation and methylation, SUMOylation, and S-nitrosylation in the regulation of auxin signaling.
Topics: Indoleacetic Acids; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Signal Transduction; Sumoylation; Ubiquitination
PubMed: 37451336
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.07.002 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Feb 2023The present study evaluated the effect of the inclusion of cassava fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts on performance, feed intake, nutrient digestibility,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The present study evaluated the effect of the inclusion of cassava fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts on performance, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen microorganisms and ruminal fermentation of cattle through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The effects of yeast-fermented cassava (YFC) in the diet of cattle were evaluated using the mean difference as a measure of the effect size, considering a confidence interval of 95%. Subgroup and meta-regression analysis were performed to investigate the origin of heterogeneity. The database included eight experiments. Three studies were related to dairy heifers, three related to dairy cow and the remaining two studies were associated to beef heifers. The inclusion of YFC in the bovine diet increased the dry matter intake %BW (P < 0.01) and nutrient digestibility (P < 0.05). We observed an increase in mean ruminal pH (P < 0.01), volatile fatty acid (P < 0.01) and propionic acid concentration (P < 0.01). There was a significant increase in the population of bacteria (P < 0.01) and fungi (P < 0.01), and a reduction in the protozoan count in the rumen fluid (P < 0.01) in the animals fed with YFC. Lactating cows fed YFC produced 1.02 kg/day more (P < 0.01) milk than non-supplemented cows. In addition, there was an increase of 7.4% in the fat (P = 0.03), 6.3% in the protein (P < 0.01) and 2.8% in lactose (P = 0.02) of milk of cows supplemented with YFC. The results of the present meta-analysis showed that the total or partial inclusion of YFC in cattle concentrate improves fermentation and rumen efficiency, dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and milk composition.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Female; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Lactation; Manihot; Milk; Diet; Vegetables; Animal Feed; Rumen; Fermentation; Digestion
PubMed: 36745229
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03494-7 -
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Dec 2023Concomitant obesity is common among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), yet adjunctive therapy options are scarce. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
CONTEXT
Concomitant obesity is common among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), yet adjunctive therapy options are scarce.
OBJECTIVE
We assess the efficacy and adverse outcomes of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogues when used as adjunctive therapy for T1DM.
METHOD
PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, and Scopus databases were searched for randomized controlled trials up to December 2022. Efficacy outcomes were A1c level, body weight, and total daily insulin (TDI) after ≥12 weeks of GLP-1 therapy. We also assessed 12 different adverse outcomes. Subgroup analysis was done for newly diagnosed or C-peptide positive (C-pos) patients. We report the certainty of evidence based on the GRADE assessment tool.
RESULTS
A total of 24 studies using 4 different GLP-1 analogues with a total of 3377 patients were included. Liraglutide had the most substantial evidence with effect sizes on A1c (-0.09%/mg), weight (-2.2 kg/mg), and TDI (-4.32 IU/mg). Liraglutide dose was the greatest predictor of greater average weight loss and TDI decrease but was associated with higher odds of nausea (OR 6.5; 95% CI, 5.0-8.4) and ketosis (OR 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.8). Odds of severe (OR 0.67; 95% CI, 0.43-1.04) or symptomatic hypoglycemia (OR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.53-1.51) were not significantly elevated. Among C-pos patients, greater A1c decrease (-0.51% vs -0.28%) but similar weight loss and TDI were seen. Effect sizes for exenatide were similar, but studies had higher risk of bias and safety data were sparse.
CONCLUSION
Our meta-analysis supports therapeutic benefits of liraglutide for patients with T1DM mainly for weight loss and insulin dose reduction. Newly diagnosed or C-pos patients do not appear to experience greater weight loss benefits.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; Glycated Hemoglobin; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Liraglutide; Venoms; Weight Loss
PubMed: 37561012
DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad471